Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
Volume:22 Issue: 2, Spring 2024

The efficacy of Planaxis sulcatus (Gastropoda), Clibanarius signatus (Crustacea) and Circenita callipyga (Bivalvia) with different feeding guilds were compared as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution (Ni, V, Hg) in an area subjected to petrochemical development in the Northern Persian Gulf, Iran. Sampling was conducted in two locations with different degrees of exposure to petrochemical development: (i) on the intertidal zone adjacent to the petrochemical effluent (Impacted location); and (ii) on the intertidal zone unimpacted by the petrochemical effluent (Control location). No significance differences were found in heavy metal concentrations in whole-soft tissues of the selected organisms, seawater and sediment samples between two locations. The accumulation patterns for the heavy metals in the tissues of organisms and sediment samples followed the order of Ni > V > Hg, except in seawater. The concentration of nickel varied among the studied taxa and followed the order of C. callipyga > P. sulcatus > C. signatus. The bivalve, C. callipyga showed the high concentration of nickel in its soft tissue and the highest values for bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) as well as the biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for nickel among the studied taxa. The results of the present study suggest that C. callipyga and P. sulcatus are efficient accumulators of nickel, while P. sulcatus and C. signatus are efficient accumulator of vanadium.

Habitat assessment is the most important step in environmental decisions. One of the ways to assess habitat quality is to use habitat suitability for fish species. So, this study was conducted in Klarood River, one of the important tributaries of Babolrood River in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran to evaluate the habitat quality for Capoeta razii. At first, a site with the least anthropogenic influences was selected on the river. Then the fish was caught by electrofishing device aggregate at 100 points. At each point where the fish was caught, environmental parameters such as depth, water velocity, type of biotic and abiotic substrate were also measured. The results showed that the species prefers water velocity of 16-30 cm s-1 and depth of 16-115 cm. Moreover, suitable abiotic and biotic substrates were Macrolithal, Mesolithal and Microlithal" as well as LPTP (Live parts of terrestrial plants) respectively. Generally, the results of this study showed the appropriate function of the model in assessing the habitat suitability of this species and it can be used as a guide for quantitative assessment of habitat as well as recognizing the behavioral characteristics of the studied species.

Saqalaksar forest is a relict of Caspian plain forests with an area of 200 ha in northern Iran and an altitude of 60 to 150 m a.s.l. This study was conducted to determine the floristic composition, life form and chorology of all plants of the region. Based on the results, 94 vascular plant species belonging to 80 genera and 46 families were identified in the study area. The most numerous families were Rosaceae (10 species), Fabaceae (8 species), Poaceae (7 species) as well as Asteraceae and Lamiaceae (6 species each). The classification according to the life spectrum showed that geophytes with 28 species (29.79 %) and therophytes with 25 species (26.60 %) had the highest proportion of life forms in the region. Similarly, the results of the chronological studies showed that the largest proportion of the flora consisted of pluri-regional elements (34 species, 36.17 %). As the forests investigated in this study are considered remnants of the Caspian Plain forests, urgent conservation measures are needed to protect these very important, vulnerable and threatened ecosystems.

Dracocephalum kotschyi, an endemic medicinal plant in Iran, has long been used in folk medicine to treat various disorders. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and biological activities of various extracts of leaves and flowers of D. kotschyi. Different solvent extracts (aqueous solution of acetone, methanol, ethanol, and a mixture of acetone and methanol) of D. kotschyi were screened for anti-amylase activity, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial efficiency. Antioxidant effects were elucidated by the methods such as DPPH and FRAP. The inhibitory potential of the extracts against amylase, a key enzyme involved in diabetes, was investigated by the Bernfeld method. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of these extracts were also calculated. Disc diffusion, MIC, and MBC methods were applied to analyze the antibacterial efficiency of the extracts. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil was performed. Additionally, the HPLC method was used for the identification and quantification of caffeic acid. Based on antioxidant assays, the acetonic extract showed the highest antioxidant ability, due to its highest total antioxidant content. Also, the acetonic extract strongly inhibited α-amylase activity. Various extracts of D. kotschyi displayed inhibitory effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Analyzing the essential oils of the leaves and flowers of D. kotschyi by GC-MS led to identifying 6 and 19 compounds, respectively. These results suggest that D. kotschyi can be considered a promising source of natural antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-amylase agents for managing oxidative damage, as well as pharmaceutical and food purposes.

The relationship between the degree of decay, carbon dynamics, and nutrients of coarse woody debris (CWD) were examined in the experimental forest of Kheirudkenar – Nowshahr as a part of Hyrcanian forests in Northern Iran. CWD (snag and log) with an average middle diameter more than 7.5 cm was recorded in 50 ha. For snag CWD, species type, diameter at the breast height and height, while for log CWD, species type, the average diameter and their length were determined and recorded. In the case of non-circular CWD cross-sections especially in the higher decay stages, diameter was determined by tape. All CWD were categorized in three diameter classes and the degree of their decay (snag and log) was determined. The CWD nutrients examined throughout taking a piece from each CWD and analysing them in the laboratory (60 specimens). The C/N ratio of CWD was obtained separately for diameter classes and degrees of decay. All data were tested for probability of fit to normal distribution. To identify the most influential gradients, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. The nutrients in the trunk CWD in different diameter classes and degrees of decay showed that in most cases, there is a significant difference between them. The results of the C/N ratio of the total trunk of CWD showed that this ratio decreases by elevating the degree of decay and by upraising the diameter classes of CWD. The degrees of decay of CWD were majority related to N, C/N ratio, C and K respectively. This research demonstrated that the nitrogen and carbon concentrations among the decay classes and species type of CWD should be considered.

Regarding to fish cage culture development in freshwater reservoirs, it is essential to evaluate its environmental impacts. The present study was aimed to evaluate the environmental impacts of common carp, Cyprinus carpio cage culture on water quality and phytoplankton communities of Golestan reservoir, north of Iran. Sampling was monthly conducted from six stations (5, 100, 200, 400, 1000 and 2000 m distance from cages) along this reservoir during April to September, 2016. The water quality parameters and phytoplankton population alterations were sampled at all stations. No significant differences were observed in the environmental variables (except for BOD) among the sampling stations. However, all these variables showed significant differences between the sampling periods. The highest abundances of identified phytoplankton were belonged to Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta respectively in both seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) diagrams presented differences in the temporal distribution of sampling units and phytoplankton abundances in both seasons. However, no significant spatial differences were observed. Based on results, we found no consistent environmental alteration caused by cage culture, hence it can be allowed in Golestan reservoir, Iran byclose monitoring its impacts.

Arum korolkowii Regel is a red book plant growing on the territory of the South Kazakhstan region. It is a medicinal plant. The article describes the methods of growing A. korolkowii both by the traditional and modern methods such as hydroponics. Vegetative stages of A. korolkowii, the first leaves appear 15-20 cm long in early April. After the inflorescence of the cob appears, light yellow in colour, with a leaf covering at this stage, already large leaves wither. Afterward, only the cob remains on which green berries appear, and in mid-June these berries acquire a bright red hue. Hydroponics is a hydroponic culture of different types of herbs using a certain multicomponent substrate. Hydroponic cultivation can be performed by various techniques, such as deep-sea culture, passive (wick) system, hydrogorshock (periodic flooding system) and aeroponic. In our work, we used a system of deep-sea cultures. In parallel, experiments were conducted on the traditional method of growing plants, and a comparative analysis of all indicators was conducted. The difference between the hydroponic method of cultivation and the traditional one is that the plant needs trace elements, the harvest is high-quality and abundant, and also eliminates the appearance of diseases and pests, thereby excluding the use of pesticides. The product turns out to be environmentally friendly, nutritious and affordable at any time of the year.

Degradation of soil function can damage the surrounding ecosystem. Soil fertility is important to plant growth because it is the source of nutrition. One of the factors determining soil fertility is the soil's biological aspects. The study aims to identify the soil microorganism population in the area with the potential for agriculture in Makbon District. The research steps included sampling, media preparation, preparation of dilution series, isolation, and soil microorganism calculation. Based on the land usage, samples K1, M1, and M3 were mapped as primary forests; K2 was a banana farm; B1, K3, M2, and T1 were mixed farms; while T2 and T3 were for horticulture. The findings show that based on the calculation of the total bacteria using the TPC model, the biggest population was found in the mixed farms among various land usages. T2 exhibited  the biggest number of bacteria (1,2 × 105 CFU mL-1) compared to other samples, followed by T1 with the total bacteria of 1.1 × 105 CFU mL-1 and M2 with the total bacteria of 1.0 × 105 CFU mL-1. On the other hand, sample K3 displayed the biggest number of fungi colonies, 1.0 × 103 CFU mL-1. The biggest number of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria colonies were found in Sample B1, which was 1.8 × 105 CFU mL-1. Furthermore, the biggest number of Nitrobacter colonies was found in sample M3, which was 1.2 × 104 CFU mL-1. The study is expected to provide a description and information about the ground microbe population in agroforestry and mixed farms to be considered in the next studies.

In this study, the isolation of 374 antagonist bacterial strains was carried out on two agricultural biotopes in which 245 strains were isolated from the soil, 69 from the leaves and finally 60 from the roots of both plants. The screening of the antagonism of these 374 isolates was performed against three phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata, finding that 24 isolates had antagonistic activity with a mycelial growth inhibition rate equal or higher than 37%. These 24 bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of morphological, physiological and biochemical characters. The comparison with the dual culture technique allowed 6 bacterial isolates (Fr43, F31, Fr52, F101, B6 and B29) to be retained with areas of significant inhibition against F. oxysporum, B. cinerea and reached a value between 27 and 52 mm. However, these isolates showed significant inhibitory activity against mycelial growth (varies between 25.88% and 67.05%) and sporulation (varies between 68.74 and 100%) of B. cinerea and F. oxysporum by their supernatant. Concerning the growth promotion, the Fr43 strain was the most active with a GPE % between 25.31 and 60, 71% according to the part of the plant. This isolate was also shown to significantly reduction of the incidence disease to 15.3%, which corresponds to a significant efficacy of biological control that can reach 79.92% against F. oxysporum. On the contrary, the isolate F101 exhibited the lowest value of the effectiveness of biological control versus control which can reach only 37.46%.

This study aims to evaluate the quality of the water in the Al- Shuwaija marsh in the Iraqi province of Wasit. Al- Shuwaija marsh suffering from pollution due to salt accumulation and drainage of a large quantity of untreated sewage from the wastewater treatment plant of Kut City discharges from an outlet approximately 12 meters above sea level at point 1 . Environmental problems at the marsh increase in dry weather throughout the summer season. Eleven sites were selected at different locations for two periods (November 2019 and July 2020).  samples were collected from each site and then tested experimentally. Tests included  Dissolved Oxygen ( DO), Biological Oxygen Demand, Electrical Conductivity (EC),  Total Suspended Solids (TSS), turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (T.H), and acidity (pH). According to the results, the locations closest to the sewage treatment facility (point 1,4,2,3) have the highest levels of contamination since they get the most Wastewater., especially during the receding season, where the concentrations of BOD (180  Mg /L) and dissolved oxygen concentrates (DO) (4.6 Mg /L) exceeded the permissible limits for water specifications .

The quantitative genetic relationship between two populations of the fly Calliphoravicina was studied, specimens of which were collected from some areas of waist and southern Iraq.In this study, the geometric morphometric system for wing shape and size was used to detect quantitative genetic variations in the shape, size and area of the right wing of the fly specimens.Rate central size of the right wing was 1412.4, 1423.7 microns for specimensfrom the waist and southern regions of Iraq, respectively.The results of the statistical analysis using the F and T tests showed that there were no significant differences in rate right wing central size between the specimens of the study areas, except for one significant difference found in one of the insect specimens of the southern region than it is in the specimens of the waist region.It was also noted that there were very few significant differences in the shape and size of the right wing of some insect specimens for that area due to their impact on the different environmental conditions in the areas from which the specimens were collected when using ANOVA analysis.

The present study investigates the microbial composition within the livestock breeding premises of a cattle breeding farm with a complete technological cycle of agricultural products at JSC "Astana-Onim." The research focuses on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microbiocenosis, primarily comprising five genera: coliforms, bacilli, lactobacilli, staphylococci, and protozoa. The research methodology included a combination of various approaches, such as observation, analysis, and experimentation. The data collection involved careful sampling and laboratory analysis, enabling a comprehensive assessment of the microbial composition within the livestock breeding premises. The results obtained from this study contribute to a better understanding of the microbial dynamics in such settings, with implications for the sanitation and health management of livestock facilities. Moreover, the study identifies the microbial composition in areas housing both sick and healthy animals. It further identifies representatives of the indigene microflora and takes note of the reaction of lactic acid bacteria. Notably, the growth of colonies on selective media with distinct morphological and cultural properties is observed. In conlusion, Species and quantitative composition of microflora in livestock facilities includes various species and genera; Some notable percentages include Staphylococcus aureus (12%), Bacillus subtilis (12%), Bacillus mucoides (19%), Bacillus mesentericus (6%), total Bacillus genus bacteria (37%), molds (15%), Escherichia coli (5%), Lactobacillus spp. (15%), and Proteus vulgaris (7%).

In the field of biology education, adaptive learning has been tested through a case study, serving as a crucible for innovative teaching methodologies designed to provide tailored, engaging, and effective learning experiences. This paper meticulously explores the implementation of select innovations in adaptive learning and reports on the outcomes derived from our fictitious case study. Our research underscores the efficacy of personalized learning pathways, where advanced algorithms dynamically customize content delivery based on individual students' needs and learning styles. Through our case study, we present compelling numerical evidence of a 25% improvement in learning outcomes and a notable 20% increase in student engagement. The strategic integration of real-time feedback and assessment mechanisms plays a pivotal role in enhancing the comprehension of biological concepts, as reflected in a 30% increase in student performance and a 15% boost in knowledge retention. Another simulated innovation involves the incorporation of gamification elements, resulting in a statistically significant 18% increase in student participation and a remarkable 22% surge in enthusiasm for biology studies. Our simulated findings accentuate how these elements can make biology education more enjoyable and motivating in a controlled environment. Furthermore, the simulated utilization of multimodal learning resources, such as videos, simulations, and interactive models, showcases a 28% improvement in students' ability to grasp complex biological concepts. This translates into a tangible 25% enhancement in student performance in assessments. The simulated investigation into the potential of AI-enhanced assistance, with AI chatbots and virtual tutors, reveals a simulated 35% increase in student satisfaction and a 27% improvement in performance. These simulated innovations demonstrate the positive impact of AI integration on student support. In addition, our simulated data-driven insights inform content and platform improvements, resulting in a simulated 20% increase in the adaptability of the learning system. These simulated results provide crucial insights into the optimization of adaptive learning in biology education. Through the presentation of these simulated innovations and their associated numerical results, this paper underscores the transformative potential of adaptive learning in the simulated context of biology education. These simulated innovations not only offer tailored learning experiences but also yield concrete, positive outcomes in terms of student understanding and performance. The simulated implications of our research are discussed in detail, emphasizing the promising future of these innovations in shaping simulated biology education. Furthermore, we suggest avenues for future research to continue improving adaptive learning methods, ensuring the simulated advancement of biology education in the digital age.

Interval hypoxic training (IHT) has emerged as a key strategy in enhancing physiological adaptations in both human and animal subjects. This study introduces a groundbreaking application of IHT innovations, focusing on individualized training protocols, advanced monitoring technology, and multidisciplinary collaboration within the context of a case study conducted in Kazakhstan. Our research aimed to assess the practical impact of these innovations on adaptive responses and present empirical results from this unique application. In this case study, individualized training protocols were meticulously designed based on participants' genetic and fitness profiles. State-of-the-art wearable devices facilitated real-time monitoring of physiological parameters during IHT sessions. Multidisciplinary collaboration united experts from diverse fields, enriching our understanding of IHT's mechanisms and applications. The results from this case study revealed statistically significant improvements in physiological parameters. A comparative analysis against traditional training methods showcases the superiority of individualized IHT, with participants experiencing a 15% increase in cardiovascular fitness, a 10% improvement in respiratory functions, and a remarkable 20% enhancement in endurance (p < 0.001). These numerical outcomes underscore the practical significance of the introduced innovations in optimizing adaptive responses to intermittent hypoxia. Our findings suggest that the tailored application of IHT protocols, combined with advanced monitoring technology and multidisciplinary collaboration, yields substantial physiological benefits. This research not only advances our comprehension of IHT but also emphasizes its practical significance in optimizing adaptive responses in both human and animal physiology. The demonstrated improvements in cardiovascular fitness, respiratory functions, and endurance highlight the potential for these innovations to revolutionize precision training and healthcare regimens, especially in diverse geographic regions.

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as "mad cow disease," is a fatal neurological disorder in cattle attributed to abnormal brain protein aggregation. This disease presents multifaceted challenges, encompassing public health concerns due to potential transmission to humans, challenging disease control in cattle, and economic impacts on the livestock industry and global trade. Understanding the complex science of prion diseases like BSE is essential for managing and preventing its spread. We conducted a comprehensive investigation into BSE prevalence over the past decade in Akmola Province to analyse its temporal and spatial dynamics. The study explores the progression of BSE from its introduction into the cattle population to the establishment of enzootic equilibrium, highlighting the impact of control measures and key determinants influencing prevalence growth. Our findings offer valuable insights into the spatiotemporal patterns of BSE prevalence and its implications for disease management.

This article presents the qualitative evaluation of the environmental impact that would be generated by the implementation of a textile company in the Parish of Seville Don Bosco, belonging to the Morona canton, province of Morona Santiago, Ecuador. The objective of this article is to identify and evaluate the productive processes involved in textile production during the operation phase and in this way identify those activities that generate a negative impact on the environment. The methodology used to carry out this evaluation is the Importance matrix or also called the Conesa matrix. This methodology is based on the idea that the environmental impact can be measured and valued objectively. In this way an evaluation can be carried out. So that, we systematically identify impacts and prioritize actions, facilitating informed decision making. So, those activities that cause a negative impact on the environment were identified and the corresponding corrective measures were subsequently developed. The results obtained demonstrate that the activities related to the preparation of the raw material, dyeing and finishing of the fabric are associated with a severe environmental impact, because in these processes a high consumption of water is generated. In addition, a high incidence of water contamination by solids was observed as well as the use of cleaning products during the textile production process, which has negative repercussions on water quality and biodiversity, causing alterations in the water cycle and risks to human health. Therefore, it is important to highlight the importance of implementing more sustainable production practices and effective pollution control measures, for the implementation of this type of companies.

The antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Salvia officinalis (sage tea) were studied in 20 mature male rats for 42 days. The rats were divided into four equal groups and given the following treatments: group one as a control group (C), rats only received tap water; group two (T1) received 0.5% H2O2 as a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS); group three (T2) received sage tea as 2 mg sage in 150 mL boiling water (ad libitum); and group four (T3) received 400 IU/Kg BW/day vitamin E by oral intubation along with 0.5% H2O2. In order to determine serum glucose levels, blood samples were taken directly from the heart after the end of the experiment. Rats were slaughtered, and pancreas samples were collected for patho-histological analysis. The serum glucose levels in the sage tea with the H2O2 group (T2) and T3 as compared to the second group (T1) showed a significant decrease (p ˂ 0.05). Histological examination revealed significant recovery of the pancreatic tissues especially islets of Langerhans in sage tea and vitamin E rats (T3). This investigation suggests the antidiabetic effect of sage tea for H2O2- induced diabetic rats mediated by their effect as antioxidants.

Leaf species of the family Brassicaceae have been studied, diagnostic features have been identified. Omitted by various types of trichomes: stellate, dendroid stomata are randomly arranged, numerous, non-submerged, mostly anomatid hemiparacytic anisocytic

The paper focuses on the institutional shifts in agricultural relations that establish the prerequisites for raising production efficiency in the context of agriculture's transition. It was investigated how quickly and qualitatively new structural and market reforms could be introduced in the agricultural sector. Sustainability and organizational development of state assistance that is effective in the face of market volatility and development transformation processes is predicated on the enhancement of the mechanism. Agriculture-related subsidies, the application of resource-saving technology, and specifically the efficacy of water-saving technologies were examined.

The present study used a free radical copolymerization approach to synthesize hydrogel of new poly sodium alginate (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) grafted ZnO/CNT hydrogel nanocomposite. SA-g-P(Ac-co-AM)/ZnO-CNT hydrogel nanocomposite was characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). In the adsorption experiments, Clonazepam (CLZ) drug was used. In this study absorption process was carried out in shaker water batch for the drug   and an equilibrium system to investigate the adsorption of drug onto SA-g-P(Ac-co-AM)/ZnO-CNT hydrogel nanocomposite. The parameter influenced the adsorption capacities, like equilibrium time, initial of drug concentrations, pH solution temperature of solution and adsorbent dosage. The maximum adsorption capacities and removal percentage of CLZ were 95.14 mg g-1 (85.56%). The adsorption thermodynamics for drug were in accordance with isotherm Freundlich model. It is shown that adsorption of the drug is spontaneous and endothermic presses.

Baker's yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), belonging to the Ascomycota yeast type and being facultatively anaerobic, plays a key role in ecology, fundamental and evolutionary biology, biotechnology and industrial fermentations, in particular, in the production of fermented food and beverages. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) grows on substrates with a high sugar content and is an important ingredient in flour bakery and confectionery products. In yeast, glucose metabolism is carried out by oxidation or fermentation, in the first case, this leads to cell growth, and in the second – to the formation of ethanol. A high concentration of glucose or a low concentration of oxygen in the nutrient medium stimulates the Crabtree effect, which inhibits cell growth and increases the formation of ethanol. The article reveals the fundamental and applied biology of baker's yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and reveals the technological methods of enriching beet molasses with nutrients in order to increase the yield of biomass. It is shown that the successful commercial production of baking yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae is determined by biological (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae yeast strain with good breeding indicators; crop size, etc.) and technological (molasses quality: nature, composition, and concentration of substrate; cheap, suitable for cultivation carbon source; easily controlled cultivation process to obtain the most viable biomass, physico-chemical conditions of cultivation, primarily temperature, pH; cultivation period; development of the canning process, etc.) condıtıons. In industrial production, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae baker's yeast is obtained either from collection centres at the initial stages, or its own strains are isolated and cultivated, and subsequently, cultures are maintained, ensuring consistency of quality and productivity. The breeding characteristics of baker's yeast are: the ability to adapt to changing cultivation conditions, because the composition of molasses has high variability; the efficiency of respiratory metabolism during yeast production, which determines the yield of biomass; biomass production; cell growth rate; the ability to ferment; ability to quickly convert carbohydrates into CO2; ethanol production; dehydration; the volume of the final product, structure, colour (carbohydrates, amino acids); stress resistance to environmental conditions, in particular, to cold stress; shelf life (acids, glycerine). Today, as shown in the article, technological methods for enriching beet molasses with nutrients have different solutions. Molasses is enriched with cereals (cottonseed, cereal germs, legumes, peanut fodder cake), plant hormones, specific growth factors, animal products (milk, whey, animal waste), ammonium sulphate, malt (expensive), aqueous ammonia, ammonium salts. The enrichment of molasses with nutrients based on the use of cereals, glucose syrup obtained from corn, date syrup, whey, cassava, forestry, and agricultural waste has commercial potential, since these approaches do not require special processing requirements and provide low production costs (exception: forestry waste). In the technology of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae biomass production, a population of diploid cells is used, since compared with haploid cells they are genetically more stable, characterized by faster and more active metabolism, and larger sizes.

The increase in demand for energy consumption and the continuous reduction of its resources in the world reveal the necessity of optimizing and saving energy consumption. Since the use of traditional extraction methods in the country is associated with high consumption of water and energy, the use of pulsed electric field (PEF) technology as a non-thermal and environmentally friendly method has received attention recently. The main method of PEF for treating biological tissues is due to its use as non-thermal. Increasing cell permeability is applicable in extracting complex organic molecules. In this study, the PEF method is introduced as a gentle (non-thermal) processing approach to open the cellular structure in enhancing the quality and safety of food and compares it with traditional and thermal methods. The results of the comparison exhibited that the amount of energy consumed in the thermal method is 722 times that of the pulse method, while the PEF uses short-term high voltage pulses to open the cell structure by a process called electroporation. Extraction efficiency is considered as a function of electric field power, time and applied pulses amounts, temperature, and pulse frequency of the generator. Using the PEF method compared to the thermal one significantly reduces the energy consumption and can improve the quality and durability of the ingredients up to 20% depending on the type of product.

The study of the role of antioxidant enzymes in response to abiotic and biotic stress is of great importance in understanding plant responses to stress, biochemical changes, and their role in the formation of resistance to various factors. Studying these aspects will contribute to the implementation of targeted therapy in the event of exposure to a stress factor. The use of a plant model in this case is particularly acceptable, since oxidation processes under various types of stress, along with plants, are also found in the body of animals and humans. Oxidative stress caused in response to stress is caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species, which are represented as radicals. Under abiotic or biotic stress, the antioxidant system cannot cope with reactive oxygen species due to their insufficient synthesis, which leads to the death of individual parts of the plant or the entire organism. In any case, the protective response covers the entire plant, i.e. it is systemic and is aimed, on the one hand, at damage repair, on the other – at chemical self-defense. Secondary metabolism is activated in plants, phenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids accumulate, and intensive lignification and synthesis of structural cell wall proteins are observed. As a result of the analysis, the main aspects of the influence of stressors on the activation of the enzymatic antioxidant system, and, in particular, the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase and their role in the primary immune response of plants to stress are highlighted. It can be concluded that a more thorough study of the cascade of enzymatic reactions of plants to stress will make it possible to effectively select methods for the prevention and control of abiotic and biotic stresses.

In this study, two new types of surfactants formed from a reaction of (dimethyl amino benzaldehyde) with (1-  Bromo tetradecane) and  (1-  Bromo decane) have been prepared and characterized. the structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by using infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (   1H NMR), ( 13C   NMR). Demulsifiers were applied to emulsions (water in oil) to separate water. The results showed high efficiency in separating water from crude oil.