مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 96 (اردیبهشت 1403)

Understanding the nature and structure and knowledge of the functions of culture is one of the most fundamental quests of contemporary human life. Although in recent decades, many theorists have discussed and investigated in connection with culture, but it seems that it is still possible to discuss and investigate this issue. Culture is the generator of behaviors and social events in a society. And it is reciprocally affected by it. The connection and entanglement of culture with various aspects of human life from the past until now can be a convincing proof of the importance of the phenomenon of culture in human life. Culture not only has an effective function in improving and organizing relations with other societies, but also affects the process and relations of internal sub-systems of a culture. Mysticism and Sufism have always been one of the main and most important dominant discourses in human societies, especially in Iran, for this reason, a large part of the texts and works of Persian poetry and prose are full of mystical concepts and themes, and these works also have a large amount of elements They have influenced and influenced culture in the society. In this article, the authors intend to investigate and analyze the subcultures in the early mystical texts with an interdisciplinary perspective from the perspective of sociology.

The following article examines one of the religious foundations of the Mehr religion called "The Myth of Descent and Ascension" in Ganjavi Nezami’s Haft peykar and Masnavi. The purpose of writing the article is to highlight the common beliefs of Masnavi Haft peykar and Mehr religion about descent and ascension.

This article has been compiled using a descriptive-analytical method with comparison and interpretation. The method of collecting information has also been a library.

The concept of descent is one of the important and frequent themes of mystical literature, which also has a wide expression in spiritual masnavis. In Masnavi, it is mentioned about the sadness of parting and the obstacles to ascension, the desire for ascension and connection, and the relationship based on love between man and God.

Rumi believes that the most important factor in a person"s downfall is the cycle of self-righteous love and the pain of parting in a person. In the Masnavi, heaven means the place of closeness to God, and therefore the descent is the separation of the soul from its original source, and the ascension is the loss of a drop of the soul in the sea of truth. The myth of ascent is emphasized more in Haft peykar; The main hero experiences a stage of recognition and introspection in this test by walking in the seven domes, which has many similarities with the seven steps of Mithras. The stories of Haft Gonbad are also surprisingly compatible with Mithraic themes and rites.

After the Islamic revolution, tremendous changes occurred in the content and intellectual structure and style of thinking of many contemporary poets, including lyricists. The changes that can be clearly seen in this type of literature in its all-round dimensions in the influence of political, social, cultural, economic, etc. issues. Therefore, Ghazal took a new style in the new intellectual atmosphere by distancing itself from its classical content, i.e. the mere expression of romantic themes. In this essay, we aim to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the content of these poets" poems and the intellectual style of the Islamic Revolution"s poetry by examining the lyrical works of the most prominent lyricists after the Islamic Revolution.

The study method in this article is descriptive-analytical in the way of library studies. In order to achieve the goals of the research, fifty ghazals of six prominent contemporary ghazal poets, Mohammad Ali Bahmani, Hossein Monzawi, Seyyed Hassan Hosseini, Hoshang Ebtahaj, Fazel Nazari and Qaisar Aminpour, have been analyzed in terms of intellectual style, and in order to clarify the discussion among the content indicators. And the main idea that is expressed in the sonnets of these poets, we have also presented graphs and statistical analysis.

Ghazal, as an immortal and always-considered form, has also received a lot of attention among poets after the Islamic revolution. With the difference that the approach of contemporary ghazal writers, especially poets after the Islamic revolution, to this format is not only a lyrical and romantic approach, but the themes of many religious, epic, social and protest themes are reflected in the form of ghazal.

Contemporary ghazal writers, especially in the era after the Islamic revolution and events such as the imposed war, have used this format in cases other than romantic ghazals, with the basic changes in the theme, theme and intellectual style of the ghazal. Protest and social approaches are more visible in Qaisar Aminpour, Seyed Hassan Hosseini and Hoshang Ibtahaj"s poetry, and although poets like Hossein Monzawi and Fadel Nazari have paid attention to the social self, the individual self is still more prominent in their poetry.

Among the remaining literary works, the story occupies a large part and every story written in the past and present has elements that each of these elements contribute to the success or failure of a story and its author. It plays an important role. The theory of structuralism regarding cognition examines narratives based on the rules and patterns created by the fundamental structure. The plot is one of the most important elements of the narrative and the main component that is analyzed in the structuralists" analysis. The two books "Mam and Zain" in Kurdish literature and "Laili and Majnoon" in Persian literature can be compared in the field of constructivist plot theory due to their structural and semantic similarities and the characters of the lover and the beloved.

This research is descriptive-analytical and with the help of library sources, it has studied the narrative structure of the lyrical plot of Nizami"s "Laili and Majnoon" in Persian literature and Ahmed Khani"s "Mem and Zain" in Kurdish literature.

The findings of the present research show that in both narratives we are faced with a romantic genre that has a similar design and the same narrative flow. In both stories, there is an introduction including the introduction of the characters, place and time, and the stories move towards the climax while creating a knot.

The resolution in these two narratives is similar to the end of modern stories, and it seems that the narrator has left it to the audience, because the story is not resolved. In terms of the plot structure, there are many similarities between the two stories, and in both stories, a lot of suffering is inflicted on the lovers.

World war ‖and its devastating effects have created some plays about loneliness doubt, war, and destruction. Max Rudolf Frisch is one of the authoress who has created several works in the field. He is a Swiss architect, Journalist, novelist and play writer born in Zurich, In 1911. He has created numerous works such as "Andorra play" which is examined for the distortion of time, character, narration, prediction war, antisemitism. Andorra and Love. The main subject is studying and analyzing the dramatic elements of the play, based on Aristoteles and non-Aristoteles structure as the two main theories for play writing. Which (carefully) examine the structure and the hidden concept of the play. further more, showing the power of the author with precise and scientific criticism, the weakness of drama is also identified.

The analytical pattern of this research is based on library studies. To comprehend the content and structure of the play, "Andorra," a thorough reading was initially conducted. The text was then analyzed from various perspectives based on Aristotelian theory and modern structure in a non-Aristotelian format.

The main characteristic of Aristotelian play structure is its reliance on the unity of the three acts. On the other hand, modern drama is accompanied by elements such as non-locus, non-time, and narrative disruption. The investigations indicate that "Andorra" as a modern work has utilized elements from both the Aristotelian and modern patterns in its structure.

Analyze show that the play can be divided into two parts; Aristotle;(tables; one to 12) and non-Aristoteles (nine scene or Avant scene) Due to negative effects of Avant’s(prediction) the non-Aristotle’s part has less dramatic action and less creative narration which lead to less suspense in the play. this is a weakness of the work, but Frisch"s strength is hiding Love beyond antisemitism. on the other hands, the hidden Love is main element of the start or end point of the drama.another main concern of the characterse of the play even the author himself is the concept of war. analysis shows that there is no singe of fear ,horror , violation,of the law in the entire drama only at the end of the play does it become concrete with the presence of the black -clads. analysis shows that there is no singe of fear ,horror , violation,of the law in the entire draonly at the end of the play does it become concrete with the presence of the black -clads. analysis shows that there is no singe of fear ,horror , violation,of the law in the entire drama only at the end of the play does it become concrete with the presence of the black -clads. analysis shows that there is no singe of fear ,horror , violation,of the law in the entire drama only at the end of the play does it become concrete with the presence of the black -clads.

Professions, professions and economic structure are one of the propositions of social history, and the examination and analysis of its species, territory, origin and various aspects can show us new angles of people"s behavior, life and past. Poetry divans should be counted among the sources that are able to provide the readers with very valuable sociological words from the period. The main purpose of this essay is to investigate the social and sociological references of some economic cultures, jobs and professions in the literature of the Timurid era, from the collection of poems left by the poets of this era.

This article is based on a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies and the method of document analysis with a sociological perspective and the technique of analyzing the names of occupations and words in the poetry library of Amir Alishirnawai, Ahli Shirazi, Jami, Shah Qasim Anwar, Shah Nematullah Vali and Helali Joghtai. During the Timurid era, we tried to present the results.

The findings of the research show that there is a close relationship between the state of society in the Timurid era and the spread of art, industry and the prosperity of many businesses in the 8th and 9th centuries in Iran, which is reflected in the poetic works of this period as propositions suitable for a sociological approach. has been reflected.

The results of this study show that in the Timurid era, due to the attention of Timur and his successors, including Shahrukh Mirza, to art and craft, especially in the capital of the Timurids, Herat, and the attention to the expansion of endowments, building schools, mosques, training teachers, preachers, orators, Economic and administrative courts, matters of social order, such as judgments, charges, etc., were all taken into consideration and mentioned in the poetry of this era with irony or direct reference by poets.

Salman Sawoji and Hafez Shirazi are two great ghazal poets of the 8th century and are contemporary with each other. It is known that Hafez has used many poets" divans and has used countless terms, combinations and descriptions, even stanzas and verses almost completely from them in his sonnets. Therefore, Salman"s influence on Hafez is more logical and reasonable. In this article, an attempt has been made to compare the poems of these two poets on two intellectual and literary levels.

The type of research method in this research is descriptive-analytical.

At the intellectual level, both poets" mystical drink is destructive and romantic mysticism. There are also critical and social themes in the poetry of these two poets, which are mostly expressed as satire; But Salman does not have Hafez"s almost fixed and specific theory about Sufi and Sufism. At the literary level, the poems of Hafez and Salman are very similar. The most characteristic feature of Hafez"s style is the use of allusions and their types, which is also present in Salman"s poetry. Salman"s sonnets and odes are full of poetic and elaborate ideas, and some have considered Hafez"s style to be close to Salman"s style in this regard.

There are common intellectual and literary themes in the poetry of Hafez and Salman, and Hafez was influenced and benefited from Salman Sawoji in some intellectual and literary commonalities, and he accepted these themes; But as it is evident and certain, Hafez"s poetry is placed in a higher and higher order than Salman"s poetry (due to its artistic value).

Test, journey, reaching excellence and honor are among the stages of the mythical passage of the child-hero in the Shahnameh, in which the child is rejected or left in nature symbolically separated from the archetype of mother-earth, eternal mother or mother-nature. and after maturity and excellence and reaching the process of individuality, after honoring, it returns to it once again. The main purpose of this essay is to investigate and analyze the role of the archetype of the eternal mother in the life of the rejected child-hero in the Shahnameh.

The present research is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and criticism of Jung"s archetype in the story of child-heroes rejected (abandoned) in nature and on this basis by referring to the Shahnameh (Hamidian version) the story of Zal, Fereydoun, Darab and Ki Khosro has been studied.

Research findings indicate that, based on Jung"s archetypal criticism, the rejection and abandonment of the child-hero from the family, going through the path of honor and returning to the homeland or to the family, is an archetypal symbol of separation and returning to the womb of the mother. It is eternal and nature.

The results of the research show that the child heroes are abandoned or rejected by the family in the Shahnameh, such as Zal by raising Simorgh, living on top of Mount Alborz, which is located above the Farakhkert lake, the relationship between cows and cows, the basis for Fereydoun, crossing the water by Ki Khosro are all sacred and archetypal symbols of the mother and the return of the child to her arms.

Some verses of the Holy Quran have been reflected more than other verses in the works of writers, poets and commentators due to their specific and deep content and message. The honorable verse 72 of Soreh Ahzab is one of the verses whose meaning and meaning there are many differences between the commentators of the Holy Qur"an and mystics. Therefore, according to the wide influence of this verse in the interpretation and mystical books, he examined the opinions and documents of four commentators and mystics about the meaning of trust and how it is carried in the world and the reason why creatures are afraid of accepting it and how it is accepted by humans. The reason why man is described as cruelty and ignorance has been investigated.

In this article, the descriptive-analytical method and the study of library resources have been done. At first, the works and sources related to the subject have been carefully studied and examined, then the relevant verse and the views of four commentators and mystics have been exami

According to the studied commentators and mystics, man is the only being who has the authority and dignity to carry trust, and this acceptance by man was accompanied by free will. The studied interpretive books interpret trust as various matters, but the studied mystical books interpret trust as "love and knowledge" and consider love as the result of divine knowledge.

The commentators under study consider man to be oppressive and ignorant because of the withdrawal of trust, but the mystics in question consider these two words to be positive words and cause the praise of man, not to blame him, due to God"s praise of his beloved and the creation of a two-way romantic relationship.

To determine the syntactic characteristics of an author"s style, the extent of his departure from standard and basic syntax should be explained. The standard syntax is the normal form of the placement of sentence components in any language, which is neutral and without prominence. Therefore, it is not possible to understand anything about the author"s mind and thoughts through it; But if the position of one of the components of the sentence changes compared to its natural form, the standard syntax, it can be used as a point for stylistic reflection; Because based on the theory of symmetry of style and thought, these two issues are always together and there is a two-way relationship between them. Simple structure and syntax is one of the domains that determine the style and manner of expression of each work and has an effect on the coherence of the work. The structure of sentences and the arrangement of words in each work represent its grammatical and syntactic style, which in the end leads to the recognition and explanation of the author"s style. According to this goal, some marked syntactic constructions based on the theory of DSL have been comparatively analyzed in order to show details of this writer"s art of feminism in the field of patterns and syntactic structures, to know their methods in representing the social status of women through syntactic structures. be taken away Among the syntactically marked constructions, more focus has been placed on "transposition of sentence components" and "changes in syntactic arrangement". Robin Likoff states that if we leave the words aside and go to the syntax, we find that a large part of women"s speech is "syntactically" unconventional.

The present study tries to use the analytical-adaptive approach to show how Simin Daneshvar, as a writer who writes about women, uses different and diverse grammatical and syntactic constructions of markers by considering the linguistic and situational context in Has the induction service placed its desired meaning and message?

The research findings show that this author, with self-awareness, has meaningfully used some syntactic structures in the service of inducing meaning and attracting the audience"s attention, and the hypotheses considered by Robin Likoff in the field of the influence of women"s social position on patterns They have confirmed their speech. Unlike other languages, including English, the Persian language provides a large potential capacity in the field of syntactic patterns to the users of this language in the field of prose and prose.

The language of the fictional female characters in the two novels "Wandering Island" and "Sarban Wanderer" is in line with the predictions of Robin Likoff at the level of language syntax.

Analysis based on psychological criticism has become popular among literary researchers as a style. This research aims to investigate Reza Brahni"s fiction (The Infernal Life of Mr. Ayaz, and The Secrets of My Land) based on the psychological perspective of Carl Gustav Jung.

The present study is a theoretical study and data collection was done with the use of data collection tools and reference to library sources in a descriptive-analytical method. Evidence and data analysis is evaluated qualitatively.

The study of Brahni"s works shows that archetypes of anima and animus, shadow, persona (mask), self, as well as the concepts of sleep and dream, unconscious and anxiety are clearly visible in Brahni"s works. In addition, the most important and the most used proof of Jung"s theories is "persona" or "mask" which can be found in all the researched novels. Another archetype that is abundant in Brahni"s works is the archetype of "Shadow". Almost in most of his novels, Reza Brahini unconsciously asked the shadow for help and in this way he was able to show the characters of his novel well. Another theory that has a high frequency in Brahni"s novels is "old concepts"; In this way, we see a return to history and civilization or customs and superstitions in the stories.

The review and analysis of the studied novels, based on Jung"s psychological theories in criticism, showed that the characters, symbols and archetypes found in them are to some extent consciously created and elaborated by the mind of Brahni, and in most cases, they are completely deliberate.

Myths are usually a different form of human belief and thought system, which instead of being worn out over many years, are always being renewed and transformed. In this transformation, the symbolic and mythological essence of every object and concept is preserved alongside its old function; But according to today"s life and the different understanding and acceptance of each nation, culture and era, a new dress can be seen on the status of mythological concepts. Writers of fictional works, especially contemporary novels, have tried to strengthen this literary genre by using rich ancient culture and mythological components. The connection of today"s modern world with pristine ancient concepts, especially mythology, guarantees the originality of the work even more. This link and influence from the unlimited world of mythology sometimes appears consciously and sometimes unconsciously in literary works. In this research, the symbols, archetypes and local myths in the novel "Ahl Ghareq" by Muniro Ravipour have been investigated and analyzed.

This research is a report of a fundamental, theoretical and documentary research with a descriptive-analytical method. Also, data collection has been done through library activity.

In the field of using symbols, archetypes and myths in the novel Ahl Ghareq, Rowanipour has a symbolic language and by using these three components, he has been able to display the concerns and problems of his target society. In this novel, the existence of archetypes and myths is derived from natural elements, local mythical creatures and characters such as Boslem, and mermaids. The most important theme of this novel is the display of native beliefs and beliefs of the people of the southern region. In this novel, fantasy and reality are mixed together.

The results of the research show that in "Drowning People" Ravipour has used myth-breaking and using symbols, and in this way, the author of the work has paid attention to the importance of the role of mythology in representing the life and history of Iranian society. has placed

Style is the way of paying a literary text whose branches have blossomed on the body of the language. The language of a text is the words that sit together and create sentences and phrases, and this language expresses the thoughts, feelings, views and beliefs of the author of the text and his personality. Stylistic studies include three linguistic, literary and intellectual axes. In this research, the linguistic features of Abbas Maroufi"s novels have been analyzed in syntactic, lexical and phonetic layers.

This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, on the basis of library studies and by mentioning examples equal to stylistic components.

Abbas Maroufi, a contemporary writer, has a special writing style. The findings of the research show that Meroumi uses language and linguistic elements according to the structure, content, space and characters of the stories. The fictional language of Abbas Maroufi, both in the field of words and in the context of the words, is a living and literary language that shows well the layers of thought, feeling and emotion of himself and the society. All language elements in famous stories have a coherent system, which puts him in the ranks of writers with style.

The main and most important linguistic highlights in Abbas Maarouf"s novels, which distinguish his writing style from other writers, are the appropriateness of the language of the characters in the stories with their personality types, the use of adjectives and simile elements after the verb, the use of vau at the beginning of sentences and clauses, the abundant use of verbs Prefixing is bringing consecutive verbs, having special linguistic motifs, repeating a word or sentence throughout the stories according to the narrative space, selecting and arranging words according to their emotional load and the story space.

One of the points that has not been paid attention to in the subject of rhyme and line is what is the difference between the use of rhyme and line in different literary genres and whether the poet in different literary types (epic, lyrical and didactic) uses Has he commented on the difference in its literary type from the rhyme and the line or not? Although important works such as al-Mujajm Shams Qais Razi and al-Khawaja Nasir al-Din Tusi"s poetry standards and other prominent works in this field are important as the initiators of these sciences, none of these works have mentioned the important relationship between rhyme, row and their use in a specific literary type. and the main focus of these works has always been on rhyme and line as a means of creating music. This research has investigated, analyzed and compared 1279 verses from the two love poems of Weiss and Ramin with the love story of Bijan and Manijeh in the discussion of rhyme and line. The purpose of this research is to show the behavior of these two poets with rhyme and line and their use in lyrical and epic genres.

The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical, which was done in a library form by studying sources, taking notes and classifying the materials.

The special place of rhyme and line in the structure of verse helps to understand and analyze it in the history of various developments of Persian poetry, and by examining these influential elements in verse, we can get valuable results in the analysis of verses and the poet"s style of verse making. He achieved in his type and literary style.

In this research, by extracting the rhymes and rows of verses of these two love stories, we showed that Ferdowsi, unlike Fakhruddin Asad Gorgani, uses rhymes and nominal rows in his verses, and deliberately moves his syntax away from standard syntax, and although a story He narrates a romance, but in no part of his work, he does not leave the epic genre and the unnatural language, while on the other hand, Gorgani is loyal to the natural language by using more current rhymes.

Narration is one of the most important literary techniques and an essential element in literary theory, which helps us to understand literary texts. Many theorists have examined the structure of the narrative. The French general Georges is one of the most prominent structuralist theorists, whose theory is one of the most complete theories of narratology. The purpose of this research is to study and express narratology in the novel "Umm Saad" by Ghassan Kanfani and "Totally Special" by Abbas Maroufi based on Gerard Gennet"s theory.

This descriptive-analytical study aims to analyze Persian and Arabic novels based on the narrative information of Genet, which is rooted in the individual personality and emotional experiences of the narrator, based on Genet"s narratological perspective. Analyze the narrative text of the narrative centers, the narrative distance, the narration expression, and the types of views prevailing and involved in both novels, and determine and record the power of the authors" storytelling analysis in changing the narrative system of the novel and the value of each..

The novels "Umm Sa"d" and "Totally Special" each more or less directly or indirectly return to their past, which turns the narrative into a time of retrospective depravity. But the difference between Kanfani and the famous novel is that the novel "Umm Sa"d" is realistic and reduces the audience"s distance from the text, and this has added to the dynamics of Kanfani"s narration and turned his work into a living text, while The novel is "completely special" in accordance with imaginary realism, and this sometimes takes the narrator away from the context of the narrative text and sometimes makes the narration harmonious and sometimes heterogeneous, which is the criterion of the semantic attitude of a famous work. "Kanfani and Maroufi" also used real places in the novel that have an external meaning. The narration of both novels is omniscient.