فهرست مطالب کمال عزیزبیگی

A high-fat diet can cause obesity and endanger health. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-fat diet, continuous moderate-intensity training, and high-intensity intermittent training on the gene expression levels of PLIN2 and ATGL in the twin muscles of male Wistar rats.

Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8): 1- control group with a standard diet (ND) 2- control group with a high-fat diet (HFD) 3- high-fat diet and continuous aerobic training with Moderate intensity (HFD+MICT) 4- high-fat diet and intermittent aerobic training (HFD+HIIT). For one training group, eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT), and for the other group, eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent aerobic training (HIIT) were performed on the treadmill. Then, 48 hours after the last training session, the twin muscle tissue was isolated to check the expression of PLIN2 and ATGL genes. Gene expression analysis was done by Real-time PCR technique. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test were used to analyze the collected data.

After eight weeks of training, the level of PLIN2 gene expression in the two training groups was significantly lower than in the HDF group, and the level of ATGL gene expression was significantly higher in both groups than in the HDF group (P<0.05).

It was shown that two exercises had a modulating effect on the expression of genes that are effective in the process of autophagy and the formation of fat cells.

The increase of inflammatory factors following obesity is known as one of the main causes of mortality. Although the role of exercise training, caloric restriction and antioxidant supplements have been reported in this field; But their simultaneous effect is of interest to many researchers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of HIIT (High-intensity interval training) , calorie restriction and spirulina supplementation on inflammatory factors in the heart tissue of rats fed a high-fat diet.

45 obese male rats with a diet (60% fat, 20% protein, and 20% carbohydrate) were randomly divided into eight groups (1) high-calorie diet (HFD) (2) spirulina supplement (Sp), (3) caloric restriction (CR), (4) intense interval training (HIIT), (5) spirulina supplement - intense interval training (HIIT+Sp), (6) intense interval training - caloric restriction (CR+HIIT), (7) spirulina supplement-caloric restriction (CR+Sp), (8) intense interval training-caloric restriction-spirulina supplement (CR+HIIT+Sp). Also, five healthy rats were included in the healthy control group to investigate the effects of a high-calorie diet on the research variables. Intense interval training was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week with an intensity of 80-110% of the maximum running speed and with 2-8 high intensity intervals, spirulina supplement 100 mg/kg/day was administered orally for eight weeks. Moreovwe, the caloric restriction groups used only 60% of the food consumed the previous day. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance was used along with Tukey's post hoc test (P ≤ 0.001).

The values of P38MAPK, NF-κB and TNF-α were higher in the HIIT group and significantly lower in the CR group than the HFD group (P ≤ 0.001). The levels of TNF-α in the spirulina supplement, spirulina supplement-intense central training and intense interval training-caloric restriction groups were significantly lower than the high-calorie diet group (P ≤ 0.001); The values ​​of NF-kB in the group of intense interval training-caloric restriction were significantly lower than those of the high-calorie diet (P ≤ 0.001). Also, in the severe interval marinade-caloric restriction-spirulina supplement group, NF-kB, TNF-α values ​​were significantly lower and P38MAPK was significantly higher than the high-calorie diet group (P≤0.001).

It seems that caloric restriction and spirulina supplement alone have anti-inflammatory effects, although the anti-inflammatory effect of caloric restriction was somewhat higher than that of spirulina and HIIT; Therefore, the use of these two interventions, along with HIIT, is desirable for reducing inflammatory factors following obesity and overweight in animal models.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in diabetic menopause women. Beneficial role of exercise training on these patients has been reported, but the effects of royal jelly (RJ) and exercise training is not well known. This study examines antioxidant effects of aerobic training (AT) and royal jelly (RJ) consumption on the aortic artery of ovariectomized STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Methods & Materials: 

Thirty ovariectomized rats (weight = 220-250 g and age= 22-26 weeks) with STZ-induced diabetic rats were divided into five groups including: (1) ovariectomized diabetic control (OVXD), (2) sham royal jelly solvent (Sh), (3) RJ, (4) AT, and (5) aerobic training + royal jelly (AT+RJ). To evaluate the effect of ovariectomization and induction of diabetes, 6 healthy rats were assigned in the healthy control (HC) group. Groups 4 and 5 trained for eight weeks, five sessions per week (55-75% maximum running speed), while groups 3 and 5 received 100 mg/kg/day RJ by peritoneal injection. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze aortic tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P≥0.05).

SOD and GPx levels in the RJ, AT and AT+RJ groups were significantly higher than the OVXD group (P≥0.05). Also, MDA levels in the AT+RJ (P = 0.001) and RJ (P = 0.019) groups were significantly lower than the OVXD group (P≥0.05).

It seems that AT and RJ consumption alone and AT+RJ simultaneously to increase antioxidant effects of aortic artery during of ovariectomized STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Previous studies have shown the positive effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin on various variables in diabetes. Also, the combination of these interventions may have a synergistic effect on research variables. The present study investigates the independent and combined effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin supplementation on plasma C-reactive protein concentration in diabetic rats.

Forty male rats were equally divided into healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic exercise, diabetic curcumin and diabetic curcumin + exercise. Aerobic exercise (five sessions / week, each session 30 minutes at a speed of 22 meters / minute, slope: five percent) and supplementation (30 mg / kg body weight, three days / week) were performed for eight weeks. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours after receiving the last intervention.

Diabetes increased the concentration of plasma C-reactive protein (P = 0.001). Exercise decreased plasma C-reactive protein concentration (P = 0.001) in diabetic rats. Curcumin also reduced plasma C-reactive protein (P = 0.001) in diabetic rats. The combination of exercise and supplementation had a greater effect on reducing the plasma C-reactive protein concentration than mono / supplementation alone (P <0.001).

Exercise and curcumin separately reduced plasma C-reactive protein concentration in diabetic rats. It also seems that the use of a combination of exercise and curcumin than the use of each alone, has been more effective on the variables of the present study.

Todays, many factors and variables are considered in the design of resistance training that may affect physiological adaptations. Despite the positive effect of resistance training on antioxidant behavior and oxidative stress, the influents of these factors to intensity sequence of resistance training is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistance training intensity sequence of resistance training on antioxidants and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in over weight men.

In present semi experimental study, 30 over weight young males voluntarily participated in the study and randomly assigned to pyramid resistance training (PRT; n=10), reverse pyramid resistance training (RPRT; n=10), and control (n=10). Resistance training was done in 3 nonconsecutive days for eight weeks, where the PRT was done resistance training by gradually increasing the intensity and decreasing the number of repetitions to reach maximum strength, while the RPRT they did the exact opposite. Blood samples were collected before and 48 after exercise training, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and total Antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured by McCord & Fridovich, Buege& Aust, Paglia & valentine and FARP methods, respectively. In order to analyze the data, analysis of variance was used with repeated measurements.

It was observed that SOD in the PRT (p=0.024) and the RPRT (p=0.029) increased significantly. The GPX in the PRT (p=0.008) and RPRT (p=007) than to control were also significantly increased. Also, the TAC increased significantly only in the PRT (p=0.047). The MDA in the PRT (p=0.019) and the RPRT (p=0.041) were significantly decrease, no significant difference was observed between PRT and RPRT in any of the mentioned variables (p˃0.05).

Based on the results of the study, it seems that pyramid and reverse pyramid resistance training can improve the antioxidant status in overweight men, however, they have not any advantages than to each other.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise on cellular and molecular mechanisms (regulation of calcium and cell growth) of heart tissue.

The research method was experimental and for this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats with a weight range of 200±20 g and age of eight-weeks were prepared and randomly divided into three groups: control, intense periodic training and continuous training. Intense periodic training protocol; 30 minutes of intermittent running and sub-maximum continuous group (30 to 60 minutes) were performed five days a week for 8 weeks. Gene expression of the desired variables was measured in cardiac tissue.

There was a significant difference between the eight-weeks of intense and sub-maximum intermittent training compared to the control group in the amount of gene expression changes in all three variables (TGF-ß1, SERCA2a, PI3K)(p<0.05). Intermittent and continuous exercise (both relative to control) leads to a significant increase in  TGF-1 gene expression in the heart of male Wistar rats. The results showed that the amount of PI3K enzyme in the sub-maximal continuous and intense periodic training had a significant increase compared to the control group, there was no difference between the severe periodic group and the control group and there was no significant difference between the two training groups in the amount of SERCA2a.

According to the findings of the present study, higher training intensity can better perform cellular and molecular regulation, which requires more research in the future. The findings of the present study have been cautiously expressed and further research is needed in the future.

Sedentary life style increases risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Physical activity and green tea supplementation can reduce cardiovascular risk factors by improving inflammation and body composition. The aim of study was to determine benefits of 8 weeks of spinning training and green tea supplementation on risk factors cardiovascular and body composition in overweight women.

A total 32 overweight women based on BMI (Body Mass Index) (27.1±1.6) and (24.9±3.6 years) were randomly divided into three groups: Spinning+green tea (n=11), spinning+placebo (n=11) and control (placebo +no training) (n=10). Training groups carried out 8 weeks of spinning training with an intensity of 11-17 Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Blood sampling were obtained 48 h before starting the interventions and then 48 h after last training session. Serum concentration of hs-CRP (high sensitive C-reactive protein) and blood level of fibrinogen were measured. In addition, BMI and BF% (Body fat percent), bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed.

After 8 weeks of interventions only hs-CRP was significantly decreased in spinning+green tea group (P=0.005). In addition, fibrinogen (P=0.001), BF% (P=0.001) and BMI (P=0.001) were significantly decreased in both training groups. Also, there was significant difference of hs-CRP in the training groups (P=0.028). However, no significant difference of fibrinogen and BF% were observed between the training groups. In the case of fibrinogen both spinning+green and spinning+placebo groups had a significant difference with control group (P=0.004), (P=0.014) respectively. Regarding BF% and BMI only a significant difference wera between the spinning+green and control (P=0.006), (P=0.007) respectively.

It seems that spinning training has improved risk factors of cardiovascular and body composition. Indeed, green tea supplementation has increased the effectiveness of spinning training.

Consumption of crunchy foods and lack of nutritional hygiene causes destruction of adipose tissue homeostasis and secretion of inflammatory factors. Aerobic exercise is one of the ways to control inflammation adipose tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigation the simultaneous effect of aerobic exercise and Octopamine on NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 1 (NLRP1), leptin, carbonyl protein of brown adipose tissue changes in rats fed with deep fried oil.

In the present experimental study conducted in 2019, 40 male Wistar rats (age 20 weeks; weight ± 350 20 20 g) were randomly selected in healthy control groups (n = 8), control with heated oil (n = 8). Poisoned + aerobic exercise (number = 8), poisoned + octapamine (number = 8) and poisoned + aerobic exercise + octapamine (number = 8). Heated oil was fed orally (gavage) to the relevant rats for 4 weeks. The dose used was 81 mg / kg octapamine by intraperitoneal (IP) injection and dissolved in 9% normal saline. Aerobic exercise groups also trained on a treadmill for 4 weeks with increasing intensity in the first week of 50% of aerobic power and in the last week the intensity of training reached 65% of aerobic power. Concentrations of leptin, protonyl carbonyl were assessed by ELISA method and brown adipose tissue changes were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin and IHC staining methods. Real time PCR and immunohistochemical methods were used to determine changes in NLRP1 gene and protein, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and independent t-test.

In all toxic groups, a significant increase in NLRP1 gene and protein expression was observed, as well as an increase in carbonyl protein and leptin compared to the healthy control group (p≤0.05). The results showed that the expression of NLRP1 gene and protein in the poisoned + aerobic exercise and poisoned + octapamine groups had a significant decrease compared to the poisoned group (p≤0.05). Also, the expression of NLRP1 protein in the toxic-aerobic + octapamine group was significantly different in comparison with the poisoned control group (p≤0.05). while the expression of this gene in the DFO + aerobic + octapamine group did not decrease significantly compared to the toxic group. The results showed a significant difference in the concentration of carbonyl protein in the DFO-aerobic and DFO-octapamine groups compared to the DFO sole group, but this result was not observed in the DFO-aerobic exercise + octapamine. Leptin concentration in the poisoned+aerobic exercise (poisoned+octapamine and poisoned+aerobic exercise + octapamine) groups was significantly reduced compared to the poisoned group.

It looked as if that the use of octapamine supplement along with aerobic exercise with control of NLRP1 and reduction of leptin were effective in controlling risk factors for adipose tissue.

Previous studies have shown the positive effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin on diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with and without curcumin supplementation on apelin levels, insulin resistance, and glucose in rats with type 2 diabetes.

Forty male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 including healthy control, diabetic control, diabetes + curcumin, diabetes + aerobic exercise, diabetes + curcumin + aerobic exercise. After the intervention, the animals were sacrificed based on the name of the group, and the desired variables were measured in the collected plasma samples. Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and a P value less than 0.05 was considered as a significant difference.

The results showed that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increased the levels of apelin (P<0.05) and decreased insulin resistance (P<0.05) and glucose (P<0.05) in the plasma of diabetic rats. The use of curcumin also increased the levels of apelin (P<0.05) and decreased insulin resistance (P<0.05) and glucose (P<0.05) in the plasma of diabetic rats.

Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can be a good way to lower blood sugar and to prevent from increasing it in diabetic patients. Also, taking curcumin in the range of health values along with aerobic exercise can affect better on the results.

Previous studies have shown the positive effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin on various variables in diabetes. Combination of these interventions may have an additive effect on these variables. The present study investigates the independent and combined effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin supplementation on cardiac SIRT1 gene expression and plasma resistin concentration in diabetic rats.

Forty male rats were equally divided into healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic exercise, diabetic curcumin, and diabetic curcumin+exercise. Aerobic exercise (five sessions/week, each session 30 minutes at a speed of 22 meters/minute, slope: five percent) and supplementation (30 mg/kg body weight, three days/week) were performed for eight weeks. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours after receiving the last intervention.

Diabetes decreased the expression of cardiac SIRT1 gene (p=0.001) and increased plasma resistin concentration (p =0.001). Exercise increased the expression of SIRT1 gene (p= 0.044) and decreased the resistance of resistin (p = 0.001) in diabetic rats. Curcumin also increased SIRT1 gene expression (p=0.048) and decreased resistin concentration (p=0.001) in diabetic rats. Compared to exercise or supplementation, combination of exercise and supplementation had more significant effect on increasing the expression of SIRT1 gene and decreasing the plasma concentration of resistin (p < 0.05).

In diabetic rats, aerobic exercise combined with curcumin has more pronounced beneficial effects on myocardial SIRT1 gene expression and plasma resistin concentrations from each alone.
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Obesity has become a global problem today. Obesity can be caused by sedentary lifestyle and a high-cholesterol diet. This condition increases oxidative stress and decreases the activity of oxidative enzymes, resulting in many complications, including cardiovascular disorders. Aerobic exercise and avoidance of high-fat diets are used as a non-pharmacological intervention to increase antioxidant capacity; however, the exact mechanisms of this on the cardiovascular system have not yet been fully identified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on cardiac antioxidant enzymes in mice fed high cholesterol diet. Thirty-two laboratory Wistar rats (191.2 ± 19 g), age 6-8 weeks were randomly assigned to four groups after the hypercholesterolemia induction of half of the rats (adding 1% cholesterol to the food of the rats and sampling the tails of the rats). These four groups comprised of the aerobic exercise-normal nutrition group (n=8), hypercholesterolemic group (n=8), aerobic exercise- hypercholesterolemic group (n=8) and normal nutrition group (n=8). Each endurance exercise training session was held five days a week for 12 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the rats were killed and the cardiomyocytes were removed. Moreover, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes was evaluated by specific kits. The results showed that increasing blood cholesterol had a statistically significant effect on reducing SOD, CAT, and GPX in heart tissue (p=0.001). Furthermore, it was found that aerobic exercise significantly increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes in cardiomyocytes (p=0.001). The highest decrease in the level of antioxidant enzymes was related to the hypercholesterolemic group and the highest increase was related to the aerobic exercise-normal nutrition group. Cholesterol-rich diets reduce the activity of antioxidants in the heart. Although aerobic exercise increases the heart’s antioxidant activity, it seems that avoiding a high-cholesterol diet can play a more effective role.

Apoptosis is the physiological cell death that in natural conditions leads to the elimination of old, damaged, waste, and harmful cells. The aim of this study was the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with and without caloric restriction on gene expression of myocardial Bax and Bcl2 in mice.

Present study was an experimental multi-group design with a control group conducted on 30 two-month old male mice. Subjects were divided into five homogenous groups including base control, control, caloric restriction, interval exercise training, and caloric restriction + interval exercise training. Training groups participated in interval exercise training five sessions per week for 8 weeks. The level of gene expression of myocardial Bax and Bcl2 was evaluated by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA at the level of (P<0.05).

The results showed that the training group had a significant increase in gene expression of myocardial Bcl2 in comparison with caloric restriction + exercise training (P<0.05) and a significant decrease in gene expression of myocardial Bax compared to the caloric restriction group (P<0.05). Also, exercise training and exercise training + caloric restriction significantly increased the gene expression of myocardial Bcl2 and significantly decreased Bax/Bcl2 ratio compared to caloric restriction, base control, and control (P< 0.05).

It seems that high-intensity interval training without caloric restriction would provide a suitable environment for increasing the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane of myocardial cells and possibly apoptosis.

Obesity is known as an inflammatory systemic indicator of various diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of progressive resistance exercise on serum levels of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase in obese men.

Forty sedentary obese men (BMI=31.07 kg.m2) with age range of 30-45 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of 20 participants: progressive resistance exercise and control. The exercise protocol for 12 weeks, was carried out three times a week (First week:15 repetitions -2 rounds -50% 1RM; Twelfth week:12 repetitions -3 rounds -80% 1RM). Blood samples were taken before and 24 hours after the last training session to determine serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase. Data were analyzed using independent and dependent t-test at a significance level of α=0.05.

The results showed that 12 weeks of progressive resistance training has significant effect on between group changes of aspartate aminotransferase(p=0.003), alkaline phosphatase (p=0.014), alanine aminotransferase(p=0.040) and the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase(p=0.006) in sedentary obese men. Significant between group changes were observed in muscle strength(p=0.001) and body fat percentage(p=0.038). Progressive resistance training is likely to reduce the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase in the blood of obese obese men by improving body composition, muscle strength, and oxygen consumption.

Progressive resistance training, possibly with improved body composition and muscle strength, can decrease the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase in sedentary obese men.

Regular aerobic exercises along with herbal supplements can control inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercises and octopamine consumption on gene changes of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and caspase 9 in brown adipose tissue in rats after consuming deep fried oil.

The present study was an experimental study. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups of 8 included: healthy control, control poisoned with fried oil, poisoned + aerobic exercise, poisoned + octopamine, and poisoned + aerobic exercise + octopamine. The fried oil was fed orally to rats for 4 weeks. The dose of Octopamine was 81μmol/kg. The aerobic exercise groups also trained on the treadmill with increasing intensity for four weeks. Real time PCR and IHC methods were used to determine changes in NLRP3, AIM2, caspase 9 genes as well as changes in NLRP3 protein expression, respectively. Two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

Aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in NLRP3 (p=0.010) and AIM2 (p=0.001) gene expression compared to the poisoned control group. Octopamine supplementation also significantly reduced NLRP3 (p=0.009) and AIM2 (p=0.001) gene expression. The interaction of exercise and aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in NLRP3 protein (p=0.001).

Applying 4 weeks of exercise or taking octopamine alone by controlling the inflammasome complex reduces cell death in brown adipose tissue, which is effective in browning and making adipose tissue more efficient.

Today, deep frying is a common cooking method in which fat is used as a heattransfer medium, during which foods with unique properties in terms of taste, texture andappearance are produced. Deep heated oils produce toxins that endanger people's health. Thepurpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and Octopamineon some antioxidants indices and Adiponectin in rats fed with deeply heated oils. 40 Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into controlpoisoning(CP; n=8), Training-Poisoning (TP; n=8), Supplement-Poisoning (SP; n= 8),Supplement-Training-Toxicity (STT; n=8) and healthy-control group (HC; n=8) wereincluded, and they were fed for four weeks. The training program lasted for four weeks withan average intensity of 50-65% vo2max daily for 20 minutes. Octopamine was used as asupplement for 4 weeks and 5 days a week using itraperitoneal injection of 81 μmol / kg.Super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), and Adiponectin(ADIPOQ) concentration were measured in the plasma. The results showed that the SOD activity, TAC, and ADIPOQ concentration wereincreased in the TP, STT, and SP than CP (p≥0.001). However, there is no significantdifference between TP, STT, and SP in the mentioned variables (p=0.05). It might be concluded that exercise training or taking octopamine alone to havethe health benefits of both, and in terms of cost, each seems to be more cost-effective thancombining both.

Octopamine herbal supplement, recommended for weight loss along with exercise, has antioxidant effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the simultaneous effect of aerobic training and octopamine on inflammatory factors of brown adipose tissue produced as a result of feeding with deeply heated oil in male rats.

30 Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into control-poisoning (CP; n=6), training-poisoning (TP; n=6), supplement-poisoning (SP; n= 6), supplement-training-poisoning (STP; n=6), and healthy control (HC; n=6) groups. The rats were fed for four weeks with deeply heated oil. The training program continued for four weeks with an average intensity of 50-65% vo2max for 20 minutes every other day. Octopamine (81 µmol / kg) was given as a supplement 5 days a week for 4 weeks by intraperitoneal injection. Also, we used real-time PCR and Western blot methods to evaluate the expressions of the CCR2 gene and MCP1 protein respectively.

The results showed that after training, MCP1 gene expression was significantly lower in the SP (p=0.001), TP (p=0.027), and STP (p=0.013) groups than that in the CP group. Also, we found that CCR2 gene expression was significantly lower in the SP (p=0.013) compared to that in the CP group, but, the least rate of CCR2 gene expression belonged to the TP and STP groups CP (p≤0.05).

The results showed that aerobic training with octopamine supplementation does not have synergistic effects on CCR2 and MCP-1 gene modifications although aerobic training or octopamine supplementation alone can affect the gene modifications.

Obesity by releasing inflammation factors such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) cause atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Also, L-carnitine reduces inflammatory factor such as IL-6. The study was done to determine the effect of eight week endurance training with L-carnitine supplementation on IL-6, nitric oxide (NO), blood pressure, and body composition in young obese women.

In this clinical trial study, 40 volunteer young obese women (age: 23.3±2.3 yrs. and BMI: 31.1±1.4 kg/m2) randomly assigned in the endurance training with L-carnitine (ETL; n=10), endurance training with placebo (ETP; n=10), L-carnitine supplementation (LCS; n=10) and control (Con; n=10). The training protocol consisted of endurance training with gradually increasing of duration and intensity (25-min at 50% HR max and increased to 45-min at 70% HR max), three session a week for 8 weeks. The supplement groups consumed 3gr of L-carnitine daily, while the placebo group ingested the same amount of maltodextrin. Blood pressure and blood samples were obtained before and 36 hours after training protocol, and serum levels of IL-6 and NO were measured by ELISA method.

IL-6, weight, fat mass and fatty percent was significantly reduced in ETL and ETP groups compared to control and LCS groups (P<0.05), and this reduction was lower in the ELT than ETP group (P<0.05). Also, NO was significantly increased in the ELT and ETP groups compared to the LCS and controls (P<0.05).

Although the implementation of endurance training with and without L-carnitine for 8 weeks caused to decrease of IL-6, increase of NO and improved body composition, but the effect of endurance training with L-carnitine on decreasing of IL-6, weight and fat mass was significantly better.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on the genes expression involved in physiological hypertrophy of the heart.

In this experimental study 24 male Wistar rats weighing 200±20 g and eight weekschr('39') old were randomly divided into three control groups (n=8) and high intensity exercise (n = 8) and sub-maximal continuous exercise (n=8). The high intensity exercise protocol; 30 minutes of intermittent running (each exercise consisting of 4 minutes of running 90-85% VO2max and 2 minutes of active recovery with 50-60% VO2max) was administered three days a week for 8 weeks. Also, the sub group continuous exercise group (30-60 min) was activity intensity of 50-55% of maximal oxygen consumption of rats. Gene expression of the variables was measured.

There was a significant difference in the rate of gene expression changes in all three variables (TGF-1, TIMP and MMP-I) between eight weeks of intense and continuous intermittent exercise compared to the control group (p<0.05). Both exercise methods led to a significant increase in the expression of TGF-ß1 and TIMP genes in the heart of male Wistar rats. But MMP-I changes in the intermittent group are not significant compared to the control group.

Exercise seems to improve the factors involved in the physiological hypertrophy of the heart. Therefore, the findings of the present study have been expressed with caution and more research is needed in the future.

Background and Aim:

 Apoptosis or programmed death is active biological process and reversible that the balance between growth and cell death in various tissues, particularly myocardial tissue is essential role. The aim of this study was the effect of 8 weeks High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with and without food restriction on gene expression of Caspase 3 and 9 in rats.

Methods & Materials: 

This study was experimental multi group design with control group which conducted on 30 rats with two months old male. Subjects were divided in to five homogenous groups including base control, control, caloric restriction, interval exercise training and caloric restriction+interval exercise training. Training groups five sessions in weeks were participated in interval exercise training for 8 weeks. The level of gene expression of the proteins Caspase 3 and 9 was evaluated by Real Time-PCR. Dates were analyzed using the 1-way ANOVA at the level of (P<0.05).

Ethical Considerations: 

The protocol of this study was approved by the Medical Committee of Sanandaj University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.MYK.REC.1397.5022).

 The results showed that the training group had a significant decrease in gene expression of Caspase 3 in comparison with caloric restriction+exercise training (P<0.05). Also, exercise training and exercise training+caloric restriction significantly decrease in the gene expression of Caspase 9 compared to caloric restriction, base control and control (P<0.05) and significantly decrease in the gene expression of Caspase 3 compared to base control and control (P<0.05).

 According to the results, it seems that high intensity interval training with and without calorie restriction provides the necessary adaptations to inhibit or stop apoptosis induced by aerobic exercise.

Deep heated oils produce toxins that endanger peoplechr('39')s health. The use of herbal supplements along with exercise can improve general health. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic and octapamine training on HSP70 and Caspase 3 protein in brown adipose tissue of rats received w deep heated oils.

40 male wistar rats after four weeks of feeding with heated oil were randomly assigned into control-intoxication (CI; n=8), exercise training-intoxication (ETI; n=8), supplement-intoxication (SI; n=8), supplement-exercise-intoxication (SEI; n=8), and healthy-control (HC; n=8).  The exercise-training was done for four weeks at intensity of 50-65% vo2max for 20 minutes per session. Octopamine was used as a supplement for 4 weeks and it was also used in the form of intraperitoneal injection with a dose of 81 µmol/kg for five days per week in the CI, SI, and SEI. To test the HSP70 protein by immunohistochemistry And Caspaz 3 used Western blot.

The results showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduces HSP-70 protein (P = 0.001). Octopamine intake significantly reduced HSP-70 protein (P = 0.001). However, the interaction between aerobic exercise and octopamine did not have a significant effect on HSP-70 protein concentration. Aerobic exercise significantly reduced Caspase 3 (P = 0.001). Taking octapamine supplementation significantly reduced caspase 3 (P = 0.001). Also, the interaction of aerobic exercise and octopamine significantly reduced Caspase 3 (P = 0.016).

Aerobic exercise and octopamine reduce the detrimental effects of deeply heated oils. It is recommended to use food at a temperature below 180 0C and in order to reduce the effects of toxins produced by these oils, regular aerobic exercise and octapamine supplementation would be useful.

Deep heated oils produce toxins which endanger people's health. Octopamine as an antioxidant supplement and aerobic exercise as a practical method can also improve health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of aerobic and octapamine training on the amount of malondialdehyde and caspase 3 in the brown adipose tissue of male rats fed with deep heated oils.

In one experimental trial of 40 male Wistar rats after four weeks being feed with heated oil in five groups of 8, were selected as a statistical sample and randomly divided into groups: control-poisoning, exercise-poisoning, supplement-poisoning, Supplement-Exercise-Poisoning and Control-Health were divided. The 4 week training program, with 50 to 65 percent vo2max intensity on the treadmill, was three sessions a week for 20 minutes. Octopamine was used as a supplement for 4 weeks and 5 days a week using a dose of 81 μmol / kg as an intraperitoneal injection. ELISA Assay and Caspase 3 IHC immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate malondialdehyde

Due to deep-poisoned oil poisoning, the concentration of malondialdehyde increased significantly (p<0.001). Exercise significantly reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde (p<0.001). Ectapamine supplementation also reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde (p<0.001). The interaction of octapamine training and supplementation was also significant and decreased malondialdehyde concentration (p<0.05). Aerobic exercise had a significant effect on Caspase 3 concentration (p<0.001). Intake of octopamine supplementation also had a significant effect on Caspase 3 concentration (p<0.001). The interaction of aerobic exercise and octopamine also significantly reduced caspase 3 (p<0.05).

Aerobic exercise and octopamine reduce the destructive effects of deeply heated oils. Octopamine as an antioxidant and aerobic exercise as an important factor maintains the structure and function of brown adipose tissue.

Todays, coronary artery disease is one of the most important health issues. Antioxidants are the agents that can play important role in reducing cardiovascular diseases. The present study was done to determine the effect of resveratrol supplementation during rehabilitation exercises training on systemic inflammation factors in patients after coronary artery bypass surgery.

This clinical trial study was done on 40 patients after coronary artery bypass surgery in the heart rehabilitation center of Farshchian cardiovascular specialist hospital in Hamadan, Iran during 2016. Patients randomly assigned into four groups including control (Con; n=10), resveratrol supplementation (RS; n=10), rehabilitation exercise training (RXT; n=10), and resveratrol supplements-cardiac rehabilitation exercise training (REX; n=10). Rehabilitation exercise training was done in nonconsecutive three sessions for eight weeks in the form of endurance training at 50-70% HRmax for 15-20 min, and resistance training at 20-50 one-repetition maximum (1RM). The number of repetitions was 8-15 reps, where done based on the capacity and ability of the subject, while the subjects in supplement groups consumed daily 400 mg of resveratrol. Blood sample was done before and 48 hours after exercise training and supplementation, and concentrations of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), Interleukin- 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in the plasma.

CRP, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and IL-6 were significantly reduced in resveratrol supplements-cardiac rehabilitation exercise training group in compared to control, resveratrol supplementation and rehabilitation exercise training groups (P˂0.05).

This study showed that combination of consuming resveratrol with rehabilitation exercise training in reducing some inflammatory factors was evaluated selectively, more effective than rehabilitation exercise training and resveratrol supplementation alone.

Vaspin and Omentin are adipokines and seem to be related to metabolic risk factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of continuous endurance training (CET), circuit resistance training (CRT), and high intensity interval training (HIT) on plasma levels of Omentin and Vaspin in obese young men.

A total of 44 obese young men voluntarily participated in the present study and were randomly divided into continuous endurance training (CET; n=11), circuit resistance training (CRT; n=11), high intensity interval training (HIT; n=11), and Control (Con; n=11) groups. CET was done with 70% VO2max. Also, HIT was performed with six three-minute sets of running at 90% of VO2max, while CRT was done at 11 stations with 20% 1RM, three times a week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after training protocols and Omentin-1 and Vaspin were measured in the plasma. To compare between-group data, two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements and Bonferron's post hoc test were run.

The results showed that there is no significant difference between CET, HIT, and CRT in the Omentin-1 and Vaspin after training (p˃0.05). However, Omentin-1 increased significantly in the CRT (p=0.002) and HIT (p=0.011) compared with the controls. Also, Vaspin significantly decreased in the CRT compared with that in the control group (p=0.029).   

Finally, it can be stated that none of the continuous endurance, circuit resistance, and high intensity interval trainings is preferable to improve Vaspin and Omentin-1 although they can improve hormone levels after 12 weeks of exercise training.

Resistance Training (RT) is very various and diverse. Although RT with weights has positive influence on antioxidant status, the effect of elastic resistance training (ERT) on the antioxidant and oxidative stress status has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to compare effects of traditional Resistance training (TRT) and ERT on oxidative stress and antioxidant in untrained men.

A total of 30 untrained male students in Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, with no experience in RT, voluntarily participated in the present study in 2016 and randomly assigned into ERT (n=10), TRT (n=10), and control (n=10) groups. Blood samples were obtained prior to the study, and was repeated 72 hr after the last training session. Then, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as antioxidant indices, and Malondialdehyde (MDA), as oxidative stress index, were measured in the plasma.

SOD activity significantly increased in TRT compared with control group (p=0.016), while GPX significantly increased in ERT compared with control group (p=0.014). Also, compared with control group, MDA significantly decreased in ERT after training (p=0.045). Moreover, TAC did not change significantly (p˃0.05). However, we did not found a significant difference in variables mentioned between ERT and TRT (p˃0.05).

According to the results, two traditional and elastic resistance training protocols can affect oxidative stress and antioxidant indices selectively. However, none of them has advantages over the other. Therefore, it is recommended that considering the conditions and facilities, elastic and traditional resistance training be used for improving antioxidant status.

Studies has shown that increases bone mineral density (BMD) loss after menopause in women; On the other hand, physical activity is an important factor in preventing osteoporosis and fractures associated with it. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 6 months low-load very high-repetition resistance training (body pump) on BMD and balance in postmenopausal women.

22 postmenopausal women volunteer were randomly divided into resistance training (n=12) and control (n=10). The resistance training group performed 3 weekly sessions for 6 months. No regular training program was assigned for control group during the research period. Bone scans (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) were performed at baseline and after 6 month of training. Also, the balance index was assessed using the Stork Balance Stand Test.

After 6 months, BMD in the lumbar spine (p=0.001) and balance (p=0.001) significantly increased in the resistance training group. In addition, there was significant differences in BMD of lumbar spine between the resistance training group and control group (the lumbar spine: (p=0.04), balance (p=0.001)). But after 6 months, there weren't any significant changes in femoral neck (p=0.1 and forearm (p=0.2).

Six months, low-load very high-repetition resistance training lead to increase the bone density of the lumbar spine while these changes do not occur at the femoral neck and forearm. It seems to be the highest impact on BMD of lumbar spine.