فهرست مطالب صابر سعیدپور

The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic role of delayed reward discounting and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in people with stimulant abuse, opiate abuse, and smoking disorders.
In the form of a causal-comparative research design, 45 patients with opioid use, 45 patients stimulant use, and 45 patients with smoking were selected via convenience sampling method from among the clients with stimulant use, opioid use, and smoking. These participants were evaluated through Monetary-Choice Questionnaire (Kirby, Petry, & Bickel, 1999) and Short Form of Emotional Cognitive Ordering Strategies (Hassani, 2011). Diagnostic function analysis was used to analyze the data.
The results of diagnostic function with two variables of delayed reward discounting and cognitive emotion regulation strategies could correctly group 93.3% of stimulant abusers, 88.9% opiate abusers, and 86.4% of smokers; in other words, 89.6% of all participants were classified correctly.
Delayed reward discounting and cognitive emotion regulation strategies made a significant contribution to the diagnosis of and differentiation among the three groups of stimulant abusers, opioid abusers, and smokers. Therefore, it is recommended that these factors be considered in the prevention and treatment programs associated with these three disorders.

Diabetes is a major health concern, and research on the psychological aspects of this disease has been neglected. One of the effective psychological factors is defensive style. Defensive style plays a decisive role in health behaviors, psychological disorders, and a wide range of psychosomatic disorders. In this study, we aimed to compare defensive style in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
In the framework of a causal-comparative design using convenience sampling method, 43 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus visiting endocrinology clinics in Tehran were enrolled based on the inclusion criteria. Also, we selected a group of non-diabetic controls who were matched on demographic variables. The Defensive Style Questionnaire and a demographic form were used to gather information. To analyze the data, One-way analysis of variance was performed in SPSS, version 21.
The results showed that diabetic patients used rationalization, projection, denial, scattering, devaluation, acting-out, somatization, fantasizing, dissociation, displacement, and passive aggressive immature defensive styles and reaction formation neurotic style more than the controls. In addition, patients with diabetes develop less sublimation and humor matured defensive style.
The present study showed that diabetic patients use more immature psychological defense mechanisms and neurotic style and less mature defensive styles than the normal controls. The results of this study can be used to design and recognize better interventional psychological programs in this group of patients.

The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of Persian version of Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire in Iranian society.
In this descriptive study, among all students are educated population Beheshti and Kharazmi University in Tehran (Mar-May 2016), 440 people targeted sampling method were selected considering Inclusion and exclusion criteria, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, food cravings (Form Trait) and food cravings awareness and acceptance scale used to collect data. Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire was studied by methods of internal consistency, test-retest correlations, and correlations with each other. In addition to verify the validity, confirmatory factor analysis model, correlations between subscales and criterion validity were used.
Cronbach's alpha range (77% to 83%) revealed that Persian version of Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire scale and subscales had good internal consistency. Also, the total score and subscales were significantly correlated with each other. The test-retest coefficients (72% to 83%) represent the stability scale. Confirmatory factor analysis model supported of Persian version of Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Finally, there are certain patterns of correlation coefficients between subscales Persian version of Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire scale with body mass index, food craving and cravings awareness and acceptance, showed good criterion validity of the scale.
Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire appropriate psychometric properties in Iranian society, Due to the lack of internal tools in this area And the importance of this questionnaire specifying the type of response and behavior toward overeating And issues related to the obesity treatments and psychological consequences of obesity, this tools can be widely used in clinical and research domains.

the present study aimed to the comparison of the intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and short-term memory capacity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal individuals. a total of 30 patients (16 female, 14 male) with obsessive-compulsive were selected using convenience sampling from the psychiatric clinics and centers of Tabriz were matched with 30 patients (16 females and 14 males) of normal individuals by demographic information, and all of them were assessed through Baher & Dougas’s intolerance of uncertainty scale and the Wechsler Digit span test subscales .Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and as well as SPSS version 19. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of IU (P

This study aimed at comparing the discriminative role of the cognitive emotion regulation strategies, cognitive fusion and thought control strategies in Obsessive-Compulsive disorder and normal groups.
The study was benefit of a causal-comparative research design. The target population included all patients with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder that referred to medical centers in Tehran in October to March 2016. A group of 50 persons that diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder were selected by purposive sampling method. Then Data were gathered with the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Yale-Brown, Short form of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire,Thought Control Questionnaire and Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire. Data analyzed with the diagnostic function analysis.
Result showed that mean scores of normal group significantly was more than obsession group in all dimensions except adaptive Emotion Regulation Strategies (except acceptance and reappraisal) as well as thought control strategies (worry, punishment, social control and reappraisal). The mean scores of obsessive group significantly was more than normal group in other variables. Result of diagnostic analysis showed that, according to the cognitive emotion regulation strategies, cognitive fusion and thought control strategies could be predicted membership in group and make a discrimination among two groups.
We can conclude that the activated cognitive fusion beliefs, disposes assessments that based on increased the thought control and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, consequently obsession is considered dangerous. These assessments lead to feelings of fear, anxiety, guilt and upset.It used inspection or mental disorder strategies, if these assessments indicates that the obsessive thought is dangerous and happening already. These Strategiescauses that person cannot be tested reality of beliefs and refused them.

Background and Regarding the important role of test anxiety in the emergence of some high-risk behaviors, the purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of the test anxiety in relation between procrastination and high risk behaviors in students.
The research design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study included all the high school students in Karaj during the academic year of 2011-2012 that 320 of them were selected through a purposeful sampling method. Data collected by Academic procrastination scale (Solomon and Ruth Bloom, 1984), Test Anxiety Inventory (Abolghasemi, 1996) and high risk behaviors scale (Brenner, Kan and McManus, 2002). Regression and path analysis were used to analyze of data.
The results of regression analysis in a simultaneous way and using the proposed steps of Baron and Kenny showed that test anxiety can play a significant role as a mediator in the relationship between procrastination and high risk behaviors (P Test anxiety can provide conditions for high risk behaviors along with procrastination; therefore, it is suggested that special attention should be paid to the predictive role of these factors in the study of high risk behaviors.

The purpose of the present study was to develop the Persian version of Codependency Inventory and assess its reliability and validity.
The Persian version of the Co-dependency Inventory was developed using double translation technique and was administered to 430 students (119 males and 311 females) from Kharazmi University of Tehran. The reliability of the Persian version of the Co-dependency Inventory was examined based on internal consistency methods, correlational methods, and test-retest method. In addition, factor analysis, the correlation between sub-scales, and criterion validity were used to assess the scale validity.
The Cronbach's alpha range of 0.54 to 0.88 showed that the Persian version of the Co-dependency Inventory and its subscales have a desirable internal consistency. Similarly, the item scores and total scores of the sub-scales had a significant correlation with each other. The value of the test-retest coefficients (0.82-0.88) indicated the stability of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the 5-factor model of the Co-dependency Inventory. Finally, the existence of specific patterns of correlation coefficients between the subscales of the Persian version and behavioral brain systems and attachment styles indicated the good criterion validity of the scale.
The Persian version of Codependency Inventory has desired psychometric features in the Iranian community and can be used in different clinical and research situations.

One of the most important problems in global health in recent years, the high prevalence of substance use disorders and addiction. Psychological factors in vulnerability, aggravation, relapse and craving these disorders have a significant role. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic role of delayed reward discounting and sensation seeking in substance use stimulant and opiate disorders.
this study was a causal-comparative research design. The target population included all patients with stimulant, opiate disorders that referred to medical centers, 90 persons (stimulant: 45, opiate: 45), were selected by purposive sampling method, completed the Monetary-Choice Questionnaire, Sensation Seeking Scale Form V. Data were analyzed with the diagnostic analysis.
Findings: diagnostic Analysis with delayed reward discounting and sensation seeking variables showed that 86/66 percent of stimulants and 84/44 percent of opiates classified correctly.
Discussion & delayed reward discounting and sensation seeking rolled in differentiation and diagnosis of stimulant and opiate groups significantly. Therefore, it’s recommended that in prevention and treatment programs associated with these two disorders will be pay special attention to these factors.

Previous studies have shown that addiction can result in serious damage to cognitive and emotional functions. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of prospective memory and impulsivity in stimulant addicts, opioid addicts, cigarette smokers and normal individuals.
The study used a causal-comparative research design. The target population included all of those individuals with adoliction to stimulants, opioids and cigarette who were referred to medical centers in Tehran city. The subjects included 120 persons (divided in to 4 groups of 30) and were selected through a purposive sampling method considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, informed consent, and matched on demographic variables. They completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, prospective memory Scale, and demographic Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of variance).
Findings: The results showed that the mean of impulsivity and prospective memory in the three addict group was significantly higher than the normal group. The mean of prospective memory [short-term past, long-term future and impulsivity] was significantly higher in stimulant addicts than in the other two groups of addicts. There was no significant difference between the group of opiate addicts and cigarette smokers, in prospective memory and impulsivity.
Based on the results of this study, it can be deduced that prospective memory and impulsivity are important neuropsychological factors in addiction, and depending on the route of usage, have significant differences. Hence it is evident that specific interventions, on the basis of type of addiction, will be necessary.

Aim of the current study was to compare behavioral brain systems, and defense mechanisms in patients with addictive behaviors. Thirty two individual of patients with addiction were selected from the association of anonymous sex addiction based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. These individuals were entered the study with informed consents. The normal group 32 individuals were matched with experimental group in age, education, marital status, and socioeconomic status, and were matched. To collect data, defense mechanism scale (40 items), Behavioral Inhibition/Activation systems scale (Carver and White, 1994) and demographic questionnaire were used. Information collected by descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that the average score for sex addiction in patients with BIS and BAS systems was a significant difference with the normal group, Also immature and neurotic mechanisms, with averages higher scores than normal group gained, While the mechanisms developed, earn more scores in the normal group, all of which were significant differences.

Background and Stuttering disorders are among the disorders which their etiology is not entirely clear yet, and more psychological research is needed to clear our understanding of this disorder. Therefore, present study aimed to compare cognitive emotion relgulation, metacognition, and early maladaptive schemas in adolescents with stuttering and normal adolescents.
present study was a casual-comparative research. The study population consisted of all the secondary school students in Hamadan with stuttering who referred to speech therapist in the third quarter of 2013. 21 patients suffering from stuttering and 21 normal individuals were selected using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using Young Schema Questionnaire (1998), cognitive emotion regulation (Garnfsky, Krayj & Aspynhavn, 2001), and meta-cognition Inventory (Wells, 2002). Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of variance.
The results showed that comparing to normal adolescents, adolescents with stuttering use more maladaptive strategies and less adaptive strategies. Furthermore, groups showed significant differences in terms of their metacognition and schemas (p According to our findings, in comparison to normal adolescents, adolescents with stuttering have higher levels of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, metacognitive beliefs, and early maladaptive schemes.

Symptoms of anxiety and depression in pregnant women are traumatic factors which are associated with social support and spirituality, therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the role of spiritual and social support in the prediction of anxiety, depression and stress in pregnant women.
The method for this descriptive study was a predictive correlation design. The statistical population of the current study included all pregnant women referred to health centers of Shahid Eskandari Kalak and Shahid Turkiyan Rajaee in Karaj city in the second half of 2014. One hundred fifty five pregnant women were selected based on convenient sampling and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected using perceived social support scale, spiritual health questionnaire, depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS 42) and demographic data form. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including, correlation and stepwise regression were analyzed with the SPSS-22 software.
The findings of the research showed that symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress had inverse relationship with social support (r=0.14 in. .67) and spirituality (r=0.20 in. .55). The findings also revealed that family support, spirituality and the support of friends as predictor variables predict 55 percent of the anxiety's variance and family support and spirituality predict %41 of depression's variance. Finally family support predicts %18 of stres's variance in pregnant women.
The results showed that anxiety, depression and stress in pregnant women have an inverse relationship with spirituality and social support. It is recommended that social protection and spirituality in pregnant women with symptoms of anxiety and depression should be considered.

Background and This aim study was to compare the level of sensation seeking among sex addicts, stimulants addicts, Opioid addicts and normal groups. Design of our study was Causal-comparative. Subjects were selected with using purposive sampling method (28 cases of sexual addicts, 34 case with Opioid addiction, 30 case with addiction to stimulants and 30 normal subjects). Data gathered from the sensation seeking questionnaire. The results showed that the groups were significant differences in the levels of sensation seeking general and Subscales sensation seeking. According to the findings, people with different type of addiction has been associated with different levels of sensation seeking.This findings revealed necessity more attention to interventions focused on sensation seeking Based type of addiction.