فصلنامه پدافند غیرعامل
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 57، بهار 1403)

Energy transmission lines are among the basic infrastructures of the country, and any accident or possible threats can impose huge costs and irreparable losses on the country's economy, and many vital activities of the country face serious problems and the national security of the country. challenged The purpose of this research is to explain the index of resilience indicators and to introduce strategies to increase resilience in the projects of oil product transmission lines. In this research, firstly, based on the studies conducted, the index of the effective indicators in increasing the resilience of oil product transmission line projects was extracted against possible threats. Considering the factor score in the perspective of the related views were categorized. This important reason led to ordering and reducing the number of statements in order to    facilitate the review. Since the factor of forecasting, procurement and cyber protection and as a result the index of the indicators related to this factor has received more points, in conclusion and based on the    findings of the research, the solutions to increase the resilience in the projects of Petroleum product   transmission lines are provided.

Social engineering, which is referred to as the psychological manipulation of people in the field of information and cyber security, is a concept formed based on the exploitation of human  vulnerabilities and thus creates a special type of attack which is formed on the basis of human characteristics and existing damages. The concept has become more useful and important due to the development of information and communications technology. Moreover, social engineering attacks are low-cost, highly effective, and, in their simplicity, they have certain elegance and   complexities due to their human-centered nature. All these facts have caused security and military to have the same characteristics against these attacks and become more important. Hence, this paper addresses the concept and its different aspects and then, recommends military solutions for it intending to find proper tactics to provide a defense against social engineering attacks.

Pollution of water resources poses a significant and fundamental challenge to human life and the well-being of all living organisms. The presence of management gaps in this critical area creates vulnerabilities for potential bioterrorist attacks and contamination of water sources. An essential and practical approach to managing groundwater resources, particularly in identifying the time and location of pollutant releases into water, involves the utilization of mathematical models    governing pollutant flow. Compared to other practical methods, mathematical modeling offers a reliable and cost-effective solution that is computationally feasible. The primary objective of this research is to simulate the initial pollutant intensity function (at t=0) through a mathematical backward in time inverse problem. This issue stands as one of the foremost challenges in water resources management and engineering, garnering significant attention from researchers. In this study, initially, a mathematical model of pollutant flow in groundwater is presented, where the  initial pollutant intensity function is unknown. Then, a new numerical method based on the      pseudo-solution method is employed to calculate an approximation for this function using a linear combination of Bernstein polynomials. The mathematical model is numerically analyzed and   scrutinized through a specific example. The numerical results indicate that the initial pollutant intensity function can be precisely simulated by utilizing the pollutant intensity function at any time t>0. For an error level of δ=0.01 in the input data, the approximate solution obtained through the introduced numerical method exhibits a maximum error of 4%.

Today, the use of tunnels is one of the favorite strategies of armies as well as guerilla forces, and in many cases it is considered one of the important factors of victory. Due to the high contrast of the specific electrical resistance of tunnels with the host environment, the specific electrical resistance method can be called as the most powerful near-surface method for detecting such structures. In this study, conventional electrical tomography arrays have been simulated in order to detect tunnels using the forward modeling method. Based on the obtained results, the dipole-dipole, polar-dipole and Wenner-Schlumberger arrays have the best response in their sections to the presence of the tunnel, and the Wenner array has a weaker sensitivity than all of them. Also, in this study, based on the principle of changing the geometrical  parameters (depth and size) of the tunnel as well as the conductive overburden, solutions have been proposed to hide the tunnels from the field of view of the arrays.

Conformance with the principles of passive defense in architectural works and urban planning plays a decisive role in creating stability and protecting the life and financial interests of citizens. The research method is descriptive-analytical and field and library methods were implemented to investigate the statistical population. In this research, 564 buildings in the historical city of  Masouleh, being constructed based on passive defense concepts, have been investigated. The research question is as follows; How is passive defense observed in the architecture and urban planning of the historical city of Masouleh? And how can it be used for the architecture and urban planning of Iranian cities by rereading the concepts of passive defense in Masouleh? The research results indicate that the location of the city, dispersion of the buildings (vital to medium), city  camouflage, confusion in the eyes of the enemy, structural fortifications of the buildings, quick  repairability of the buildings, protection of urban facilities, design criteria of urban furniture,   materials used in the structure and facade, form of buildings, number of entrances and exits and the presence of multi-functional spaces on the floors, small and protected openings in the facade, safe space, shelter, protective walls, compliance with building height and scale based on the importance factor, privacy, access to vital and medical places, service centers, parking lots and infrastructure facilities of Masouleh have been in line with the concepts of passive defense.

Functionally, the seismic isolation system is one of the best lateral bearing resistant systems in concrete buildings. The use of seismic isolators in the structure increases ductility, absorbs high energy, and improves the stability of the entire structure. According to Regulation 2800, the   buildings used in military and law enforcement places are considered very important buildings. Therefore, according to the principles of defense, the non-destruction of these structures and the ability to use them after severe earthquakes are important and vital. Therefore, in this study, the structural behavior of a building with police use, considering the rubber seismic isolator with   fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) in it, in order to improve the seismic performance and prevent  destruction after the earthquake, is investigated has been This structure has been subjected to   non-linear static (overlay), non-linear dynamic, and incremental non-linear dynamic (IDA) analyses, and its fragility curve has been obtained and analyzed. The results of the parameters of structural seismic behavior obtained from the analysis of wear, time history, IDA and fragility curve; It indicates that the isolated structure has less drift than the same structure without isolator, and the stability, capacity and base shear of the isolated structure is better than the structure  without isolator. In general, for structures equipped with seismic isolators, the probability of  passing each performance level occurs later.

Considering the increasing population growth in cities and the emergence of urban issues and problems, the necessity of attention to the sustainability of cities as well as focusing on passive  defense for reducing damages caused by accidents and disasters is growing. This research aimed to assess the sustainability of neighborhoods in Region 4 of Urmia city based on the principles of  passive defense, and the research objective is applied and in terms of methodology,  descriptive-analytical. In this research, 18 indicators were selected, and the data collection method used library studies, field (observation), existing articles, questionnaire tool (questioning residents of Region 4), and Delphi method (experts). For qualitative data analysis, the CoCoSo method, one of the most recent multi-criteria decision-making approaches, is used. To obtain maps and pinpoint sustainable points in region 4 emphasizing passive defence principles and also for analyze and evaluate locations in terms of quantitative research indicators, GIS software is utilized. Shannon's entropy method is employed for weighting the criteria. The results indicate that neighborhood (4-1-3) (located between Dastgheib and Morovat streets) with the highest score and neighborhood (1-3-4) (located between Sheikh Shaltoot, Khatam-al-Anbiya, and Golestan streets) with the lowest score have the highest and lowest level of sustainability, respectively, emphasizing the principles of passive defense. So that 33.33% of the study points in this research have a  favorable condition, 41.67% have a semi-favorable condition, and 25% also have an unfavorable condition. Recommendations for improving the sustainability of neighborhoods in district 4 of   Urmia city have also been proposed.

The spread of attacks and various threats in the cyber space in data-oriented and knowledge-based organizations has caused attention to the issue of cyber security and defense in knowledge-based organizations as very important and strategic issue. This issue requires the explanation of comprehensive roadmap to achieve the goals through the optimal performance of the organization's main processes. The present research deals with the structured analysis of the safety index in security and cyber defense of knowledge-based organizations.After determining the sub-indicators and main influencing factors using scientific methods (Delphi method),their importance was determined by experts. Effective components are combination of security and cyber defense components.The existence of various threats and conditions in the country caused three knowledge-based organizations, "Islamic Azad University,South Tehran Branch, University Research Sciences Unit,and University of Tehran, which they are important in terms of strategic and cyber issues, to be studied. The importance of the influencing factors With the opinions of determined experts, the geometric mean was obtained, and after weighting the components, all values were normalized, using the evolutionary algorithm of Prometheus as one of the new decision-making methods,intra-group comparison of the components was carried out, and then the priority It was done based on the type of intergroup security and cyber defense components. The organizations were ranked based on priority and the amount of points and it was decided to increase the level of security and cyber defense within the organization in accordance with the strategic principles to achieve maximum security and efficiency of the system.

The most important factor in creating people's well-being and a sense of security in public and private   urban spaces is to observe the principles of passive defense in designs, which is a solution to improve the quality of life in communities and creates a special possibility to save the lives of people in the community when danger occurs. It slows down and improves the performance of the system and reduces the vulnerability and improves the safety level of the society. The traditional architecture of Tabriz and its    location on the communication route of the Silk Road, having a special social and cultural, economic and political position, make it one of the cities under threat in the previous era. And after Islam, it has made it mandatory to ensure the safety and security of citizens against possible attacks and dangers in the designs. It is in the way of implementation and observance of its factors in urban planning and native architecture of old Tabriz. In this research, information has been collected in order to know the solutions of traditional architecture by reviewing the literature and field observation. The results indicate that the geometry of the building, location, location and number of openings, how to access and predict safe spaces as a multi-functional space for every building in times of peace and war are among the important components in optimizing building architecture and traditional architecture. And the architecture compatible with the   climate is not a factor from the point of view of defense.

Facilitating crisis management is one of the five functions and one of the main goals of passive defense, in this regard, observing and monitoring threats and creating and maintaining readiness to face the crisis and its management by using the intelligent command and control system are considered essential to accomplish this. In order to have the information of the operation scene (situational awareness) which use the command and control system for its management, the information of the operational environment of that situation is necessary. The most important    expectation from the command and control system is timely response to crises, minimizing mistakes and obtaining necessary information in order to prevent financial losses and human casualties. Considering the variety of threat areas and the measures corresponding to them in  passive defense, the threats that actually lead to the occurrence of incidents and accidents will  result in crises at different levels, which the management of these crises in order to reduce the   vulnerability and loss of assets and the continuity of activities and Improving resilience is of particular importance.The current research is of an applied type, descriptive method, with a mixed approach and the use of the library method (with a survey tool) and field method (with an  interview tool and questionnaire), with the aim; The investigation of the performance of the passive defense command and control system in the management of the crisis caused by the enemy's threats has been done, seeking to answer the (main) question of the research that; What will be the role of this system in crisis management? The statistical population of experts was  determined to be 80 people and the sample size was 65 people to distribute the questionnaire.  During the research process, the role and performance of the system was discussed using the    hypothetical model, and finally, suggestions were made regarding the use of the research model in crisis management.