فهرست مطالب مرتضی قدیم زاده

Since the economic value of cultivar depends on different characteristics, thus detailed knowledge on genetic behavior and identification of genomic loci linked to these traits will help to improve plant cultivars. In this investigation, relation and linkage between of 30 microsatellite markers with some of important agromorphological traits in 106 different sunflower lines was evaluated through GLM and MLM association models in Structure and TASSEL software. Based on the 30 microsatellite markers used in this study, population genetic structure subdivided into five subpopulations (K=5) that barplat results also confirmed it. In association analysis based on GLM and MLM models, 9 and 16 loci showed significant relation with assessed traits, respectively, and explained considerable variations of this studied traits. In this study, some co-localized QTLs were identified for studied traits. Common markers between of traits can be due to pleiotropic effects or linkage between of genomic regions involved in these traits. Results of the current study presented useful information about the genetic basis of the studied traits and can be used in different sunflower breeding programs including marker aided selection. In future studies, coding genes of important agronomical traits could be identified by sequencing of loci with highest R2 (ORS1209, ORS822 and ORS649). Markers with highest association to traits can be used for saturating linkage maps.

Species of the Cucurbitaceae family especially melons (Cucumis melo L.) are important sources of human food in the world. Members of C. melo are highly sensitive to viral diseases. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is one of the most serious agents in production of these crops in Iran. In the present study, reaction of 12 hybrids and 32 Iranian landraces of melons to ZYMV is examined using DAS-ELISA method. Results of ANOVA showed significant difference at 1% level among studied melon genotypes for ZYMV contents of plants. Results confirm higher level of resistance in hybrids in contrast to landraces and demonstrate genetic control of this trait. Charantaio T showed the highest sensitivity and ELISA value. In contrast, PI414723 was the least sensitive. PI414723 can be used as resistance source to ZYMV in breeding programs.

Different species of Cucurbitaceae family are one of the most important sources of human food widespread in the world. One of the economically most important species of this family is melons (Cusumis melo L.) which are cross-pollinated and morphologically diverse plants. In the current investigation, genetic diversity of 11 Iranian landraces and 12 hybrid varieties of C. melo L. was assessed using 20 ISSR primers. The Twenty used ISSR primers generated 311 distinguishable and scorable loci, of which 52.26% were polymorphic. The highest values of heterozygosity (He) 0.135) and number of effective alleles (Ne) (1.23) observed for primer UBC820 while the lowest amount of those (0.031 and 1.058) was observed for primer UBC857. The average He for all studied genotypes was 0.155. The He value of hybrids was more than that for landraces. The highest value of He (0.177) obtained for landrace Zivari-shahrood (Zi-Sha), while landrace Tal-Shahrood (Ta-Sha) showed the lowest amount of He (0.118). Cluster analysis based on simple matching similarity coefficient using UPGMA algorithm grouped the genotypes in 7 groups. Population structure analysis using Bayes model confirmed the K 7, as the reliable value for the number of clusters. The hieghest value of Nei’s genetic distance observed between landrace Darghazi-tashkand (Dar-ta) and Durango hybrid. The landraces Darghazi-tashkand (Dar-ta) and Khatouni- Fariman (Kha-Far) had the lowest genetic distance. In conclusion, the current investigation demonstrated that ISSR markers might be useful in genetic diversity assessment of melons and obtained heterotic groups could be used in melons breeding programs.

In this study, direct shoot regeneration of three alfalfa cultivars was investigated. Stem nodal explants isolated from in vitro germinated seedlings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium with Gamborg’s B5 vitamins supplemented with different concentrations and factorial combinations of BAP/NAA or TDZ/AgNO3. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P< 0.01) differences among the cultivars and among the different levels of growth regulators in view of shoot buds induction and regeneration. The maximum average number of induced shoot-bud (5.80 buds per explant, the average of three cultivars) and regenerated shoot (5.73 shoots per explant, the average of three cultivars) was achieved with the higher level of BAP (1 mgl-1) and NAA (0.2 mgl-1), while the maximum values (5.77 and 5.69 shoot buds and regenerated shoots, respectively) were obtained with the lowest level of TDZ (0.01 mgl-1) along with 3 mgl-1 AgNO3. Cultivars Ghareyonjeh, Hamedani and Ordobad were ranked, respectively, from point of view of shoot development and regeneration potentials. Regenerated plantlets were remarkably rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mgl-1 NAA and 1 mgl-1 IBA and rooted plants were acclimatized successfully in the greenhouse with a survival rate of 100%. The simple, rapid and efficient regeneration protocol presented in this study can be used in breeding programs as well as for genetic engineering of a wide range of Medicago species.

Gami Almasi is a dwarf rootstock of apple (Malus domestica Bork) that originated from North West of Iran and has some good horticultural characteristics. Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation is a method that perform for introducing of gene into plant species and need for developed to new varieties. Present study performed for first time in this cultivar. Optimizing of factors that affected on transformation is necessary in transformation programs. In this research some factors that affected on transformation such as, Agrobacterium strain, bacteria suspension ‍‍concentration, infection time, Co-cultivation period and Agrobacterium infection medium type, were evaluated byinsertion of b-glucoronidase gene. In transformation experiments, infection by bacterial suspension in 0.5 OD at 600 wavelengths for 5 minutes, showed better results than other treatments. All regenerated shoots on selective medium tested by histochemical GUS assay and PCR. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3850, with 2 days co-cultivation period were better than GV3101 strain with 3 days, co-cultivation for transformation performance. LB medium had better effect than AB medium as Agrobacterium infection medium. Under the most suitable condition, 2% transformation ratio was observed.

Gami Almasi is a dwarf rootstock of apple which was originated from North West of Iran. This rootstock can be used as a dwarf rootstock for most cultivars of the apple. Shoot regeneration step is a critical factor in apple’s in vitro proliferation and Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation. The regeneration potential is different among cultivars and must be optimized for individual genotypes. In this experiment، we tested different kind of factors that may affect the regeneration efficiency. Two explant type، leaf & callus، two regeneration medium with MS & N6 (modified) basal medium and also various combinations of BA and NAA level were used. Callus and leaves were taken from in vitro established shoots as explants. After eight weeks shoot regeneration rate، callus induction rate and mean of shoot number per leaf were measured. Results indicated that MS medium was better than N6 for shoot regeneration and optimum phytohormons concentrations were achieved in 7. 5mg/l BA and 2mg/l NAA. Regenerated shoots were obtained only from in vitro leaves، and callus didn''t regenerate any shoot. Cutting the surface of the shoots usually enhanced the regeneration from leaves.

Proliferation of different plants is need for micropropogation and its in vitro studies. Optimizing and maximizing shoot proliferation is a basic objective of micropropagation and much attention has been focused on components that used in the culture medium and type of medium. Gami Almasi is a dwarf rootstock of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) that grow on North West of Iran and suitable for different cultivars of apple. In this study two different basal medium containing N6 and MS salts with different biochemical components involve Phloroglucinol (PG)، active charcoal (AC) and Gibberellic acid (GA)، was tested on proliferation and shoot elongation. In vitro growing shoots were used for these experiments. In results MS medium was better than N6 in apple proliferation case. Active charcoal hasn''t any effect on in vitro proliferation. Phloroglucinol as a phloridzin derivative have significant effect on proliferation. Phloroglucinol induced the transient proliferation in first month after culture and GA induced stable proliferation of shoots. The combine Phloroglucinol at 80 mg/l and GA at 2 mg/l have the best results in proliferation of apple shoots. Results from in vitro experiments indicated enhanced proliferation of apple shoots and also the occurrence of hyperhydric shoots was lower in the Phloroglucinol medium. Active charcoal has not significant effect on proliferation of apple.

To determine the effects of different intensities of leaf removal at different reproduction stages of sunflower on seed yield and oil percentage, and the most sensitive stages to defoliation, an experiment was carried out by split-spilt plot design in randomized complete block with 3 replications at research farm, College of Agric. Urmia University, in 2004. The main factor, sub factor and sub-sub factor in our experiment were: 1. two cultivars, Uroflor and Alstar, 2. defoliation at four reproduction stages, star shape of inflorescence (R2), pollination stage (R5), seed setting initiation (R6) and final period of seed setting (R7), and 3. four defoliation intensities ( 0% as an undefoliated control, 25%, 50% and 75% ). Seeding was accomplished on May 23. Average triple factor interactions verified that different defoliations at R2 stage have significantly reduced seed yield and oil percentage of both Uroflor and Alstar cultivars. Out of this reduction, 75 percent defoliation at R2 was the most, while at R5 and R6 stages 50 and 75 defoliation caused significant reduction on seed yield in comparison with control. At R7 stage different defoliations had no significant effect on seed yield of Uroflor cultivar, while, on Alstar cultivar, 75 percent defoliation at R7 stage caused significant difference in relation to control. Also average triple interaction among factors showed that none of defoliation percentages had significant effect on oil percentage. In view of the fact that, seed development and filling occurred after defoliation at R2 and R5 , the most variation resulted from defoliation of valued traits like number of filled seed per head and weight of 1000 seeds, observed at R2 and R5 stages and consequently reduced seed and oil yields. On the bases of this experiment it could be concluded that sunflower cultivation with losses of 50 and 75 percent will be economically unprofitable and it will be more desirable to replace it with any other suitable crop in the region.