فهرست مطالب علی غلامی فیروزجایی

The emergence of the Shiite government of Al-Buwayh as one of the most significant historical events in the fourth and fifth century AH had profound effects on the society especially on the economic conditions. Given the relative political stability of Iraq during this period, as well as the Buyid emirs’ wise implementation of economic policies and measures, many of which were considered progressive and innovative in the world at that time, Iraq witnessed rapid economic growth and development. The main question of the research is what were the most important economic actions of Al-Buwayh in Iraq? This research is a qualitative research, that is done using  documentary analysis and historical and library documents. Findings revealed that with the efforts of emirs including Rokn al-Dawla, Imad al-Dawla, Adud al-Dawla, Mu'izz al-Dawla and others, the Buyid dynasty could rule over affluent areas like Jibal, Fars, Khuzistan, and Iraq, while enjoying natural conditions of economy, like agriculture, mine,  water wealth and industry, their economic growth was boosted by the emirs’ economic measures and policies, such as cities’ and bazaars’ development, reconstruction of dams, controlling commercial and non-commercial roads, taxation, and focus on business. However, some emirs, in contrast with first rulers, did not care about economic matters and people’s life by heavy taxations, neglecting business growth, dam construction and irrigation, all of which led to economic regression, destruction of cities and bazaars, and consequently to riots, economic crises, and the emergence of a group called Ayyaran in areas like Baghdad and Karkh, who brought insecurity and plundered businessmen’s properties  during the last years of the Buyid dynasty.

The purpose of this study was to study the political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court. The studied population included all political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court in the period of 132 to 334 AH. The sample subsumed the most significant roles of women such as the bondwomen, caliphates’ mothers, the poetess and so on. The research was designed as descriptive analytical type. To collect data library method was applied by referring to books and scientific documents. The related to the subject and authentic data was analyzed via analytical procedure considering the dominant discourse of the historical incidents era. The results revealed that in Islamic realm specially from the Abbasid era, the societies were divided into different groups and classes; each of them had a relatively important position, including women. The results of preliminary study of the sources also indicated that some of the caliphates’ mothers and wives by imposing their influence, political and economic potency in political arena; sometimes by expressing sentiments, female jealousy, extravagance and sometimes by using reason and wisdom exerted changes in destiny of caliphate successor, powerful political dynasties and wars and played roles in political conspiracies. Some Abbasid women also took advantage of their court status and position in the field of development, prosperity and charitable activities, and some of them showed off in the cultural arena by composing rich poems.

The study of social traditions, celebrations, costume, sustenance and merger of population are considered as the significant issues in the domain of social history. The present article broadly investigates this issue by referring to the historical sources and proposing questions on the mode of political and cultural celebrations of Yemen community in time of Tahirids and the role of governors of this dynasty in relation to the holding of these traditions. The findings of article clarify that many kinds of celebrations were held due to different occasions such as the birth of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), the advent of Ramadhan moon, Feast of Fast-Breaking and Sacrifice, book writing, wedding, giving birth to a child, welcoming the political authorities and Tahirid governors were of active role in holding these celebrations to show off their political and economic authority.

Reflections on the issue of marriage and divorce in Iran during the gajar era and the kind of society's view of it Relying on foreign travel logos Iran,In period of gajar, saw the presence of Europeans for various commercial, political, religious, military, and tourist destinations. A group of these Europeans recorded their daily observations in the form of travel logs. The Iranian folklore, including beliefs and beliefs, as well as the customs of the Iranian people of the gajar era, can be viewed and extracted from the context of their notes. Travel writers for some reasons, such as the external look of Iranian society, Western curiosity, etc., have provided valuable material to researchers of the cultural and social history of the gajar period. For example, the Iranian perspective on the cultural issue of marriage and divorce, which is one of the most significant aspects of the Iranian identity of the gajar period, can be cited. The present research responds to the question of how European journalists from the gajar era have drawn one of the most important customs of Iranians, namely marriage and divorce. The purpose of this paper is to examine the status of marriage and divorce and the expression of the value and position of the woman and the kind of society's view as one of the most important aspects of Iranian identity of the gajar period from the viewpoint of gajar periodical travel writers, which is based on descriptive-analytical method Travel logs are written.

The study of the social status of countries and territories, including customs, cultural andpolitical celebrations, coverage, nutrition, health, dispersion of ethnic groups andreligions, etc. are among the most important issues in the field of social history. Thepresent article explores an important part of this social sphere of Yemeni society in theera of Tahirids (945-858): celebrations, hygiene, clothing, ethics and dispersion of ethnicgroups and religions, and nutrition, and has described it in detail. The author of this articletries to answer these questions: How was the social situation in Yemen during thisperiod? What was the role of the Taheri rulers in the social status of the society? It seemsthat these social customs are closely related to the political situation of a land, becausethe social situation is the mirror of the political conditions of the society. Therefore,according to historical information, during this period, celebrations of variousmanifestations such as the birth of the Prophet, the feast of the holy month of Ramadan,Eid al-Fitr and Qurban, were used to celebrate the welcome of political people, clothingand nutrition appropriate to the geography of the region. This study uses a descriptiveanalytical method and, based on historical sources, examines the social status of Yemenin the era of Tahirids.

During the rule of the Tahirids in Yemen (858-945 A.H.), scholars were privileged with special benefits and certain statuses due to their extensive interactions with the government. This article aims to examine the status, characteristics, and different functions of the Yemen’s scholars, as well as their interactions and connections with the Tahirid rulers. It also considers the Tahirid government's deeds in developing science and elevating the position of the scholars. This research has examined the scholars' scientific and political roles and functions, their relationships with the Tahirid throne, and their different activities. It also considered the rulers’ interactions with the scholars using a descriptive-analytical method based on the historical sources. The results showed that during Tahirids’ rule, the scholars were divided into court and people classes. Each group was connected with the government in one way seeking personal or public benefits. The rulers also started building schools, purchasing different books, and encouraging the scholars to promote science and culture.

Although the study of the work of Massoudi's historiography is not limited to the book of Altanbihwalashraf, it would be said that the main branch of his historiography is encompassed.  Masoudi, a prominent historian of the third and fourth centuries, is one of the analytical founders of historiography who, by composing his works, applied a particular attitude to analytical history-based reasoning. Altanbihwalashraf, Massoudi is one of the books of the middle of the 4th century AH which, at the same time, provides the reader with a wide range of historical, geographical and philosophical information. The main subject of this article is the identification of sources of information on Masoudi's historiography in Altanbihwalashraf. The use of texts such as Greek, Arabic, Christian, Jewish, and Indian sources, which represents an attempt to enrich the contents of the material, as well as the use of its geography and the use of an important and effective method of observing it and integrating it with rational mind and its mainstreaming, including the main sources of resources and the methods used by Masoudi to acquire historical news and historicalknowledge for writing history that has made him one of the legacies of the historicist tradition of analysis.

The 10th century AH was very important for Muslim lands, including Yemen in the era of Taherian (858-945 AH), because during this time, Portugal as a colonist country, in order to have access to new maritime routes, to seize Muslim commercial centers, as well as monopoly of Indian medicine trade, was moving eastward, into Yemen. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire, which was one somehow the flagship of Islam in the world, entered Yemen to save the Muslim cities and islands of India, and regarding the important commercial and strategic position of this land, dominated it in 945 AH. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and referring to Arabic and Turkish resources and manuscripts, seeks to answer the question: "What were the reasons for the Ottomans to attack Yemen and what were the consequences and results of the attack?" The results of the study indicate that the Ottomans treacherously entered Yemen in order to destroy the Portuguese, as well as to secure the Islamic city of Mecca and Medina, with the deception and murder of the Muslim Sultan of Yemen, which resulted in consequences such as creating many problems for the Ottomans and also lack of public trust in them.

The central government of Ghazni, despite the powerful empire, faced many problems at the end of its rule in Khorasan, and the danger of the Seljuk Turks being present for Ghaznavids was a very significant threat. The study of security, disciplinary, and economic dimensions of cities, including Khorasan, which is one of the central issues in history, is important in this period.Ghaznavids were unsuccessful in adapting their policies to the economic and political interests of Khorasan.The heavy cost of the Ghaznavi court caused extortion of huge sums of money from the peasant and confiscation of wealthyby the Ghaznavi tax collectors.On the other hand, the presence of pressure groups in the plains of the Transoxiana, which sought to reach suitable pasture lands and escape the looting of the Ghazans, placed Khorasan in their desires.Thenumerousbattles between the Ghaznavids and the Seljuks made Khorasan a ruin.The conditions of security, climate, environment, and geography of Khorasan were effective in defeating the Ghaznavids from the Seljuks. Famine, dehydration, the preferential attitude of merchants and landowners of Khorasan to the policies of the Ghaznavid government were one of the main factors in the defeat of Ghaznavids in the Battle of Dandanaqan.

After collapsing of Rasoulian government (626-858), the commercial situation of Adan harbor that has played a significant role in exporting and importing different goods for laying among the commercial sea ways, declined. When the Tahrids (858-945) attained power in the ninth century, the trade situation of Adan, has recovered and once again business relations between this port and different regions of the world, including but not limited to India ,Egypt , Hijaz and Africa began to flourish .the specific financial policies of Tahrid dynasty ,the tax relives and encouraging the traders in Adan port resulted in commercial development of Adan Sea . This essay is going to consider what factors caused the trade improvement of Adan in tahrids era. Results show that, tahrids were so eager in trading and so fond of it and the natural situation of Adan that has been joint to the Red sea ,Arab sea and Indian ocean and its closeness to bab almandab, have caused the importance of Adan once again

The prophet marked on a career of the political reforms, the cultural and the social in medina that in the economical ground, adopted the extended politics in development of trade and reconstruction of markets. By basical and reformist measures, the trade and commercial affairs in long terms period, leaved from the jewa monopoly. By encouraging the Muslims in import and export and trading declared forbidden all kinds of receiving taxes from Muslims markets and considered merchants as holy warriors in the way of the god and internal and external trade developed on based the Islam rules among tribes and neighbor countries. He caused the economical flourishing of madineh by important decisions and innovations, development of the society welfare level. In continuing of measures, the especial effort of the prophet in compilation of the correct and smart and practical, the horestall, usurping and trading some goods like wine became forbidden, Cheating in deals declared illicit and the special order and serenity has been ruled in the Muslims markets. In this essay with regarding to library studies and on based on the descriptive and analytic methods, we are going to consider the economical religious politics of the prophet in madineh and the importance of its role in developing of trade and commerce.

Taking advantage of historical and geographical documents, the present paper attempts to investigate the economic status of Isfahan in the 4th century. In this era, Isfahan was playing a highly prominent role in trade and commerce, in a way that its commercial sector outran its agricultural one. The existing stability and security had brought about safe and secure trade roads. The economic stability had also brought about propensity and welfare to the locals. Considering the importance of the region and its role in the economic and political changes, we attempted to explore the following questions through adopting a descriptive-analytic research What factors were effective in the economic improvement and prosperity of Isfahan? And what factors contributed to changes in Isfahan’s economy? What was the status and significance of commercial relations and agreements to Buyid governors? Geographical conditions of Isfahan, its position and location in the linking roads connecting the west to the east, and more particularly the Silk Road, were some of the features of the regions which affected its development, and not only added to its trade potentials but also benefited the region by lucrative trade and business.