فصلنامه پژوهش های روان شناسی اجتماعی
پیاپی 52 (زمستان 1402)

Recent advances in technology and online communications have had significant impacts on emotional relationships, leading to a noticeable increase in long-distance emotional relationships.The present research aims to investigate the challenges faced by adolescent boys in online emotional relationships.
This qualitative research is conducted with a phenomenological approach. The study
population consisted of adolescents aged 16 to 20 residing in Rafsanjan in the spring of 2023. The sample was selected using purposive sampling, with the main criterion being that adolescents have an emotional connection with someone living more than 100 kilometers away. Data collection continued until data saturation was achieved and was completed with 11 interviews. Data was collected through unstructured interviews and analyzed using the content analysis method..
After coding the data, the findings were categorized into 8 thematic codes and 3 main themes: "psychological challenges," "sociocultural challenges," and "challenges related to social networks."
Based on the research findings, adolescent boys in long-distance online emotional relationships face various problems and challenges. Understanding these challenges can assist us in better comprehending how to address them, formulate solutions based on their needs and experiences, and guide them toward healthy and deep emotional relationships.

Identifying the factors implicated in adolescent bullying perpetration, particularly moral mechanisms, is important for driving research, policy, and practice to prevent and reduce adolescent bullying behavior. Therefore, based on the social-cognitive model of moral identity and the social-cognitive theory of moral agency, the present study examined the relationship between moral identity and bullying of Iranian adolescents with the mediating role of moral disengagement.
The participants consisted of 392 adolescent (217 male and 175 female) high school students in Kuhdasht, aged 15-18 years (M = 16.44 and SD = 0.72). They were selected using a multistage random sampling method and completed the Parada Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument (2000), Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Scale (2002), and Bandura’s Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (1996). Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.
The findings showed that moral identity negatively and significantly predicted bullying (β = -0/37) and moral disengagement (β = -0/27). Also, moral disengagement played a positive and significant role in predicting bullying (β = 0/23). In addition, the results of structural equation modeling indicated that moral disengagement significantly mediated the relationship between moral identity and bullying (β = -0/051).
In sum, these findings highlight the role of moral identity and moral disengagement in adolescent bullying behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

Having a healthy society depends on the prosocial behavior of its people, so it is important to understand the factors that affect these behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the variance-based model of the mediating role of aggression in the relationship between narcissism and prosociality in university students.

The research design is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study included 7589 students of Islamic Azad University in 2023, and 341 people participated in the research using combined sampling method (The first stage is cluster random and the second stage is available). The questionnaires of narcissism (Raskin and Terry, 1988), aggression (Zahedifar, 2000), and prosocial personality battery (penner, 2002) were used to collect data. Data analysis in the framework of structural equation modeling using Smart P. L. S 3.2.8 software was done.

The results showed that the general research model fits well with the data. The findings showed that the direct effect of narcissism on aggression and the direct effect of aggression on the prosocial personality (P<0.01) and the indirect effect of narcissism on prosociality is significant (P <0.05).

The results have implications for the conceptualization of narcissism, the importance of the mediating role of aggression, and improving the understanding of prosocial personality. Therefore, considering the confirmation of the mediating role of aggression in the relationship between narcissism and prosocial, programs for training and reducing their aggression can be considered to reduce narcissism and increase prosocial in students.

The purpose of this research is to determine the best model for predicting the balance between work and life of employees based on perceived social support and occupational preference with the mediating role of spiritual intelligence.
The research method is a correlation theory of the prediction type and the statistical population of employees in the central headquarters (in Tehran) and the strategic purchasing department of treatment management (all over the country) of the social security organization in the year 1400. Data collection is by stratified random sampling, which was determined based on Klein's formula, with a minimum number of 200 samples. The electronic questionnaire was designed using press line and visited by more than 600 people, and 213 people completed the questionnaire, which includes the spiritual intelligence questionnaires of Abdullah Zadeh et al. (2017), perceived social support by Zimet et al. (2009) and Amabile et al.'s (1994) occupational preference.
T values show the validity of the relationship between the constructs and the confirmation of the relationships between the research variables at the 95% confidence level. The value of Q2 for all variables is higher than 0.25; Therefore, the structural model has a high predictive power. The value of GOF is equal to 0.2775; Therefore, the overall fit level of the model is good.
Social support variable and occupational preference have a significant impact on the work-life balance of employees. Perceived social support has a higher impact. The variable of spiritual intelligence does not have a significant effect on the work-life balance of employees.

Couples facing infidelity often suffer severe emotional trauma. To investigate the relationship between moral intelligence, perfectionism, and attitudes toward extramarital relationships in married men, we conducted a study.
The present research is a correlational study of the structural equation model type. The statistical population consisted of 100 married men from Kermanshah in 2022. The sampling method used was availability. Data collection tools included the moral intelligence questionnaires of Lenik and Keel (2005), Whatley's (2008) attitude scale towards extramarital relationships, and Hill's (2004) perfectionism scale. Data analysis was done in two parts: descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations) using SPSS 25 and PLS 3 statistical software.
The results of the findings showed a negative and significant relationship between moral intelligence and attitude towards extramarital relationships (r=-0.274 and p05/0>), and a significant negative relationship between moral intelligence and perfectionism (r=-0.251 and p05/0>), there is a positive and significant relationship between perfectionism and attitude towards extramarital relationships (r = 0.234 and p05/0>), as well as a negative and significance relationship between moral intelligence and attitude towards extramarital relationships with the mediating role of perfectionism (r=-0.059 and p05/0>).
Moral intelligence is related to perfectionism and extramarital relationships, and high moral intelligence can predict the positive aspects of perfectionism and a more negative attitude towards extramarital relationships.

Addiction is one of the most important deviations and social harms and is considered a social disease whose physical and mental effects have negative consequences on the individual, family members, and society. This research was conducted to compare family functioning, social support, and irrational beliefs in open addicts undergoing compulsory treatment and self-reported addicts in treatment centers.

The research design is a comparative causal one, with the statistical population consisting of all open addicts undergoing compulsory treatment and self-identified drug addicts from private drug addiction treatment camps in Ahvaz. A total of 170 individuals (80 open addicts and 90 self-identified drug addicts) volunteered to participate in the study. The data was collected through the family functioning questionnaire of Cong et al. (2022), social support by Zimet et al. (1988), and unreasonable beliefs of the researcher (1402). The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.

The findings showed that family functioning, social support, and irrational beliefs of self-identified addicts and open addicts are different.

It is suggested that to improve the quality of the functioning of the families of self-identified drug addicts and open addicts, it is necessary to prepare a familiarization course with the optimal functioning of the family; attention to social support, and reduction of irrational thinking is recommended.

Learned helplessness or control of people is determined through initial interactions with social environments, and this process of helplessness is a way in which factors related to cognition, including beliefs, as well as emotional factors play a role in the amount of helplessness responses to social stimuli. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of intelligence beliefs in the relationship between social-emotional competencies and learned helplessness in primary school students of Sari in the academic year 2023.

This research was practical in terms of purpose and the method of data collection is descriptive based on path analysis modeling. The statistical population includes all sixth-grade students of primary schools in Sari in the academic year of 2023. Based on non-random sampling and available methods, 218 people who met the criteria for entering the study were selected. The research tools included Quinles and Nelson's learned helplessness questionnaire (1988), Babaei's intelligence beliefs (1999), and Zhu and Ji's social-emotional competence questionnaire (2012). The data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS 18, Amos 23, path analysis, and bootstrap method with a significance level of 0.05.

In addition to confirming the model under study, the results indicated that there is a significant relationship between social-emotional competencies and intelligence beliefs with learned helplessness. Also, the mediating role of intelligence beliefs in the relationship between social-emotional competencies and learned helplessness in elementary school students was confirmed (P≤0.01).

The current research provides practical implications regarding making changes in the learned helplessness variable based on social-emotional competencies and intelligence beliefs in students.