مجله آبخوان و قنات
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 6، بهار و تابستان 1402)

Given the importance of water resources, especially groundwater resources, the application of appropriate management methods in quantitative and qualitative areas is well understood. The purpose of this study is to determine the most appropriate interpolation method to investigate the spatial and temporal changes in water quality in the Qaen plain aquifer. In the present study, in order to evaluate water quality, the values of 10 water quality parameters including: concentration of calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, salinity, TDS and acidity ions, using IDW, LPI, GPI, OK and SK interpolation methods. It has been interpolated and researched in 2009 and 2017. The results of comparing 5 intermediate methods using RE and RMSE values showed that for most of the quality parameters studied, IDW method with the lowest error rate is the most suitable method for intermediation. It was also found that the highest error rate was related to the LPI intermediate method for the hco3 parameter with a value of 11.84 and the lowest error value was related to the IDW method for the EC and Cl parameters with a value of 0.01 . By comparing IDW zoning maps in 2009 and 2017, it was found that the concentration of most of the studied quality parameters has increased in the statistical period under study. The upward trend in Qaen aquifer in the northeastern part is more intense and the highest upward trend in this part of the aquifer is related to the concentration of calcium ions, chlorine and salinity.

Identifying the number of wells in groundwater level estimation is an important step in terms of reducing the maintenance cost and saving the cost of harvesting information. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the techniques that reduces data that plays a significant role in identifying low data. In this research, the average annual groundwater level of 51 wells in Neyshabour plain with a statistical period of 10 years (2010-2019) was studied using statistical analysis of the main components of the wells to determine the level of groundwater level in this plain. Using PCA, the relative importance of each well was calculated between 0 (for completely ineffective well) to 1 (for the very effective wells). The results showed that among the 51 wells in the studied area, 27 wells are considered as wells, and the remaining wells are considered as low-level wells. By eliminating 24 less wells, the estimated ground water level error in the studied area is 26% higher than that used for all wells. Also, to take into account the factor of time, changes in this method were done in two 5-year periods. The results showed that 42 wells were selected as important well during the first 5 years period (2010-2014), which was reduced to 35 wells during the next 5 years (2015-2019).

Water and soil are the main factors for agricultural production.. Due to the limitation of suitable land and good quality (fresh) water, it is very important to plant plants that can tolerate unfavorable water and soil conditions and have an economic crop. The pistachio tree is a plant that has relatively good resistance to salinity and lack of water, so its planting in lands where planting other garden and agricultural crops is not cost-effective has gradually become common, and thus, its cultivated area has increased in recent years. In this research, using the capability of geographic information system, the areas prone to pistachio cultivation in Ayask city were evaluated. For this purpose, the basic information of water (salinity, water absorbable sodium), soil (salinity, soil absorbable sodium and soil pH), topography (slope and elevation classes) and meteorology (average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, pollen temperature, (relative humidity and rain) of the area were collected and interpolated using the kriging method in the geographic information system; Then, based on the relationship between each of the environmental and climatic parameters of the city and the ecological needs of pistachio, the resulting maps were classified according to the possibility of pistachio cultivation. Using the hierarchical method, assigning value and combining the resulting maps in the GIS environment, the results showed that 44% of land is suitable, 47% is average land, and 9% is unsuitable for pistachio cultivation.

The Qanat is the lifeblood of the villages. This beneficial structure for all, whose invention is attributed to Iranians, has led to the emergence of valuable indigenous knowledge in the water management debate. Iranians, who are famous for their intelligence, hard work and innovation, have left a structure as a memory since long ago, and the stability of this structure has put a seal of approval on all their merits. The values of Qanat as a sustainable and environmentally friendly structure are not hidden from anyone. Preservation of this precious lasting heritage is the least thing that causes the efforts of the past not to be lost. One of these works is the registration of management terms in the distribution of qanat water in different regions.In this research, the management structure of water distribution in Khamsa aqueducts of Gol village, Khosef city, located in South Khorasan province, has been investigated. Information and terms related to Khamsa aqueducts have been collected and presented through interviews with village experts in this field. Words such as: bol, boltaz, dong, tas, finjan, nimroz, taqeh, gunjkhorden are among the local terms used in the studied village in this field. The results obtained in this research showed that the water distribution work of Khamse Gol aqueducts has been done so carefully and thoughtfully that it has an excellent management structure in water distribution.

Water crisis in Iran, especially in recent years, highlights that quantifying the water budget is a vital information for management of water resources. Water budget in Aspas alluvial aquifer (728.81 km2) of northern Fars Province is evaluated during the observation period (2002-2017) based on climatic and hydrogeological data. Then calculated changes in annual aquifer storage using water budget approach are compared with corresponding values calculated using actual water table fluctuation, implying a good agreement. Water budget approach indicates that Aspas aquifer has experienced storage loss by 29.34 million cubic meters (MCM) per year during the observation period 2002-2017, resulting in mean annual water table declining by 0.82 cm per year. About 78% of the volume of groundwater inflow is abstracted again by deep and semi-deep wells. As a result, groundwater over-exploitation due to pumping wells is the main cause of water table drop in Aspas aquifer during the study period, however, droughts (for example in years 2013-2017) may intensify the water table declining and reducing groundwater storage. Groundwater abstraction rate, therefore, must be reduced to prevent further water table declining in Aspas aquifer. Strategies such as reduced cultivated area, increased irrigation efficiency and cultivating low water requirement crops can decrease groundwater abstraction rate.

In this study, the quantitative zoning is used to identify areas suitable for artificial recharge in the mountainous area of Gohar and Garbayegan plain, Fars province fitting a linear fundamental form to the surface. The structures with grade two for triplex windows and the data from the digital elevation model with a resolution of 10 m was used to determine the best fitable fundamental structure. The sum of square differences of the surface differences is used as an indicator to determine the degree of fitting the fundamental structures. By fitting the interpretable patterns to the Earth's surface it can be determined that the earth was similar to what pattern and formation mechanism. Mountain ranges upstream alluvial cones and plains located downstream of the upstream alluvial cones are not linear levels. Places which are not at the acceptable slope (gradient less than 0.002 and higher than 0.1) allocated to the zero fitting degrees and the fitting degree values are positive in alluvial cones and areas fall in the acceptable range of the slope. The results show that the surfaces located downstream of the alluvial cones and the plains are most suitable areas for floodwater spreading in the Garbayegan watershed.

The excavation of underground structures, especially water conveyance tunnels, disrupts the natural groundwater flow regime in the area around the structure and continuously reduces the hydraulic head of the groundwater; causing problems such as drying up wells, qanats and springs close to the tunnel axis. Therefore, predicting the decline of groundwater level and flow in the water resources around the tunnel axis is one of the monitoring requirements in such projects. The Kerman Water Conveyance Tunnel, with a length of approximately 38 km, is designed to supply drinking water to the city of Kerman. According to the initial field studies in the area, there are about 242 springs along the tunnel route. In this research, the method provided by Demattis was used to investigate the possibility of changing the groundwater discharge of the resources due to the excavation of the Kerman tunnel. For this purpose, factors such as fracture frequency, rock mass permeability, the tunnel overburden, the plastic zone radius around the tunnel, the distance of the springs from the tunnel, the existence of main intersection faults between tunnel and water resources, and the type of groundwater resources were evaluated. Finally, the drawdown hazard index was classified into four categories: 1) minimal drawdown 2) partial drawdown, 3) significant drawdown, and 4) complete drawdown. Based on the obtained results, 52% and 27% of groundwater resources were placed on the partial drawdown and complete drawdown classes, respectively. The rest of the groundwater resources belonged to the other categories.

The researched area is located around the city of Yasouj and is part of the Karun Bozorg basin. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the dominant structural characteristics and their effect on the discharge of springs and the control of underground water flow in their reservoir rocks. In this research, by using remote sensing data, GIS, ground observation data of water resources and analysis of discharge data using their recession curve, the relationship between structural factors on the frequency and discharge regime of representative springs was investigated. In the first step, a lineament map was prepared from satellite images and geological maps, and then the dependence of the location of the springs and their discharge regime with these structures was analyzed. The results showed that the occurrence of structural phenomena such as folds, faults, joints and fractures on the one hand and appropriate precipitation on the other hand, have created suitable conditions for the development of karst aquifers. The emergence of springs along the faults also shows the importance of the structural role in the region. These faults control the main directions of water flow in the karst basin, whereas the joints and fractures related to them play a role in the secondary directions of the flow. The analysis of fractures ishowed that the average opening of more than 20 mm and the slope of the bedding plane of about 50 degrees has facilitated the penetration and transfer of water in the catchment area of the springs

Water supply for mines is an important concern in areas affected by high water stress such as Sangan iron ore mine. In such a situation, one of the methods to control and store water in wet periods for use in dry periods is the construction of underground dams. Due to the multitude of influencing parameters and difficulty of making a decision about suitable locations for the construction of underground, applying Geographic Information System and analytical hierarchy process methods have been proposed. For this purpose, factors such as lithology, slope, land use, aquifer and city boundary, and distance from the village, fault, roads, and stream were used. Thematic map of each parameter was prepared using GIS data. Measuring the rate and weight of the maps was performed using the crisp method on a scale from 0 to 9 and analytical hierarchical process (AHP), respectively. After preparing the initial map, the final map was prepared by applying surface water geometric, and environmental considerations. Alarge area of the study area is in the category of medium potential for the construction of an underground dam, and the areas with high potential are located at the confluence of tributary to mainstem of streams, and in the southern half of the study area. The stream located in Nashtifan district, which is located in the southwest of the external border of the Khaf aquifer and serves as the output drainage of Kal Fadak in the northern part of the study area was confirmed as the optimal point.

Remediation of groundwater quality after contamination is difficult and the cost of remediation may be very high. Therefore, the improvement of water quality may not be economically possible. So, it is very important to know the areas of the aquifer that are vulnerable to pollution in order to prevent pollution and take preventive measures. In this study, using the DRASTIC method, the sensitivity and vulnerability of the Bolook Shera aquifer has been evaluated, and based on the output of the model and the quality zoning maps of the aquifer, the priority areas for protection and monitoring have been identified and the basic quality monitoring network of the aquifer has been designed. The results of the Drastic model show that the vulnerability of the Bolook Shera aquifer varies between 98 and 150. The vulnerability of this plain is in the "very low" to "moderate to high" vulnerability categories. Finally, based on the results, 20 groundwater quality monitoring stations have been determined. In locating the monitoring stations, as much as possible, it has been tried to consider the water quality changes.

Aquifers, as one of the most vulnerable water sources, are exposed to various contaminants in different forms, which detecting and controlling pollution in these resources are more difficult and costly than surface water. The best way to prevent their contamination is to identify polluting sources and vulnerable areas, prepare vulnerable zoning maps and adopt appropriate management policies. In this study, the DRASTIC and GODS methods are used to assess the Khezri area. Khezri area is one of the sub-basins of Khaf-Petergan Playa Iran, based on the political divisions of the country, and located in the southern Khorasan province near Qayen city, between the longitudes of 35 58 to 17 59 east and latitudes 41 33 to 6 34. The results of the DRASTIC for this area showed that a small part of the area has very low vulnerability, a very wide area of the plain has low vulnerability (69.68%), and the northwest and west of this plain have medium, high and very high vulnerability. Sensitivity analysis is also done in this area with two methods of eliminating the parameter and single parameter. In the single parameter sensitivity analysis, the aquifer environment parameter has the most effective weight and the parameter of the topographic slope percentage has the least effective weight in calculating the vulnerability index. In the map zoned by both methods, the points with high vulnerability are in the area of Khezri city and steel factory.

In the design of engineering structures such as overflows, sewers, flood control plans and water resources management, there is a need to obtain the maximum flood flow. Despite the statistical deficiencies and the absence of hydrometric stations in most of the small areas, choosing the appropriate methods according to the specific conditions of each area becomes very important. The current research, which has been carried out, examines several experimental methods of flood discharge estimation. Among the methods used in this research, we can mention Fuller, Krieger, Deacon and other methods based on the domain level. The results of the research show that the SCS method has the ability to significantly improve the accuracy and estimation of the flood discharge by taking into account the temporal and spatial characteristics. This progress in research has not only improved the understanding of flood behavior in the studied basins, but also seems to be a powerful tool for flood hydrograph analysis and accurate estimation of flood discharge in basins. Therefore, the results of the research will not only play a fundamental role in improving the understanding of water resources, but also have great importance in maintaining the stability of aquifers. In general, the results of this research have not only improved the understanding of flood behavior in the studied basins, but also show It is the fact that the use of SCS method can provide us with the analysis of the flood hydrograph and the accurate estimation of the flood discharge of the basins.