جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Gilan » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The Abū Ṭālib Akhir (died 520) was a descendant of Sayyid Mu'ayyad Billah and an influential political figure of Zaydīyya, who started his uprising in Gilan in 502. He wanted to extend his Invitation and Imamate to ʻUmān and Yemen. The main question of the article is what political and military developments in Gilan and Deylam region have been caused by Abū Ṭālib's rise to power. And his relationships and correspondence with the Zaydīs and his extra-regional activities, to what extent were they influential in establishing his Imamate? It seems that the Abū Ṭālib Akhir, who was a scholar and a prolific mujāhid, was able to control the chaotic situation of these regions to some extent by examining the political situation in Gilan, ʻUmān and Yemen. However, due to various reasons, his uprising did not come to an end. By examining the political and military activities of Abū Ṭālib in different regions, this research has analyzed and evaluated Abū Ṭālib's motivation and goal of the uprising. In this article, by referring to historical data and sources and by describing and analyzing historical data, the problems and challenges faced by Abū Ṭālib were examined in order to show his role in establishing the context for the beginning of the second period of the Yemen Zaydīyya. The findings of the research show that Zaydīyya in Gilan and Deylam did not have much cohesion. It was also found that Abū Ṭālib was not able to control the turbulent situation of Yemen from afar because Yemen was faced with tribal prejudices and jealousies of the Zaydi nobles.

Russia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution

The law on the uniformity of clothing and the subsequent standardization of the clothing of government employees, especially women, was one of the preconditions for the passage of the law on the discovery of the hijab and greatly influenced its process. These two laws are one of the main actions of the government in order to modernize Iranian society, especially women, and change the Qajar culture to Western culture. The study of the measures taken in Gilan, as an important state in the development of contemporary Iranian history, is one of the main objectives of this study, which is a historical and qualitative study method to research and study more than 250 pages of archival documents and library resources. O paid. The key question of the present study is this point; What was the attitude of the Gilanis towards the law on the discovery of hijab during the reign of Reza Shah? According to the studies, the main factor in the rapid adoption of these laws in Gilan is the influence of Western thought, culture and civilization in this region and the familiarity of the people with it. One of the most important consequences of the discovery of the hijab and the unification of the cover of different ethnic groups in Iran is that this action destroys the nature of Iran and its ethnic diversity and endangers the existence of people in different parts of Iran.

Up until the present era and the propagation of the New Iranian Calendar (1925), along with the Hijri lunar calendar and the Jalali calendar, a variety of the Yazdgerdi calendar (taqwim-e fors) was also popular among the peoples of the southern regions of the Caspian Sea. Despite and contrary to the historical evidence, in the last half-century, some local writers have claimed distinct and independent calendars for these regions. They have labeled these alleged calendars as Deylami/ Galeshi/ Gilani and Tabari/ Mazandarani calendars. Also, calendar eras have been fabricated for them and it has been claimed that these calendars have leap years and that their new year festival (Nowruz) falls always on a fixed day around the middle of the summer season. This article examines these alleged calendars and the pretensions that surround them. For this purpose, it studies the history of the calendars of these areas from the earliest times to the present day. It also studies the background of the assumption of an independent calendar in Mazandaran in the nineteenth century and traces back the history of the emergence of these alleged calendars in the present era. This article demonstrates that these alleged calendars are all the same Yazdgerdi calendar (taqwim-e fors), knowingly or recklessly manipulated and posed as genuine independent calendars.

During the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During the movement, the peasants took various measures to fight against the lords and benefited from the support of groups and political parties such as the civil society, the Abbasi Association and the Social Democrats of Gilan. How is the idea of constitutionalism evaluated? The hypothesis of the present study is: It seems that Armenians have played an effective role in the peasant movement of Gilan during the Qajar era by emphasizing constitutionalist ideas. The method of research in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting documentary and library information is In this way, the content will be described and analyzed. The main findings of the above study indicate that: Peasants during various stages of the movement, such as non-payment of property, quarrels and conflicts with landlords and their eviction from villages, and the formation of rural associations in this regard, the two parties Hu Nchak and Dashnak Armenians in the war The cities of Tabriz and Rasht actively and significantly influenced the Iranian constitution in two main ways: military and intellectual-cultural.

One of the common misconceptions in the historical research of the last two centuries is that the southern part of the Caspian Sea in the Zoroastrian tradition has been the refuge of Diwan and Drujan. This idea is rooted in some historical events such as the domination of the Aryans over the indigenous people and conflict between the Zoroastrian religion and the indigenous religion of the region. The present study investigates the formation and evolution of this image,  examines the causes of this image and measures its validity The research shows that in Zoroastrian texts, Gilan and Mazandaran are not considered the place of the court, but the refuge of the ancient religion and Iranians. Negative views about these areas are a new phenomenon in Iranian studies and have no basis in the Zoroastrian tradition.

The Kia’ids were a powerful dynasty that ruled a part of Gilan known as Biya-pish from 8th to 10th centuries (AH). They continued their rule independently from the Central Safavid government for about two and a half centuries. Very little research has been conducted on the economic status of Kar-Kia or Kia’id period, and there are only some scattered descriptions in this regard in historical texts and travelogues. The main purpose of this study is to study and explain the role of Gilan’s silk in the internal commercial economy and the economic and political changes of the local Kia’id government. The findings of the study indicate that one of the factors affecting the economic growth and prosperity of the Kia’ids was the historical geography of Gilan. As an economic and strategic product, silk was of great importance in the Kia’id period, and Gilan played an undeniable role in attracting European markets and trade centers because of producing massive amounts of high quality silk. While describing and explaining the social conditions of that time and analyzing its economic elements, the present study investigates the factors which were effective in the economic growth of the local Kia’id government in Gilan and the economic crises after the disintegration of this dynasty. 

Due to its geographical location, Gilan, since the arrival of Islam until the Safavid era, was always under the rule of local families and was not usually under the direct control of the central government. Only in the Safavid period, Shah Abbas I (d. 996-1038 AH/ 1588-1629 AD) put an end to the reign of local governments through the expansion of the influence and domination of the central government over Gilan. Since then, Gilan’s affairs were governed by agents and rulers appointed by the central government. During the reign of Karim Khan Zand (d. 1163-1193 AH/ 1750-1779 AD), Hedayatullah Khan was appointed as the governor of the province, but due to various reasons and factors, his relationship with the central government changed. Through a descriptive-analytical method, this paper seeks to answer the question of why and how Hedayatullah Khan’s relationship with the central government changed. The findings of this study show that Hedayatullah Khan’s relations with the central government were influenced by factors such as the weakness of the central government, the military empowerment of the ruler of Gilan, and the establishment of political and economic relations with the neighboring governments. The ruler of Gilan, by resorting to political, military and economic measures and suppressing the local readers, sought to maintain his power and that of his subordinates against the central government and other political claimants.

The position of Rasht in Islamic art studies is not well understood. Ancient Mosques of Rasht had artistic features in the field of architecture, elements and decorations. Unfortunately, usual rainfall and heavy humidity destroyed most of them. Few researches have been done on the architecture of mosques in Rasht. Most of these studies have studied the Rasht mosques in general and briefly. In aspect of antiquity, most of the mosque buildings belong to the Qajar period and only a few of the mosques in Rasht belong to this period. This article attempts to present the history of some mosques from Timurid period to early Qajar period in Rasht, Some elements of Islamic architecture such as the altar, Phīlpā (Thick columns under the roof), Stucco and Minarets.

Guilan always had attracted researchers attention as one of the most important areas of constitutional in Iran. In this research is the main objective of the recognition economic problems of the urban and rural community of Guilan along the constitutional revolution. Therefore, the main problem of the research is that the situation and economic situation of the Guilan society have had an impact on the formation of the constitutional movement (between 1290 and 1327 AH). in this research, descriptive and analytical method, the main problem of the research is studied and explained. research achievement was show, the causes of the formation constitutional movement in the Guilan were internal, more than they were influenced by external factors and related to the livelihood of the population and the economic and social interests of the people of Guilan. Establishing justice, improving livelihoods and economic conditions, eliminating the oppression of state rulers and regional owners and preventing the aggression of the Russians were among the most important demands of the people of Guilan on the eve of the constitution movement which had economic roots and eventually led to the formation of constitution movement in Guilan.

By the emergence of Karkiya dynasty in eastern Gilan and their emphasis on Zaydi Shiite religion, the intellectual activities of followers of other religions and sects became so restricted. Rulers of this dynasty did not take an appeasing and tolerating approach toward opponents who were parts of the religious culture of Gilan, so that followers of other religions and sects were fired from Gilan or left the land during 200-year rule of Karkiyas. Kiyais’ insistence on Zaydi Shia in the BiyahPish region and, on the other hand, the bigotry of Sunni rulers of BiyahPas caused bloody wars at the middle ages of Gilan until the Safavid period. The result of these battles was the burnout of the social and economic system of Gilan and the easy seizure of this land by Shah Abbas Safavi in 1000 AH. The findings of this research show that the root of most of the territorial conflicts of the local dynasties of Gilan and Talesh was the religious disputes. This study is based on a historical approach and a descriptive-analytic study method.