فهرست مطالب مشترک یوسف قنبری و دکتر حمید برقی

Livability is a general concept that is associated with a number of other concepts and words, such as sustainability, quality of place and healthy community. Livable settlements define habitat as a suitable place for work and life. Livability theory was based on Abraham Maslow's work on human needs. The increasing importance of livability is due to increased awareness of unsustainable life patterns and unhealthy and unsustainable consumption, which in the long term reduces the capacity of environmental resources for supporting the population. In the field of quality of life this theory has been generally developed by Wienhown who believes that people are happier and are more satisfied in a community that meets their needs better. In general, the livability coin has two faces: livelihoods and ecological stability. Thus, one of the dimensions of livability is stable livelihood. One of the solutions for increasing the sustainability of rural livelihoods is livelihoods diversity. This phenomenon leads to poverty reduction due to the emphasis on better job opportunities for empowerment of rural households. Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One of the examples of livelihood diversity is border exchange in border settlements. The definition of border exchange, its environmental result and its role in the sustainability or instability of rural settlements is discussed here forth.

Kurdistan province is geographically located between northern 34° 44' to 36° 30' latitude and 45° 31' to 48° 16' longitude. Currently, Kurdistan Province has 10 counties, 27 districts, and 29 towns. Kurdistan Province, with an area of 28203 square kilometers, is located adjacent to the eastern part of Iraq. Villages with border license totaling 10817 households have been studied as a statistical society. In the present research, in terms of research methodology we used both quantitative and qualitative methods. For theoretical framework, both livability theory and livelihood diversity theory have been used. In order to investigate the research problem, a deductive strategy was used and for collecting data two conventional methods of library studies (books, theses, journals, the results of censuses, relevant statistics, photographs, pictures, films, documentaries, etc.) and surveying were used. For statistical analysis of quantitative data, SPSS software and related statistical tests such as independent T and Wilcoxon were used. For analysis of qualitative data, researcher's views, opinions of scholars, statements by the officials of the city's and field investigations have been used.

The average of the effects of border exchanges on the stability of villages before and after the temporary border marketplace was 22.77 and 17.62, respectively, which had a mean difference of 5.15 before and after the construction of temporary border markets. Also, the standard deviation of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace is 2.84 and 1.36, respectively. To examine the effect of temporary border marketplace, the Wilcoxon test was used. The results showed that the average rating in the period before the construction of temporary border markets (45.22) was for environmental destruction and the results were higher than the average of the group after the construction of temporary border marketplace (13.5). Therefore, it can be said that with construction of temporary border markets, environmental results, including the destruction of forest areas and its implications were reduced. The value of the Wilcoxon test is (8.05) and its significance level is 0.05 at 0.000. Based on the significance level, the difference between the dependent variable in two periods before the construction of the temporary border marketplace and after the construction of temporary border marketplace, it is meaningful. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research on the existence of a relationship between border exchanges and environmental evolution and the second hypothesis regarding the positive results of border exchanges in the livability of the settlements of the border villages of Kurdistan province after the construction of temporary border marketplaces are confirmed.Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One example of the diversification of rural livelihoods is border exchange; the phenomenon of border exchanges is now in legal ways, including temporary marketplaces, border licenses and electronic border credit cards. This phenomenon is an appropriate alternative for diversifying rural livelihoods, fair distribution of income, population stability, socioeconomic and spatial justice, protection of the environment, especially the preservation of forested areas. Applied studies show that reliance on non-agricultural livelihood diversity strategies are beneficial due to increase in household income. In this framework, border exchange is one of the examples of diversification of rural livelihoods with positive economic results. On the other hand, as it is derived from the questionnaires, the use of pressurized irrigation and reduction of water losses in the fields, the participation of local people in environmental NGOs, for example the Green Chia Association, participation in forest fire extinguishing, along with reduced fertilizer and pesticide use in agricultural fields, reduced animal hunting, reduced overharvesting, reduce of human waste and animal waste in the rural range and out of rural range, reduce in the population's dependence on forests and pastures are quite evident.

It is obvious that with changes in the financial and income resources of the border residents, the desire to improve livelihoods and increase satisfaction has expanded. The development of environmental protection, such as decreasing environmental destruction, reduction of pesticide and fertilizer use, increasing participation in non-governmental environmental institutions, participation in firefighting, reducing the unconventional use of forests and their products and decreasing disposal of human and animal waste in the rural environment and forest arenas are positive environmental impacts of border exchanges. Obviously, if this phenomenon is extended to other parts of the county, with the improvement of livelihoods, the fields of cultural, political, physical and environmental development will accrete and increase. An adverse event caused by rising income is construction of garden houses and villas, mostly with urban residents. With necessary means such as educating people, coherent supervision in the areas of desirability can be managed. Therefore, the diversification strategy of rural livelihoods based on the capability of each region, using the potential of the border is a useful solution. This strategy reduces livability limitations of rural settlements.

Border market place the subject of this research has been topic a lot of research. The end of  This research is describe and explain the environmental effects of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border markets in the region. The aim of this research is to describe and explain the economic, social, physio, cultural and hygienically impacts of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace and the role of this phenomenon on the improve of livability. In the present research and in term of research methodology, we use both qualitative and quantitative methods in the following ways. Deductive strategy for investigating the research problem, two conventional methods of research; library and survey research, preparing and distributing 90 and 360 questionnaires for the evaluating of villages for collecting data, SPSS software, independent T-test and Wilcoxon test for statistical analysis of quantitative data, and the professors' viewpoints, executive directors' opinions, research achievements and field observations of the researcher for qualitative data have been used. Research findings indicate that people's employment in border exchanges has resulted in Temporary border markets have brought about positive changes in the indicators related to the economic, social and physical aspects of the rural settlement of the border areas of the region, especially the increase in income, population consolidation, the increase of renovation housing and, to a certain extent, the strengthening of rural housing, and as one of the activities The main features of residents of border settlements have an effective role in livelihoods diversity, reducing the unsustainability of rural settlements and improving livability of border regions of Kurdistan province, and the continuation of this activity will lead to the well-being of border settlements.

According to villagers' perspective on creative tourism, the common definition is that local residents should be proud of the creative space of the village, accept active participation in tourism development programs, and have an appropriate hospitality with regard to tourism. The purpose of this perspective is not considering local residents as a tourist destination and not assuming that only tourists can achieve a notable evaluation of the local creative space. Instead, residents should be considered as a group having an understanding of the originality of the creative space in their living place which will explain their attitude to the environment and be better hosts for tourists. In other words, tourist destination should not be regarded as a commercial package being sold to the tourist and causing destruction in the space (i.e. the sold out products). Cultural and legal discourse, as well as the attitudes and perceptions of the residents should be considered in this package. Preserving the natural environment of the living place is one of the concerns of residents in the villages of Iran and they expect tourists to pay more attention to creative tourism (cultural tourism, village tourism, etc.) to protect the natural environment and consider other aspects. In addition, the status of host and the areas with better acceptance are of great importance in the villages of Isfahan province, being visited by many tourists. In this regard, the present study pursues two main objectives. The first goal is to cluster tourism villages based on behavioral and environmental factors and the second goal is to investigate the effectiveness of behavioral and environmental factors on hospitality by residents being tested using the structural equation approach.

The present study was survey in terms of method. The main tool was a questionnaire in which the scoring method was adjusted based on five-option Likert scale ranging from very high to very low. Amos software was used for modeling and k-means clustering analysis was used for separating the target villages. The obtained data were displayed in the Scatter plot. The statistical population included the residents of the target villages of Isfahan province. A number of 187 subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method and the questionnaires were distributed randomly.

The items related to "villagers’ attitudes" variables were higher than the average. In variable "participation", the items of participation in environmental preservation, participation in guidance, and interaction with tourists had a good average. In variable "perception ", all items gained a good average. In variable "physical infrastructure", the status of the target villages was acceptable and finally, the villagers were satisfied with hospitality. The results of clustering indicated that the villages of plain region (hot climate) including "Mesr, Garmeh, Bayazeh and Qortan" were placed in cluster 1 (higher average) and the villages of mountainous region including "Abyaneh, Asfarajan, Khafr and Nashlaj, Abyaneh" were placed in cluster 2 (lower average). Scatter plot indicated that environmental factor improved the behavioral factor. The coefficient of determination (R2) revealed that 79% of behavioral factor was explained by environmental factor and there was a good correlation between environmental and behavioral factors.

In summary, the research model suggested that if two factors of behavioral and environmental in the village have creative features, they will affect the hospitality by villagers. In addition, the effect of behavioral factor was reported. In other words, perception, attitude, and participation of villagers are good predictors for the realization of hospitality. However, the role of environmental factor was highlighted. Furthermore, the environmental features of villages such as cultural, physical and environmental space had a serious effect on hosting tourists. The maximum average of creative hospitality variables was reported in the eastern villages of Isfahan province (Plain region with hot climate) and the villages of Mesr, Garmeh, and Bayazeh had the best conditions. Such results can be interesting for researchers in behavioral geography. Considering the behavioral factor and rural originality will significantly improve the hospitality by villagers and the interaction with tourists. The importance of the present study on this point indicated that no negative effect was found on damaging the rural originality and identity in the target villages of Isfahan, being visited by a large number of tourists.

Nowadays, rural governance as a new process in government with its own indicators can raise new discussions on local governance in rural areas and empower rural residents in different areas of decision making, implementation and evaluation. These are affected by factors such as environmental, economic, social and organizational factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting governance in local management of Zanjan Township. Considering the importance of the subject matter, the type of research is applied and the method is descriptive-analytic. To collect data, two methods of library and field studies were used. The statistical population of this research is 25588 households and local managers of the study area, which was calculated through a sample of rural households of 382 households. Among the local managers, 50 people of the sample village municipality and heads of Islamic councils were selected as samples. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Spearman and Pearson correlation and regression were used. The results of the one sample t-test showed that the governance in the study areas is at a moderate level and a correlation test   showed that there is a significant relationship between all components and governance except for the components of distance from the city, the gender of the dignitary, the fire fighting equipment, the ownership of the land, and the building by asistant. Regarding the impact of the components, social capital has had the greatest impact on governance in the study area, so it can be said that in order to improve governance in the region, social capital should be strengthened as much as possible, along with other factors.

The existence of numerous challenges and problems in rural areas has forced geographers to do their research to solve these challenges. It can be said that one of the effective pillars in achieving rural development is the way decisions and policies are made. Futures studies are used to write about the future and possible changes in national, regional, and organizational contexts to respond to change. This study sought to explain the effective indicators in policy-making for rural regions management of Kerman province to help make more accurate decisions for the future of villages and policy-making appropriate to these indicators. In this regard, the main question was: What are the most effective indicators in policy-making for the management of rural areas of Kerman province in the future? The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical. The study followed a systematic and structural view with the method of futures studies and the use of MICMAC software. The results showed that the current policy-making system for the management of rural areas in Kerman province cannot be considered stable and desirable. The most influential indicators in policy-making for the management of rural areas of Kerman province were the environment (score 986), rurality (score 918), economy (score 884), and culture of rural people (score 850). Also, the indicators of the environment (score 952), economy (score 952), the sustainability of policies (score 884) were the most dependent factors. For better policy-making and optimal management of rural areas of the province in the future, strategic variables should be considered including environmental variables as an effective factor and the resulting form of policies, rurality or environmental-social identity, the economic identity of the village, the impact, and economic goals of policies, respectively. It is also possible to develop and sustain the rural management system of the province by manipulating and improving the variables of the economy, the role of the government, and increasing the participation of the people.

Creative tourism goal is achieved through tourist’s memorable experiences. Creative tourism has positive influence on local society integrity and is effective on tourist and host interaction and at last leads to tourist’s re-traveling purpose. There are different influential factors in this type of tourism. The current study aims at investigating the effect of environmental-behavioral factors on creative tourism achievement in tourism target villages of Isfahan Province with structural equations analysis approach. Also clustering method has been used to separate target villages. Target villages tourists were statistical population of this study that 192 of them selected through convenience sampling method and questionnaires distributed among tourists randomly. Results were demonstrative of positive and significant effect of both factors on creative tourism achievement and environmental factor has had more influence. Also clustering results demonstrate that villages in plain area with hot climate had higher average in creative tourism variable rather than mountainous area.

The economic structure of Iran is shaped by agriculture. Agriculture accounts for more than 20% of the country’s both gross domestic products and employment. There are many economic activities that are dependent on agriculture such as marketing, processing industries, and agriculture product imports. The majority of farmers in Iran possess small lands that yield small amounts of agricultural products; therefore, these farmers have an insignificant share in the market and subsequently, their gains are insignificant as well. Since 1960, the Iranian government introduced two modern farming systems including rural production cooperatives and Farming Corporation. By 2017, the number of these farming systems reached 1369 rural production cooperatives with 402177 members and 3191507 acres of land along with 30 agricultural stock companies with 7847 members and 775321 acres of land.

The farming system is a social organization consisting of a set of interconnected elements that enable the production of agricultural products through unified identity and administration under the social and natural conditions of its environment. Adherence to the capacity of natural resources is the main condition for farming system sustainability. In fact, sustainability analysis involves specifying this capacity and can be considered as a logical criterion for indicating environmental standards that control the extent to which resources should be utilized. Sustainability analysis somehow indicates and expresses the extent and criterion regarding the distance between the sustainable and new state of a natural phenomenon. In sustainability analysis, resource capacity and economic sustainability are examined, analyzed, and controlled simultaneously with respect to the intended production requirement. Sustainability evaluation is a complex process and encompasses the complicated interactions among technologies, the environment, and society. Sustainably refers to ecologic health or compatibility which guarantees the preservation of the living forces present within agricultural ecosystems. Agricultural sustainability can be analyzed through a variety of dimensions including social (population, education), economic (economic growth, investment, and employment), natural (land, water, and biodiversity), and agricultural (cultivation and production patterns). There are five different methods put forth for sustainability evaluation including prescriptive approaches, timeline, various quantitative and qualitative indices, and system simulation. In general, there are no comprehensive methods in line with analyzing or evaluating the sustainability of all systems; however the only common technique among all methods is the utilization of an all-inclusive sustainability assessment by taking into account the environmental, economic and social dimensions.

The present inquiry is a mixed, applied study in which data collection was carried out using the descriptive method; it is also a survey study conducted using the cross-sectional method. Total population of the study includes 242 operators and members of the rural production cooperative, 635 operators and members of the Farming Corporation, and 1025 smallholders. Sample population was calculated using Cochran’s formula. Shannon’s entropy method was used for sustainability analysis.

The entropy method was used to indicate the weight of each examined index. According to the literature, the key effective indices in the sustainability status of farming systems including smallholders, production cooperative and Farming Corporation include economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Shannon’s entropy method was employed to prioritize and indicate the weight of each examined index through the perspective of each farming system.

The development and sustainability of the rural society is not only an essential requirement, but also an inevitable end; results of studies suggest that such an end would not be attainable unless via reforming the farming system in line with the principles of sustainable agriculture, as the core of agricultural developments. In this study, the required data to achieve robust answers were collected from farming systems including smallholders, rural production cooperative, and Farming Corporation. Given the obtained results, the Farming Corporation has a higher relative sustainability compared to the two other systems in terms of economic and environmental dimensions. In the social dimension, the smallholder farming system enjoys relative sustainability as a result of high level of participation in rural areas’ agricultural and public affairs, the extent of memberships in local communities, high percentage of the employed household work force in agricultural activities, the extent of social agreements and solidarity, and the presence of social capitals. The Farming Corporation system is at a semi-sustainable state in social and economic terms while in environmental terms, it is found to be unsustainable. Increased use of nitrogen fertilizers, phosphates and agricultural toxins have resulted in the unsustainability of all three types of farming systems in environmental terms; however, the severity of this unsustainability is lower in Farming Corporation compared to other systems due to adherence to the technical principles of cultivation and maintenance, and more utilized application of production factors. Subsequently, the following recommendations are presented:Given how the index of the average total income produced by farmers is considered as an unsustainable index in the examined region within the smallholder farming system, the specification of a guaranteed price proportionate to production costs can be effective in improving the income levels of the farmers.
Considering the unsustainability of the Farming Corporation in the social dimension, it is recommended to adopt a participatory approach in the formation of the new Farming Corporation.As the majority of agricultural activities are carried out by smallholders, then smallholder agriculture organization should be prioritized.

Climate change, the quantitative and qualitative decline of water resources and the increasing trend of the world's population have made water management difficult. The purpose of this study was to assess the situation and management of meteorological and agricultural droughts from the point of view of experts and household supervisors in rural areas of Eslamabad Gharb.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2017 in 7 households of Eslamabad Gharb. A total of 374 households (in 21 villages) were selected through multi-stage stratified random sampling. Data were collected through library and field research (questionnaire and interview). To analyze the quantitative data, standardized precipitation indices, standardized transpiration and one-sample T-test, and in the qualitative part, Delphi method was used..

According to the results of the Standardized Precipitation Index, from 1986 to 2016, 14 years of drought occurred at the county level (8 years normal, 4 years moderate and 2 years severe). According to the results of the long-term standardized transpiration index, 2.1% of the city population was affected by moderate drought in 2008-2009, and 64.6% by mild drought.

Rural participation in drought management planning is the most important and effective factor affecting drought management.

 The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of effective factors on drought management in rural areas, which was done in rural areas of Eslamabad Gharb. The statistical population of the study consists of all households of over 20 households (due to agricultural land and topographical conditions) in seven rural districts. Using the Cochran formula, 374 of them, located in 21 villages, in each village, 3 villages, have been studied as an example due to the environmental structure. To analyze the data, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used in the Spss 22 and Smart-Pls software environment, and the Spi index was used for assessing the situation in the region for drought severity. Economic dimension has an impact on drought management, with a value of 17,642 T, and the path coefficient between these two is 0.251. The social dimension, with a value of T 23.999, and a path coefficient of 0.351, an environmental dimension, with a value of 23.449, and a path coefficient of 0.168, an institutional dimension-substructure, with a value of 32.421 T and a path coefficient of 0.381, Direct management of drought. Accordingly, the institutional-infrastructural dimension, the most impact, and economic dimension, has the least effect. In general, in order to manage drought in rural areas in Eslamabad Gharb, in planning, priority should be given to effective factors in drought management, especially social factors. Accordingly, it should first be facilitated by the capacity of the region, with regard to the existing rural population, in the context of universal participation, as well as the prevention of migration, by resorting to professionals and instructors.In recent years, due to the successive droughts, many villages have suffered a slight blue crisis, and have certainly caused adverse effects on their social, economic and environmental conditions, and the fundamental problem has occurred when Paying attention to this drought, the authorities and authorities, have not discussed the effects of this drought on the dimensions of the lives of villagers, and have gone through the issue with formalities, and have taken action against this dysfunctional and cross-sectional measures. Undoubtedly, the first step, in order to adequately deal with the drought and its consequences, is to understand and understand the phenomenon and its effects in different dimensions in order to be able to draw up effective strategies and strategies in this regard. And he worked. On this basis, it is necessary first of all, based on a scientific and logical research, to investigate the effects of this bite on different dimensions of life, and then on the basis of it, to plan, the present study is in this regard. So, the present research seeks to answer the following question: How much is the economic, social, environmental and institutional-physical effects on drought management in the rural areas studied? The life of the rural community, among the three existing human societies in Iran, due to drought-induced crises, has had many destructive effects in rural life, and faces them with many challenges, and has had a major impact on the economy and its livelihoods, so that Past strategies for managing droughts in rural areas have not been so successful and have not been able to resolve issues such as water scarcity, and easing rangelands and migration. Kermanshah province is the sixth province of the country due to drought problems. As a result of recent droughts, about 550 villages in the province suffered from a mild crisis, and the damages caused to the province due to drought and frost in 2008 exceeded 800 billion USD It was announced.

The statistical population of the study consists of all households of more than 20 households in seven rural districts. Using the Cochran formula, 374 of them (located in 21 villages), for example, have been studied. To analyze the data, confirmatory factor analysis method was used in SPSS 22 and Smart-Pls software.

The economical dimension of drought management, with a 17,642 coefficient, indicates the significance of economic dimension to drought management, and the path coefficient between these two is 0.251. Also, the social dimension, with the value of 23.999, the path coefficient 0.351, the environmental dimension, with the value of 23.449, the path coefficient 0.168, and the institutional-institutional subfield, with the value of 32.421, the path coefficient of 0.381, directly explained the drought management they do. 

In general, in the management of drought, in rural areas of Islamabad, West, planning should prioritize factors affecting drought management, especially social factors. Accordingly, first, government measures should be taken to create the technical, institutional and service infrastructure in the region, and then, based on the capacity of the region, with regard to the prestigious rural population, in the direction of universal participation, as well as the prevention of migration, basic measures, the face Take up. Key Words: Drought Management, Rural Areas, Islamabad, West, Modeling of Structural Equations.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the social, economic, and environmental effects of drought from the viewpoint of villagers, with the structural equation modeling approach. The purpose of this study is of applied research type, and is essentially a descriptive-correlation research. The population of the study, 1762 heads of households and sample size were determined according to Cochran formula, 316 people. Data analysis was performed using SPSS22 software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In this research, the observed variables were obtained for three components: economic, social, and environmental. Three first-factor factor analysis models were designed, measured, and validated for measuring three sub-scale droughts. Finally, the role and effect of observed variables and their triple components derived from the drought, as the main hidden dependent variable, and the relationships between them, were analyzed with the help of a structural model of the factor-factor analysis (CFA) of the quadratic factor of the second order. The results of the fitting and validation of all three models of drought measurement, and the realization of goals, as well as the quadratic model of second order, were evaluated based on the data for drought evaluation. Finally, drought affected by socioeconomic and social indicators of 0. 97, and environmental index was 0. 87, so the drought in the studied villages areas had the greatest impact on economic and social indicators, and As a result, it has been placed on an environmental index.

Today governance as a precondition for sustainable development and a model for rural management is introduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of social capital on governance in rural areas of Zanjan Township. Applied research, descriptive and analytical methods used for data collection of documentary and field methods have been used. The sample population of this study, 319 of the households in rural areas are Zanjan township. Inferential information for the analysis of one sample t, correlation, multiple regression analysis and path. The results of the test t from the perspective of households in relation to the rule indicated that the legitimacy of the average 3.36 higher than the utility value (3) and transparency with an average of 2.62 lowest on account of the indicators of social capital as well as all indicators higher than the utility value (3), respectively. A significant relationship between indicators of social capital and governance (0.375) there. Among the social capital of trust with the greatest impact on governance 0/366 and 0/200 solidarity with the least effect.

In recent years, attention has been paid to governance, especially in rural studies. The good governance is about the ability of the government to serve the Citizens, referring to laws, processes and behaviors that express interests, manage resources and exercise power in the Community. The purpose of this study was assessing the performance of Dehyari representatives in the framework of good rural governance in rural areas of Zanjan city. The type of applied research, descriptive- analytical method, and documentary and field methods have been used for data collection. The Population of the research is rural population of Zanjan City, which according to the Cochran formula, 382 people are Considered. For data analysis, statistical methods such as t-test, one-way variance, Scheffes test and Promethean ranking model have been used. The results of the research showed that the dignitaries had better performance among the eight governance indexes in the legitimacy and legality index (3/42) and had a poor performance in the transparency index (2/75). The results of the Scheffe test showed that the villages in the central part have the highest mean (2/98), which can be linked to the city center with the proximity of the villages. The results of the Promethee model also indicate that the village of Ghareboteh has the highest rank among the 25 villages in terms of possession

The northwest region of Isfahan province is one of the geographical centers of Iran indicating the need for creation of an economic resource as an agricultural complement due to its significant features similar to those of the dry areas. As an example of rural unsustainability due to various natural and human factors, this region has problems including the relative deprivation of the rural districts in this region despite the high environmental potential, climate fluctuations and especially severe drought in recent years, and its negative consequences in economic and social structure of the region, the young structure of the region and the lack of productive employment platforms for them, and finally, the degradation of the villager's life quality. Therefore, the present study was conducted to answer the question of what the optimal rural development strategies are in the northwest of Isfahan province in order to identify the best development strategy for sustainable development and facilitate sustainable rural development planning in the regions by the prioritization of other strategies.  THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Rural development strategies and models are classified into three general groups: technocratic, reformist, and radical. Each of these groups has numerous approaches and strategies. In this regard, sustainable development approach can be considered as a development process which is economically dynamic and productive, environmentally non-destructive, socially fair and acceptable, and technologically appropriate and desirable. Nowadays, paying attention to sustainable rural development is imperative in many plans. Five prerequisites for the success of sustainable rural development are as follows: a) Process attitude to education, b) Prioritizing people, c) Security, law, and protection of individual's rights and their resources, d) Sustainability through self-esteem & e) Actualizing talents, commitment, and its continuity in administrators.. In the present study, Delphi technique was used to determine the sustainable development strategies consistent with the features of the northwest region of Isfahan province. A total of 30 panelists were thus selected based on their expertise and according to specific circumstances by purposive judgmental sampling. At this stage, top 10 strategies were selected from 18. Expert's views and Delphi technique were utilized to determine the criteria and sub-criteria. Therefore, indices for the optimal sustainable development strategy in the northwest villages of Isfahan province were put into the following four groups in three rounds: economic (6 sub-criteria), social (5 sub-criteria), physical-spatial (4 sub-criteria), and environmental (4 sub-criteria) groups. Pairwise comparison was used to measure the relative importance of all criteria and sub-criteria. Finally, based on the mentioned indices of this research (18 indices), the 10 proposed strategies were ranked using Promethee method. In this research, 19 indices were studied and classified into the four groups of economic, social, physical-spatial, and environmental. Paired comparison was used to measure the relative importance of all criteria and sub-criteria. Among the main criteria, environmental criterion had the highest value with a weight of 0.276, but social criterion had the lowest value with a weight of 0.219. Each of the studied sub-criteria also had a number of sub-criteria which should be compared and evaluated in pairs according to the desired criterion. According to the expert's pairwise comparison of sub-criteria by AHP technique, the sub-criterion of plan implementation cost had the highest value with a weight of 0.198, but the sub-criterion of short to long term income ratio had the lowest value among the sub-criteria of this group. In pairwise comparisons, "social", "expansion", and "the creation of new jobs" sub-criteria had the highest values with a weight of 0.270, but "female's economic roles" sub-criterion had the lowest value with a weight of 0.119. According to the pairwise comparisons of the physical-spatial sub-criteria, "facilities and infrastructural equipment" sub-criterion had the highest value with a weight of 0.280, but "impressibility by extent" had the lowest value with a weight of 0.221. Finally, the pairwise comparisons of the environmental sub-criteria indicated that "adaptation to regional potential" had the highest value with a weight of 0.310. Measuring the weights and the importance of all indices (by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), collecting data, and using normal preference function, we first calculated positive and negative flows, then obtained the net flow, and finally, ranked the strategies. Based on calculations by Promethee technique, first, the tourism development planning strategy with a net flow of 0.76, and after that, the popular partnership strategy with a net flow of 0.65 were found to be the best strategies. According to the conducted studies in the present research, the indices namely "the rate of changes in the natural environment", "facilities and infrastructural equipment", and also "adaptation to regional potential" had the highest importance in the studied area. On the other hand, based on these indices and according to the expert's selected strategies, tourism development planning and public participation strategies were put in top ranks in the selection of the most optimal rural development strategy. Therefore, attention to the tourism principle and the provision of its development infrastructures is the best development strategy in the studied region. In addition, the utilization of the local's participation can ensure sustainable rural development. Tourism can be very effective due to the proper infrastructure and potential of tourism (including climatic diversity, cultural and ancient heritage, and pristine nature) in the rural regions of northwest Isfahan province in addition to the climatic conditions and drought, which have caused a lot of problems for the regional agriculture especially during the recent decade as farmers need to compensate for problems caused by drought and improve their economic situation. In fact, the tourism development strategy is in line with regional conditions and it can accelerate regional sustainable development in the case that it is taken into account.

According to classical economics, market needs to take care of providing private goods while providing public goods and managing mutual resources is on the government. But governments’ inefficiency in these responsibilities had made participatory management and collective action approach important and attractive among new theories. Several researches had been administered within last decades about collective action which was directly related to management of natural resources. Meanwhile, Ostrom, 2009 Noble Prize winner, offered eight design principles in order to create a stable organization capable of managing mutual resources by using INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (IAD). She believed that using such principles make a successful management on mutual resources. This paper tries to evaluate the development of Esfahan north-western villages using tourism development strategy according to Ostrom principles.
Theoretical Framework: There are three methods for managing mutual resources: governmental management, private management, self-organization (participatory management). collective action is best for organizing and managing mutual resources for people whose income is dependent on that mutual resource (and it forms a direct interaction between system and its employees; so, in this research, employees of this camp are called either members or users of the system). Ostrom, accordingly, studied subjects related to institutional approach of collective action. Ostrom empirically proved self-organization and its triumph in different cases and she also studied it in a lab economy using Transactional Analysis theory (TA) in human behavior in action environment and proved possibility of people cooperation and participation in mutual goods supplement.
This research studies the performance of Matin Abaad eco-camp and its characteristics, level of Ostrom principle being used, and its achievements. Institutional analysis and development framework was used for collecting data and analyzing them because the objectivet of this study was to check the level of success when applying Ostrom principles. Factor limit forms were used for the analysis of principles; in this method, only two limit extremes are checked that it does not consider factors as a specter but checks the factor existence or non-existence. Two classes of internal and external factors that influence tourism management in the area are the two variables of this study. The internal part of this research is compatible with variables that theorists use in order to analyze an official game. External variables had been questioned in the questionnaire too, even though they were not related to the objectives of current research. Considering characteristics of investigating system, questions were selected that were associated with physical and societal characteristics and also compatible with criteria questionnaire. In-use rules and operational rules were included in the questionnaire. It needed indexes for measuring success in the system. Three indexes of reliability in wage and sufficient salary and beneficiary, level of rule violation of personnel, and ordinary behavior explanation of system personnel regarding current rules are the final success indicators that were selected among many indexes for determining the level of success in systems.
Sample capacity is fifty and they were selected randomly. They responded to the questionnaire. Data was analyzed by checking system rules and regulations, assessing system performance and determining the level of system success and ultimately the level of Ostrom principle running in the system.
This research has two main The first main objective is to evaluate success in Matin Abaad tourism system. Hence, two sets of internal dependent variables influencing on action status were identified: 1. Rules being used within the system and 2. System performance observation. These two variables are also included in this study because they are influencing factors on action status and will help to have a better analysis even though this is a Ostrom-principle-based study. So, these two variables are assessed by adding them to research’s questionnaire and statistical tests in form of some sub-variables. Based on the ratio test (binomial), the rules used in the system with a significant level of 0.005 are strictly observed. The correlation coefficient of the system rules is 1.00. So, it is concluded that the rules running in the system are well employed. In other words, it was indicated that there are no governmental restrictions for consuming water, land and, etc. Salary and benefits sufficiency and the level of law breaking and members’ behavior results indicate that system had an acceptable performance. The second main objective was to analyze eight principles of Ostrom in Matin Abaad eco-camp. So, a set of external variables influencing on action status were assessed and studied based on Ostrom principles. Questionnaire outputs indicate that Matin Abaad tourism system had been quite successful and had administered perfectly and according to Ostrom principles (Ostrom design has eight principles and Matin Abaad eco camp had followed all but the eighth principle which deals with merged enterprises).
Conclusion and Suggestions: Matin Abaad Village is one of desert villages in the city of Natanz, Esfahan Province that used collective action and participatory management for utilizing region’s tourism capacities. The camp’s most important feature is its collective action and local management. Results indicate that Matin Abaad touristic eco-camp is a successful and developing example of collective action. Results indicate that Ostrom model brought success to the management of mutual resources by using institutional analysis pattern and developing a stable organization for managing mutual resources. It has a proper potential for activating touristic abilities in rural development. As a matter of fact, this method of managing resources is capable of turning into a proper management pattern in stable development because it is coordinated with traditions of participation, co-contribution and cooperation and also because it lasted in time, evolved and it is now compatible with geographical conditions of region and its society.
So it is suggested that: - In order to improve tourism, the government will provide facilities for the creation of self-organizing systems.
- To support these types of systems, the government can consider special financial facilities

Management is considered as one of the most important elements of rural development which is the responsibility of dehyari in Iranian villages. This study is an applied research and its method is descriptive – analytic and Survey. The study sample has been formed from the villagers of Dehbakri in the central part the city of Bam that using random sampling and using Cochran formula, 384 people were selected. In order to determine the validity of the questions was used from experts and specialists opinions of Isfahan University. To determine the reliability of the questions was used Cronbach's alpha that the validity for the questions of the service sector was. /726, agricultural sector. /704 and Industrial Sector. /723. The results show that in the studied population, the residents ‘satisfaction from Dhyari performance that measured with Test, the index of service is average (t=1.514) and in the index of agriculture (t=-28.076) and industry(t=-15.876) is low.

Studying differences among several districts in the province in the point of view of their prosperity rate of several factors in order to know about their development or deprivation meter decrease in regional inequalities and regulating appropriate programs based on conditions and potentialities of each district is an inevitable necessity. This study, using Morris method, focuses on determining development degree of cities of Isfahan province in the field of major indices of agriculture and its main purpose is to find the gap scale among cities and the sort of their deprivation. Statistical society of this study includes all cities of the province. 14 scales used in this study, derived from 2003 general agricultural census and 2006 population and residence census, mostly emphasize on the source management of the cities in the agricultural field. Principal results of the study indicate that the gap and inequality among cities is profound and its proportion is up to 14.6 times. Esfahan, Falavarjan and Najafabad are in the group of developed cities but Khansaar, Chadegan and Fereydonshahr are the most deprived ones in the province.