فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران
سال پنجاه و چهارم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

This research was carried out with the general purpose of designing and explaining the optimal model for extension GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province. The research was qualitative. Data analysis was done with the method of qualitative content analysis of scientific and semi-structured interviews by extracting codes, concepts and categorizing categories, during a three-step process of open coding, central coding and selective coding through Maxqda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and rice farmers' cooperatives of Mazandaran province and the academic staff of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, who were selected by purposeful sampling. Analysis of semi-structured interviews was done through the technique of qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The interviews were studied line by line. the content analysis of the conceptualization process was done to explain the model. In the first stage of coding, 56 contents among 260 conceptual codes were identified, and after refining and merging, the codes were classified into 19 subcategories. Coding of categories was determined with coherence and logical order and accurate connection with axial coding. And it led to the paradigm model of explaining the pattern of extension and development of GAP standard in rice fields of Mazandaran province. The obtained pattern of causal conditions (exploitation system, psychological behavior and effective drivers), It shows strategies (system of group certificates, development of government GAP programs and development of private GAP standard), intervening conditions (supporting and facilitating factors, motivating and stimulating factors, limiting and inhibiting factors), background conditions (legal, institutional and political requirements and technological and innovative capabilities) and consequences (environmental, social and economic sustainable development) for the promotion and development of GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province. The obtained pattern of causal conditions (exploitation system, psychological behavior and effective drivers), It shows strategies (system of group certificates, development of government GAP programs and development of private GAP standard), intervening conditions (supporting and facilitating factors, motivating and stimulating factors, limiting and inhibiting factors), background conditions (legal, institutional and political requirements and technological and innovative capabilities) and consequences (environmental, social and economic sustainable development) for the promotion and development of GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province.

Fisheries tourism is a relatively new style of tourism in many countries, which has brought many benefits to both sectors by merging the tourism and fishing sectors. To create and develop fisheries tourism, the participation of the local community, including the fishermen community, as one of the most important groups related to fisheries tourism, is considered an effective tool and an important element. Among the most important prerequisites for the participation of communities in the development of fisheries tourism is the intention of these communities to participate. Therefore, this research was conducted with the general purpose of investigating the intention of fishermen to participate in fisheries tourism and the factors affecting it. This research is practical in terms of purpose, is descriptivr - correlational in terms of analysis, and has been carried out through survey relying on the theory of planned behavior. The statistical population in this research was fishermen who are members of beach seine cooperatives in the Caspian Sea Coastline(N=9594). Due to the distribution of fishermen in the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan, the sample size of the study was determined to be 209 fishermen and the samples were selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire, which was designed based on the theoretical framework of the research and based on the The Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB). The results showed that fishermen who are members of beach seine cooperatives in the Caspian Sea Coastline have a high intention to accept and participate in the implementation of fisheries tourism. The results also showed that participation in the program "watching the local fish markets by fisheries tourists" has the highest level of intention among all fisheries tourism activities among the fishermen of beach seine cooperatives. They also expressed their intention to participate in programs for "watching beach seine fishing and throwing nets". "staying in the house of local people and being familiar with local fishing communities (cultures and customs)" and cooperation to "participation in local festivals related to fisheries" were other activities that fishermen were interested in participating them.

Agricultural extension is a type of non-formal education and plays a key role in transferring knowledge to farmers. However, the knowledge diffusion and application rate produced by the farmers in different agricultural sectors are facing problems. Therefore, in this research, it was aimed to design a promotion model for agricultural knowledge dissemination in Galugah County of Mazandaran province. In order to reach this model, the inductive strategy, qualitative approach (based on systematic data collection) and grounded theory were used. Data collection was done through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 14 researchers, experts, agricultural extension agents, and innovator farmers (facilitators) in Galugah County of Mazandaran province. The data were analyzed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding using ATLAS.ti 7.5 software. The obtained model showed following issues as the main components influencing the agricultural knowledge in Galugah County: 1. Causal conditions (production of appropriate knowledge and availability of produced knowledge). 2. Strategies (support of the government and private sectors, policies of the country's agricultural sector, rural youth, and farming system.3. Intervening conditions (factors preventing/facilitating the application of knowledge). 4. Contextual conditions (infrastructure, some personal, economic, and social characteristics of the users) and 5. Consequences (agricultural development, and county comprehensive development).

The present research was conducted with the purpose of applying the theory of planned behavior in explaining the environmental behavior of the villagers in Ilam province about protection of the oak forests in South Zagros. The statistical population of the research consists of all the villagers of Ilam province settled in the South Zagros region (N=5512). Sample size using the table of Bartlett et al. (2001), 416 people were determined and stratified random method with proportional assignment (according to the city of activity) was used for sampling. In this research, the status of the environmental behavior pattern of the villagers of Ilam province in the protection of the oak forests of South Zagros region was analyzed using SPSS22 and SMART PLS3 statistical software. And according to the calculated indicators, the reliability and validity of the model was confirmed. The results of the structural equation modeling approach indicate that attitude variables (β=0.745), mental norms (β=0.638) and perceived behavioral control of the villagers of Ilam province (β=0.589), influence It has a positive and significant effect on their intention to carry out the environmental behavior of protecting the mentioned forests. Also, based on the results, perceived behavioral control (β=0.602), intention (β=0.711), time perspective (β=0.653) and spatial attachment of the villagers of Ilam province towards the protection of oak forests of South Zagros (β=0. 473), have a positive and significant effect on their environmental behavior in the protection of said forests. In general, based on the findings, it can be seen that the theory of planned behavior through the variable of the intention of the villagers of Ilam province to carry out the environmental behavior of protecting the oak forests can respectively account for 52 and 61% of the changes in the variables of the intention and behavior of the rural households towards the protection of To predict the oak forests of South Zagros basin.

The agricultural sector in Iran, like other developing countries, is important in several ways. This sector accounts for a significant share of the country's economy and accounts for a much larger share of labor employment. Hence, the added value and welfare created per capita of labor in this sector is less than other sectors. In this regard, it is necessary to upgrade its production capacity and create added value. In this study, an attempt is made to measure the effect of various factors on the value added of the agricultural sector during the period 1967-2017 using the production function method and the ARDL model. The results showed that in the long run, for one percent increase in physical capital, natural resources, human capital and knowledge and technology, the value added of the agricultural sector will increase by 0.44, 0.20, 0.75 and 0.12 percent, respectively. Due to the declining trend of increase in physical capital, the necessary policies should be adopted to enhance investment. In general, the agricultural sector needs sufficient capital, based on appropriate knowledge and technology, and skilled and capable workers.

The social learning approach is one of  the most effective and emerging approaches to solve  multidimensional, long-term and multi-stakeholder problems. It aligns individual efforts to synergize, mitigate, and adapt to climate change. This study sought to identify the factors affecting social learning in farmers' adaptation to climate change in Kurdistan province. The methodology was qualitative conventional content analysis and the method of sampling was snowball sampling. Research tools were semi-structured interviews with 17 researchers and experts who are active in the field of climate change in the region. Data analyzed with MAXQDA12 software and 97 codes and five classes were extracted, This classes includes of: 1- The dimensions of climate change in the province (with 4 subclasses), 2-The existence of adaptive technologies with climate change (with 3 subclasses), 3-Access to communication networks (With 5 subclasses), 4-Integrated stakeholder management (with 3 subclasses) and 5-Individual, social and economic variables (with 5 subclasses). Finally, suggestions and solutions were presented in order to improve the capacity of farmers to adapt to climate change in the province. The results of this study can lead managers, policy makers, planners and researchers in the successful design and implementation of adaptive programs, taking into account the interaction and cooperation of stakeholders and their active participation.

Accepting the standard of Good Agricultural Practices, like other agricultural innovations, requires prior knowledge, and various factors may affect this knowledge. The study aimed to investigate the knowledge of irrigated wheat growers in Nahavand County about Good Agricultural Practices and the factors affecting it. The research was applied and the statistical population of the study was 6936 irrigated wheat growers in Nahavand County. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 143 people and 180 questionnaires were distributed to increase the accuracy of the research. Sampling was done by stratified method with proportional assignment and the number of wheat farmers was determined in relation to the area under cultivation. Based on the results; awareness of irrigated wheat growers about the practices of tillage and planting management, nutrition and fertility management, water consumption management (irrigation), pest management, diseases and weeds control, waste management, and soil health, was relatively high. It is while, awareness about practices of harvesting operation management, post-harvest management, farm health management, farmer’s safety, worker welfare and consulting was relatively low. According to the comparing means tests, there is a significant difference between the level of GAP awareness in different categories of membership in cooperatives, plant protection clinics, place of residence, level of education and type of land ownership. Based on the results of multiple regression, three independent variables viz., level of social participation, level of access and use of information and communication channels and resources as well as  level of access and use of supportive-institutional resources 42/7 explain the dependent variable of GAP awareness among irrigated wheat growers.