فهرست مطالب narges hamzeh

Cities cannot be recognized only by their past status and not only by the current situation. Not only the city’s form but also its meaning has changed over time. We cannot extend the situation of periods of eras to others. To properly understand the city, we need to examine the different layers of the city’s effectual aspects in each period. One of the most principal features that give a clear image of the city’s behavior to urban managers or used as urban planning guidelines for planners is a systematic recognition of the city’s history and background and a clear understanding of its physical, natural, historical, social, political and economic changes. If we accept this, then providing a specific pattern and trajectory that explains the evolution of a city and the process of change is increasingly important. Amol City is located between the Alborz mountain and the Caspian Sea In northern Iran. It is invaded into the eastern and western parts by the river Haraz. The city’s old fabric has been integral to its historical background and urban structure. Amol City has been considered for centuries with its historical background and its importance in terms of fabric, functional, and natural changes. This city has played a significant role as a strategic human settlement in northern Iran during several periods. Not long ago, Amol City had a cohesive structure and maintained its authenticity, with landmarks like the Bazaar, the buildings around the Haraz River, the Shahrrood Creek, the holy shrines, and more scattered throughout the city. With the construction of the first streets, the integrity of the Bazaar, residential fabrics, neighborhoods, and Shahrrood Creek, as the city’s most cardinal natural axis, was disrupted. This research seeks to investigate the pattern and trajectory of Amol city as one of the most important historical cities in the north of Iran, and some historians consider it to date to the Iron Age. It is worth mentioning that this city is the first Shiite government base and there are many historical monuments in the city. In the first stage of this research, the historical courses of Amol and its changes during these eras are discussed, which includes the pre-Islamic periods, after Islam, the Safavid governments, the Afsharite government, the Qajar, and contemporary and recent times. Then, the current structure of the city and its districts are analyzed. Consequently, the urban development plans prepared for the city in recent years are evaluated. In the next step, the current state of the city context is analyzed. Finally, the urban plan considers the city’s historical context, and its planning and design processes are carefully explained. Finally, based on the findings of the studies, the course of the historical developments of the city has been drawn based on the Bemont diagram in different periods, showing its high and low points. This research is descriptive-analytical by type, and the data is collected by studying historical documents and the writings of reliable historians. A qualitative analysis of the data has been accomplished while conducting a field survey of the historic area of the city and studying its current urban development plans. The results of the city’s growth and decline and the comparison between the features of the old and new Amol are presented at the end. According to the historical documents, Amol city was the capital of Mazandaran at least from the Sassanid period to the Mongol period and was the official capital of Iran in three dynasties and during the Safavid, Alawi, Qajar, Fereydun, and Rostam dynasties, Marashi rule, and the Zandiyeh period, it experienced a good period or the golden age of Islam, and during the Ilkhanid, Seljuq, Ghaznavid, and Afshar periods, it passed through a bad period. According to the research results, apart from political factors, natural and human factors were also involved in the choice of Amol city, which distinguishes it from other cities of the province. The most important factors are of natural, defense, economic, and communicational causes. According to the information from the Bemont diagram, interventions, and urban plans in recent years have tried to keep the physical monuments of the city stable, especially during the Sassanid period, the era of the city’s evolution, and during the Safavid period, which, according to historical documents, was the era of the city’s prosperity, which includes the Mir Bozorg Mausoleum, and it is related to the market order. Also, considering the historical role achieved by Bemont diagram, solutions have been presented to maintain identity-performance links between historical periods of the city and its current and future development plans.

Urban spaces as the context of civic life and urbanism are still unknown in terms of nature despite their semantic simplicity. We can define urban space in a broader sense: "Urban space is one element of urban space construction that is always formed and transformed by the history of a nation that emerges in different eras". Urban spaces have always been one of the most essential elements in the city's structure since they are home to all the different cultural, economic, social, and political activities that have been going on throughout the history of the city. 
The historic districts of each city have a fundamental role in preserving the recognition and culture, attracting tourists and capital, and creating vitality and continuous effort in the city. These districts form the main character of the city. The quality of urban space, both to attract capital and tourists and improve the quality of citizen’s life, will play a significant role in the economic and social situation of nations. Paying attention to public spaces that are used by everyone means paying attention to the quality of life of all the people who live in the city.
Urban spaces as a context for the emergence of civil life, despite the simplicity of the meaning, are still unknown in terms of nature. However, the issue of urban space in a broader sense can be defined as follows: "Urban space is one of the elements of the spatial construction of the city, which is always formed and transformed by the history of a nation that comes into being in different periods". This element that different activities Cultural, economic, social, and political have always flowed in it, it always beats with the heart of the city's history and shapes the history of the city, and it has always been important as one of the main elements in the city's structure.
When the idea of ​​the active and modern use of historic districts and monuments in cities is introduced, they must be prepared in time to meet the new needs and adapt to the requirements of modern life. Today, in historic districts, many spaces have lost their function and are inactive, ruined, and abandoned buildings scattered throughout the district. Most space openings have been turned into parking, and there is no longer a place for social interaction. Many passages have inactive business units that used to be the center of the neighborhoods in the past. Historic districts often suffer from the evacuation of residents, and many units of the neighborhood have become dilapidated or abandoned, which has reduced the quality of public spaces. Some of the historic houses in the district have been renovated by the residents and the service uses are provided in them, but these services are scattered and these attractions must act as continuous and coordinated routes.
In the past, urban spaces in Iran were often formed based on the needs of residents and had good efficiency for the life of citizens. Therefore, in the historic cities of Iran, the characteristics of public spaces, the main of which is to create a connection between the components of space, are still visible. Today, although the role and importance of urban public space as an integral part of urban development programs in improving the quality of urban spaces is undeniable, relying on functionalism in public spaces and the dominance of movement and flow in it, has led to a declining trend. With the creation of cross-shaped streets, public spaces have lost their connection due to fragmentation, and with the transfer of activities to the edges of the streets, neighborhood centers have often been deactivated. This has caused many buildings to be abandoned, inactive, and ruined in the historic districts, and on the other hand, due to the neglect of their needs over the years, their quality is lost.
The core aim of this study is to identify the importance of quality criteria in urban public spaces and to measure and rank them according to the needs of residents and improve the quality of the historic district of Kashan to provide the necessary basis for more presence of citizens in public spaces. The research has been conducted with a quantitative method. Data were collected through literature review, library documents, and field studies, and the S.W. Kendall and Spearman tests were used to rank and correlate the criteria.
Findings of the research, which are obtained by assessing the status of the case study, reviewing successful internal and external experiences, statistical data, and testing hypotheses, indicate that there is a significant correlation between the two criteria of cognition - mental image, diversity - performance and vitality - social dynamics.

Colors play an important-effective role to improvement of urban identity, readability of environment, vitality of urban spaces, the sense of place and sense of unity in urban spaces. Today, Iran's urban environments are often deprived of the visual richness of color qualities with incoherent and chaotic combinations and incomplete adaptations of different styles of Western architecture and urban planning, and by transforming the environment into backgrounds in the gray spectrum, lost the color diversity and various functions of this element. While many communities turn the color element into an opportunity to enhance the quality of the urban landscape and use standard color codes to visually enhance the visual quality of buildings, walls, floors, urban furniture and other building elements in their components and totality, But in many cities of Iran, the same element acts as a threat to the urban landscape due to confusion, irregularity and inconsistency in how it is used. Lack of proper use of color element and its related criteria in urban environments, in addition to adverse effects on place construction, reduced sensory richness, degraded place identity and legibility of urban space, in terms of disorders in the objective landscape of the city and adverse psychological effects of presence in such spaces it is also very important. A correct understanding of the capabilities of the color element in increasing the desirability of urban environments is a necessity today in the design of Iranian cities. Unfortunately, the fast growth of urbanization in recent decades, especially in developing countries, has dramatically changed urban perspectives, that it caused there is not enough accuracy in the principles of color using.Today's construction of Iranian cities, which is an uncoordinated and chaotic combination of incomplete adaptations of different styles of Western architecture and urban planning, deprives urban environments of the visual richness of color qualities and turns them into backgrounds in the gray spectrum of color diversity and various functions has strongly influenced the important element. While many communities have turned the color into an opportunity to enhance the quality of the urban landscape and use standard color codes to visually enhance the visual quality of buildings, walls, floors, urban furniture and other building elements in their components and totality. They have given that in many cities of Iran, this element acts as a threat to the urban landscape due to confusion, irregularity and inconsistency in how it is used. Proper use of color and its related criteria in urban environments, increase the sensory richness, enhance the identity of the place and legibility of the urban space, in terms of organizing the objective landscape of the city visual quality and positive psychological effects. A correct understanding of the capabilities of the color in increasing the desirability of urban environments is a necessity today in the design of Iranian cities.The purpose of this research is to provide some criteria for optimal utilization of the potential of the color factor to increasing the utility of urban landscape in according to the user’s expectations. The hypothesis is that the adaptation of color spectra used in urban environments on the color expectations and mindsets of space users is effective in improving the quality and desirability of urban landscape. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic based on a survey strategy and the data are analyzed by quantitative method. In addition to, data collection is done by library and field studies. Statistical calculations are presented in three sections: Determination of sample size, Descriptive section and Inferential section separately. Information was evaluated with using the Excel and Spss software and significance level of 0.05. The research findings were obtained through study of the city context, statistical data as well as comparing and analyzing the color codes and using of internal and external experiences. At the end, the hypothesis have been analyzed and some solutions have been presented for color composition of urban image and landscape based on principles of aesthetics. These findings indicate that according to the religious, cultural and historical background and identity of the study area, those color spectrums that are reminiscent of religious symbols of this area and create a sense of belonging and religious identity among users in space, will have higher qualities.

The color is one of the forgotten elements in designing urban spaces that can provide legible and harmonic environment for citizens in Islamic cities, according to the principles, values, beliefs and natural and climatic features. Unfortunately, the rapid growth of the urbanization phenomenon in recent decades, especially in developing countries, has dramatically changed the urban landscape, this case in Iranian cities has led to the lack of precision in using the capabilities of the color element in urban furniture, as a part of the artificial landscapes of the city. As a result it is used without any planning and standards, and thus creates confusion and lack of legibility. Isfahan as one of the most distinguished cities in central region of Iran is one of the best examples that has been able to use the color element in order to improve the quality of urban landscape and historical authenticity, maintaining and promoting its authenticity over the years, by protecting remained historical textures. The purpose of the present study is to identify suitable color factors and codes on urban furniture. In this case study, this factor has been investigated based on urban spaces of central regions of Iran with Islamic dominant culture. This research is done by using descriptive-comparative method and library documents and texts, and also the data was gathered in the context of field studies. The research findings obtained through recognizing the context of the design, statistical data as well as comparing and analyzing the color codes of two study axes (The axis of Hakim Mosque in Hakim neighborhood as the old texture, and the axis of Mohammad Bagher Sadr as the new texture in Isfahan) and also by using internal and external successful experiences and principles of using colors in them, shows that color spectrum integration in single and moving elements of urban furniture increases the legibility and identify of the environment, while using a diverse range of colors for other elements of furniture does not distort the two factors of legibility and identity.

Smart materials and shells affect on represent the space and identity of a society with their special activity and like any technology and element, it has its own effects and consequences and it can be said that based on the visual attractions and philosophy of the age of communication and visualization the culture of societies founded. The aim of this research is explaination of these effects on urban smart surfaces from psychological and intellectual and cultural anomalies aspects and helping designers to use it logically and in accordance with the culture and smart buildings of the community. The present research has a positive-content aspect and from another aspect, has a normative-content structure. Also, the research method includes descriptive and analytical research along with qualitative strategy, because it addresses contemporary social and cultural conditions. Data collection is based on library studies and documentation. The physical and material effects of smart shells that make urban facades based on perceptual visual cultures in perceptual aspects are criticized: truth and reality, time and space, experience and event, equality and justice, knowledge and information in a society and consider equal the meaning of firmness with persistence, generosity with lavishness, tolerance with indifference, adherence to affection and beauty with pretense and and in sensual aspects: Unity, distance and distance from the world, distorting other senses, undermining the message and meaning of the sender of the message, separation, isolation, apparent attachment, limiting taste, inhumanity of architecture and urbanization would be the results of increasing use of them.

Iranians have realized the value of human-nature relationships within cities for thousands of years and have been pioneers in creating this relationship. That is to say, simultaneous with human settlements in fixed locations and emergence of cities, the nature of those areas in general, and in particular, the land, surface waters (rivers, lakes, marshes, and ponds) and groundwater were exploited and transformed. The advent of the European Industrial Revolution and its following evolutions in the 19th and 20th centuries led to major changes in people’s lifestyles, as a result of which, human being, thinking to domination over nature and exploitation of it, started to destruct the nature and over time, these changes became more intense such that land became an economic commodity. In the present century also, due to the growth of urbanization and intensification of changes in the way human beings think about nature, the long-standing equilibrium of man and nature has tended toward human’s dominance over nature. However, since a few decades ago, the need for a change in attitude toward nature was emphasized; that is, the shift in attitude toward the earth from perceiving it as a commodity for human use and benefit to perceiving nature and landscape as a matter of particular values ​​and restoration of the sense of connection between human being and the earth on which it lives. In other words, today human beings believe in their adaptation to nature in the framework of environmental sustainability and maintenance as access to open and green spaces is the key to human health. The rapid growth of suburbs due to uncontrolled constructions, population growth, rapid suburban changes, and increased urban wastes and industrial wastes are all threats that endanger the planet and the future of human life, some of its symptoms are already present which have emerged as destructive changes, increased natural disasters, and climate change. With the trend that today’s human is following, many habitats will soon be destroyed by human activities and all of the human cultural heritage which is part of the natural environment will be destroyed. These undesirable changes and consequences are the results of the inaccurate method of designing and constructing separated from the natural substrate and in line with destroying it. The balance between man and nature was governed by nature. In the 19th century, with the rapid development of technology and the subsequent increase in urbanization process destroyed the long-standing equilibrium of human and nature. So, by reflecting on the relationship between man and nature throughout history and the process of human domination over it, solutions can be found to adapt the constructions to the environment and landscape and to prevent the current acceleration toward the destruction of cultural-natural diversity. Natural elements are part of the natural landscape that arises as a result of the overlap and interaction between human and nature. Thus, the revitalization of urban space and its main structure provides the basis for growth and is as a lever for urban development. Natural elements are part of the natural landscape that arises as a result of the overlap and interaction between human and nature. Since natural elements have multiple functions such as creation of social spaces, visual and environmental richness, creation of a sense of belonging to the place, environmental utility, and so on, therefore, restoration and revitalization of natural landscapes in the city are very important. This issue would be more important in urban rivers located in the northern regions of Iran due to their special role and functions. The river of Amol Shahr-roud, which flows from the historical sites of Amol city, is one of the most prominent natural resources of the historical city of Amol which plays an important role in the formation of the historic city of Amol and its districts. The main purpose of the present study is to achieve some principles, strategies, and solutions for revitalizing the natural landscape of urban rivers especially regarding the case study, the River of Amol Shahr-roud such that it can establish a positive interaction between users and the natural environment in physical, functional and environmental aspects.The present study was done in descriptive-analytical method and library documents and field method (use of satellite images, etc.) were used to collect the data. The successful domestic and foreign experiences and the principles of its application to the interaction between human and nature in these cities have also been analyzed. The results show that if it is possible to recreate the role of Amol Shahr-Roud as an effective element on quality of urban landscape by revitalization of the unusable spaces in the route and the Amol Shahr-Roud river walls along the route, it will be possible to take advantage from this river that is spread from the north to the south of the city to respond to the needs and activities of the city people. This study also indicates that the River of Amol Shahr-roud as a domestic river plays an important role in physical landscape, and social and environmental life of the texture of ancient neighborhoods which are recognized as physical, social, and environmental capitals of the natural landscape of the city and affect so much on linear and flexural formation, spatial hierarchy, walking routes, public facilities, integration of environmental elements, and ecological sustainability of the environment and its ecosystem.