نشریه گردشگری و توسعه
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 37، زمستان 1402)

Nowadays, tourism, as a critical source of economic growth, is one of the most important economic activities. Regarding tourism extension role in economic prosperity and the extent of its impact on each economic sector, the cost of each tourist in each economic sector of Yazd province and the short-term impact of each tourist entering the Dowlatabad Garden on each sector were estimated. The estimations were calculated using the regional output-data model and Industry-Specific FLQ Method (SFLQ). The results of the study indicated that the total effect of the tourism industry in Dowlatabad Garden on the economy of the Yazd province was equal to 198252.81 million Rials in 2016, which includes the "direct" and "indirect" effect of each tourist on the production of each economic sector. From 20 studied economic sectors, three sectors, including "other services", "food, beverage and tobacco industries" and "transportation" have the most production effect due to tourists' entrance. Regarding the results of this study, the input-output method is one of the effective methods for analyzing the environmental and tourism impact of economic activities. Also, the results indicated it would be possible to implement proper planning by identifying the location and effectiveness of each tourist attraction, which will automatically lead to the development of other sectors of this industry.

Originality/Value: 

The results of this study will be useful for designing the new approaches in development of tourism industry of Iran and will help managers and marketers toward international cultural foundating and improving tourism marketing performance.

Dark tourism is a special dimension of tourism that examines the impact of the negative aspects of a tourist destination tourist attraction or repulsion. The special conditions of tourism and the negative political propaganda of the West are among the factors that have necessitated attention to this issue. This study was designed to survey the model of emotional response in the dark tourism environment in Iran based on the role of experience and motivation and with a practical approach and a descriptive survey method.

The statistical population is all foreign tourists referring to the city of Yazd in the fall of 2019, in 170 responders that randomly selected. Considering the validity and reliability of the measurement and structural models and the appropriate fit and quality of the model

The results showed that the motivation to experience; Experience on emotional response; and motivation has a significant effect on emotional

Considering the important position of the medical tourism industry in the world economy and also the capabilities of Iran in this industry, the present research was conducted with the main goal of identifying approaches to the development of medical tourism in Iran. The research method is a part of developmental research in terms of results, and it is a part of qualitative research of the case study type in terms of purpose. The tool for collecting research data is interview and the selection of research participants has been done using the purposeful sampling method. By using the subject analysis technique, interviews were reviewed and coded and classified. Based on the obtained results, the goals of medical tourism development include economic, political, cultural-social goals and improvement of medical and tourism infrastructures. Also, the main institutions in the development of medical tourism were identified including governmental institutions, non-governmental institutions, private sector and public institutions. Basic tools include organizational, financial, legal and informational tools. In the following, the necessary strategies in the development of this industry were identified, including the quality strategy of medical services, marketing and advertising, policy and management, development of modern health villages and education, and finally the final model was presented.

With the globalization of the market, companies try to improve their performance by using different processes. The advancement of big data technology has caused marketing companies to store a large amount of data about their customers. Therefore, better understanding of customers by big data information technology and the use of complex statistical software to analyze the needs of tourists has been considered in recent decades. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the use of big data analysis strategy, Internet of Things and artificial intelligence to improve the company's performance. The current research is quantitative in terms of data collection and survey. The statistical population of the research is web-based tourism and travel companies, 384 of whom were selected using Cochran's formula and available. The validity of the research factors was confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha was used to confirm the reliability of the research. The findings of the research showed that artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things have a positive and significant effect on the creation of customer knowledge and user knowledge. Also, the creation of customer knowledge, user knowledge of the foreign market has a positive and significant effect on the rational decision making of marketing and the rational decision making of marketing.

The use of new technologies has created a new type of tourism called virtual tourism. Marketers and tourism activists need to know more about the motivations of tourists in order to promote and progress in this field. Hedonic motivation has also been studied by researchers as a significant case. The present research aims to investigate the dimensions of hedonistic motivation and virtual tourism in the continuous use of tourist destinations in Mazandaran province. This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of the research was the tourists of Mazandaran province by the available sampling method in Nowruz 1400. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were evaluated through SmartPLS3 software. The findings showed that among the components related to hedonistic motivation, the components of adventure and exploration, social relations, awareness of the process and satisfaction affect hedonistic motivation. Also, the findings indicate that hedonic motivation has an effect on continuous use. Among the components related to virtual tourism, only the perceived enjoyment component of virtual tourism has an effect on continuous use.

Despite the consensus on the effectiveness of transcendentance in the development and promotion of individual and social performance but so far the model of transcendentalist tourism has not been scientifically and comprehensively developed and presented. The study of the research background shows the dominance of the material view and less effort to explain the spiritual components in tourism with a communication and systemic approach. Communication is the link between man and tourism and is the starting point for understanding spirituality and paying attention to it can play an effective role in a comprehensive explanation of tourism transcendentance. The present exploratory-developmental research has been carried out in order to fill this gap and with the aim of " Providing a model of transcendentalist tourism with a communication approach" and is based on a combined method. In this research, according to the dimensions of human communication, the spiritual components of tourism are identified and their place in human transcendentance is defined systematically and the model of transcendentalist tourism is presented. In the qualitative part library resources and opinions of experts available on tourism, spirituality, culture and psychology are used purposefully, and in the quantitative part a researcher-made questionnaire in the Likert scale has been used. To analyze the qualitative data thematic analysis (theme) and in the quantitative part confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model and structural equation modeling (SEM) have been used. MAXQDA, SPSS22 and LISREL8.8 software were used for statistical analysis. According to the findings and the presented model, the ecosystem of the transcendentalist tourism as an educational and informal ecosystem is manifested with a spiritual spirit and within the framework of human communication dimensions and by using the spiritual components of the model causes the development and deepening the scope of cognition, self-awareness, co-creation and technique can be considered one of the most appropriate ways to achieve sustainable human transcendence. The transcendentalist tourism focuses on the existence of man and his relationship with the world around him and considers the attainment of knowledge and cognition possible through the transcendentance of communication dimensions and through rational, scientific, obligatory-moral, natural-prescriptive propositions.

The world statistics indicate that the spread of Corona virus is caused a decrease of 70% in international tourism industry. Therefore, this paper seeks to answer this fundamental question: what is the effect of Corona disease on the sectoral production and institutional income distribution in Iran? To analyze this question, structural path analysis is used. For this purpose the new social accounting matrix (SAM) of 2016 is estimated. The matrix comprises 110 activities and 22 institutions (including income deciles of urban and rural households, companies and government). Then in consonance with the question, the effects of reducing foreign tourism expenditure on the production and income distribution have been worked out. The results show that the decrease in international tourism has led to decrease in total productions, for which the highest decreases belong to the wholesale and retail sectors, transportation, hotel and restaurant, services related to food and beverages and manufacturing of food products with shares of 16.6, 11.6, 10.5, 9.3 and 6.1 percent, respectively. The results of the structural path analysis approach reveal that among the factors of production, mixed income is the most and important path which stands for decrease of income of all institutions due to the reduction of foreign tourism expenditure, both for urban and rural households as well as companies.

The tourism industry has now flourished significantly around the world, providing an opportunity for many countries to settle their issues, particularly economic problems, and above all boost up one's situation through its exploitation. In view of the competitiveness of the tourism industry, the key to success in meeting tourist expectations is to develop new products and services; thus, it is of utmost importance to reflect on creative tourism indicators, and plan for this purpose. In this sense, utilizing the power of deprived areas, mostly villages, has been one of the major approaches adopted by Iran's government for eliminating deprivation, generating the drivers of development, and fulfilling the goals of the 20-Year Vision Plan in tourism over the years. From this perspective, Hawraman in Kurdistan Province has been one of the tourism targets. This historical region, famous for its special culture, customs, and traditions, was inscribed on the World Heritage List by the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in its 44th meeting as the 26th tangible cultural heritage of Iran. At present, the development policies applied for tourism have given rise to numerous environmental and sociocultural challenges in this region. In addition, the sluggish economy has resulted in indiscriminate cultivation, damaging its pristine nature, including the mountain slopes and hills. Even though upstream law and regulations regarding the preservation of natural resources have been implemented, it seems that the economic problems have led to a kind of disregard and unrestrained natural resource extraction. Altogether, the local architecture texture and structure as well as the mountainous environment, pristine nature, historical and cultural landscapes, and other factors, such as customs and the local culture along with the historical background in Hawraman can set the stage for creative tourism. However, transforming the attractions in this region into creative tourism products requires much more attention and expert initiatives. In this context, characterizing creative tourism indicators in Hawraman can be among the essential measures. Against this background, the present study aimed to identify and prioritize the indicators associated with the development of creative tourism in Hawraman, and then raise some solutions and suggestions for this purpose. Considering the significant growth and development of creative tourism and the potentials of the historical and cultural landscapes in Hawraman, the study results can thus lay the foundations for decision-making in this region.
To meet the objectives of this applied study, a descriptive-analytical research design was used. In keeping with the research subject and the indicators investigated here, documentary methods and field studies, including interviews and questionnaires, were further employed to collect the data. The sample size was then determined, based on the maximum-possible-number of samples technique. Therefore, 56 tourism experts in the Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicraft Organization of Kurdistan Province and Hawraman World Heritage site together with professors were selected by random sampling, and provided with the necessary information to complete the questionnaires in the process of their distribution. The questionnaire items were also developed based on a five-point Likert-type scale. As well, Cronbach's alpha was examined to measure the reliability of the research instrument by 0.865. To check the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was utilized, and the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the research hypotheses. Then, the Friedman test in the SPSS Statistics V22.0 was used to prioritize the indicators.
According to the study results, Hawraman has the potentials for development of tourism with special interests, including creative tourism. In this respect, the indicators of experience and interaction, local heritage, awareness-raising and information-giving, authenticity, economic support for creative tourism, service quality, and public participation are much more operational in the development of creative tourism in this region. Accordingly, the possibility of being subjected to varied lifestyles by the hosts for the tourists can inspire creative interaction and experience, thereby encouraging regional tourism. The natural attractions as the native heritage of Hawraman also contribute to the development of creative tourism. Moreover, awareness-raising and information-giving are among other indicators of creative tourism in this region. The pristine landscapes, the architectural identity of the region, as well as its stepped architectural and physical structure can thus have a profound impact on the authenticity of the region as the next indicator. In this line, support for creative tourism is one of the other significant indicators. Therefore, the relevance of the activities to the local culture in this region can be among the indicators of creative tourism and economic growth. Besides, the establishment of handicrafts training centers can help improve the economic status of the locals, since it teaches local arts and brings income for the residents. In terms of service quality, roads and transportation are also among the main indicators. Some other factors such as the cleanliness of the surrounding environment and preserving the nature, enhancing the infrastructure, and providing accommodation services, such as hotels, guesthouses, and ecotourism residences, and public transportation are effective in augmenting the quality of tourism services and facilities for the development of creative tourism in this context. In conclusion, public participation is one of the other indicators of creative tourism development in Hawraman, which needs further consideration.

Considering the necessity and importance of green marketing in today's environmental conditions and the competitive arena of tourism, as well as the consequences of perceived greenwashing, the present research has identified solutions for the reduction of perceived greenwashing and immunity from related charges for the marketers of tourism green accommodations.

In this regard, in-depth interviews with experts were used, sampling was done in a targeted manner and continued until saturation was reached. Data analysis was also done by grounded theory method.

The findings of the research showed that the general solutions in this field are: honesty and proportionality in action and claim, transparent presentation of green information, and ensuring the accuracy of tourist perceptions, each of which includes subcategories and relevant indicators.

Therefore, according to the solutions presented, it is necessary for green marketers, in addition to avoiding any kind of greenwashing and making the necessary evidence available to verify the validity of the claim, to also examine the perceptions of tourists in this regard, and in order to resolve any possible misunderstandings try.

Following the mentioned strategies can be a guide for green accommodation marketers (in presenting more effective and honest green claims and protecting real green accommodation in the face of accusations of greenwashing and its consequences) and a basis for future research.

Today, the tourism industry is the largest and most diverse industry in the world. One of the main tools of this industry is information technology, of which Instagram is also a subset. In recent years, the access of millions of users around the world to the Instagram social network has made this media the center of attention of communities and individuals, and it is used for marketing and expanding businesses. For this purpose, the present study aims to investigate the effect of providing useful information about tourist destinations on Instagram social media on the travel intention of followers. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of the method of collecting and analyzing descriptive data of correlation type. The statistical population of the research includes all Instagram social network activists who are members of tourism service pages, and a total of 235 samples were selected using the available sampling method. In this research, after a wide review of the literature on the subject, the conceptual model of the research was defined and a questionnaire was formulated in its framework. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated and verified using confirmatory factor analysis and content validity and reliability and its variables using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Then, the research hypotheses were decided by analyzing the collected data using AMOUS software. The main model includes four variables: provision of useful information, acceptance of information, dissemination of information and travel intention. The results of this research showed that the provision of useful tourism information on Instagram platform has an effect of 0.649 on information acceptance and 0.736 on its dissemination. Also, the effect of information acceptance on travel intention was confirmed with a coefficient of 0.500, but the effect of information dissemination on travel intention was not confirmed.

Tourism destinations are getting more complex. Increasing uncertainty and environmental changes are among the most important ones that tourism destinations have to deal with to maintain their competitive advantage. Preferably innovation, flexibility, responsiveness, and redefinition of market opportunities can be considered as the new techniques for gaining the advantages. These techniques are focused on the effective use of knowledge, skills, and the experience of key actors, known as learning in the literature. Although the learning (organization) concept is spread in various settings such as cities (learning cities), or universities (learning universities), little research has been done in tourism. Thus, this research aims to provide a model for the development of Learning Tourism Destinations in Yazd. Based on qualitative methods, the researchers did a thematic analysis of the interviews with 14 tourism experts and an Interpretive Structural Model analysis of 12 experts’ questionnaires. The proposed model is composed of four levels in which there is sustainability at the highest level. In the second level of the model, there are futurism, system thinking, and human resource management empowerment. The third level of the model is composed of adaptive management, coordination and participation, cultural exchange, responsibility, innovation and creativity, and environmental intelligence. At the lowest level, there are factors of competitive intelligence, technological intelligence, research and development, intellectual capital, and knowledge management. The results of the research can be used as a model for transforming learning cities into learning tourism destinations.

Today, augmented reality is one of the critical factors used in the tourism industry. In the world, the tourism industry uses augmented reality to attract users to tourist attractions. The intention to use augmented reality in mobile phones in the tourism industry depends on people's knowledge level, the users' attitudes, and the acceptance and use of technology. In Iran, the maturity of the application of these programs is at a low level, and Iran, as a tourist destination, needs to improve in introducing and branding the destination. Therefore, the research aims to investigate the impact of the integrated theory of technology acceptance and use, as well as the attitude and technological knowledge to use tourism augmented reality programs on mobile phones. The present research is based on a statistical population consisting of Iranian users of mobile augmented reality tourism applications, the size of which is Unlimited. The sample was taken using non-probability sampling and the sample size was determined using the Kline formula, resulting in a sample size of 216 individuals. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. A structural equation test was used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that two factors (expectation of performance and expectation of effort) from the four main factors of technology acceptance theory have a positive and meaningful effect, and two factors (social influence and facilitating conditions) have a negative effect on the intention to use the program. have mobile phone augmented reality. On the other hand, the effect of knowledge and attitude towards augmented reality positively and significantly affects the intention to use mobile phone augmented reality programs.

Nowadays, tourism is one of the important sources of income and one of the effective factors in development and progress in countries. In this connection, rural tourism is of special importance as one of the main types of tourism. Therefore, knowing the obstacles and driving factors of this type of tourism is of special necessity. The current research has been done with the aim of identifying and explaining the factors driving and inhibiting the development of rural tourism from the perspective of experts, who have investigated the issue using a mixed method. The sequential research approach is an exploratory one that is carried out in two qualitative and quantitative phases. In the qualitative phase, using the scoping review method, the main variables and indicators were identified, and then in the quantitative phase, they were analyzed and investigated using the survey method and the questionnaire tool. According to the findings of the qualitative phase, 4 criteria and 43 sub-criteria were identified among 53 related researches. In the quantitative phase, specialists and experts in the field of tourism and rural planning commented on the approval and prioritization of each factor, and all the factors were approved in their opinion. The present study showed that various aspects promoting or hindering the development of rural tourism, including social, economic and environmental aspects of tourism development in Nir city, are considered with acceptable amounts. Therefore, the concept of rural tourism development should be effectively implemented throughout the region and existing gaps to support rural tourism development should be addressed.

Kish is the first tourist destination that has a good share in the market of local tourists and the national economy. Therefore, it is essential to project the impact of climate change on the tourism climate of Kish Island in the future. Therefore, the performance of 7 general circulation models (GCMs) was evaluated based on skill score (SS). Two models, ACCESS-CM2 and CNRM-CM6-1, were selected as suitable GCMs for the study area. Then, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios were analyzed on the tourism sector of Kish Island based on the Tourism Climate Index (TCI). Linear scaling (LS) method was used to correct the bias of GCM models. The results showed that the parameters effective in calculating the TCI index will have significant changes in the future; So that the average temperature from 25.27 in the base period reaches 29.63 and 30.33 degrees Celsius under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively, in the period 2050-2069. In addition to temperature, the increasing changes in precipitation and relative humidity in the study area will change the periods of tourism in the future climate in Kish Island: for example, in the current condition, the months of February and March in the "ideal" category are the best periods for tourism in the island, while in the future outlook shows an "ideal" situation only in February. On the other hand, the relatively unfavorable conditions in the current period include 4 months of June, July, August, and September, but in the future, it will cover up to 8 months of the year. Therefore, studying the issue of climate change in the field of tourism is very important in formulating the future development plans of the country with the focus on climate change. Therefore, studying the issue of climate change in the field of tourism is a significant issue in the codification of future development plans of the country with a focus on climate change.