جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بیرجند » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Today, one of the most common public health problems around the world is "domestic violence", which includes child abuse, spousal abuse, and mistreatment of the elderly. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting the incidence of domestic violence. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of its nature, is in the category of analytical research; its qualitative research method is of the content analysis type. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview, reference to documents, and the sampling method is a targeted method. The target population of this research includes the scientific and operational elites of the South Khorasan Police Command, including the board of directors, specialized police commanders, general operational managers and scientific professors, and all spouses of families who go to police station counseling centers due to family violence.  The number of participants includes 27 scientific and operational elites of Birjand and spouses affected by domestic violence (due to reaching theoretical saturation). According to the obtained results and the analyzes made from the open, central and selective codings, the factors affecting in the incidence of domestic violence include economic, social and cultural dimensions. According to the investigations and the results of the present research, the need for the attention of the relevant authorities and the education of families and individuals to learn about the psychological and social consequences of violent behavior is more important than ever.

A rich body of scholarship has emerged on the history of teacher education in Iran over the past century, including Khouinejad’s 1976 “The Evolution and Expansion of Teacher Education in Iran”, Safi’s 2011, “Teacher Education in Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Germany, England, India, and Pakistan”, and Safi’s (2008) “Teacher Education and Provision in Iran (Past, Present, and Future)”. Recent developments in educational reform in South Khorasan province have been addressed in Alizadeh Birjandi and Valipour’s (2020) “nvestigating the Achievements of Shokatiyeh School’s Identity”, Naseh and Mohammad Miri’s (2013) “From Shokatiyeh to Birjand University” (2013), and Akbari’s (2021) “The History of Teacher Education in Iran (South Khorasan Province)”. Preliminary teacher training colleges played a crucial role in transforming educational aspirations, and Birjand Preliminary School stood at the forefront of this transformation. As Iranians embraced the symbols of modernity, the traditional school system began to wane, and the initiatives of enlightened families led to the establishment of new schools, including Shokatiyeh in Birjand. With the nationalization of schools, a unified educational approach emerged, prioritizing the provision of schools and teachers. To comply with the Ministry of Education’s mandate for teacher training for primary schools, Birjand teacher training colleges was founded, utilizing the Alam family’s building to accommodate its students. The convergence of these two forces revolutionized education across the region from Sistan to Gonabad, nurturing a multitude of pioneers in various scientific fields. This article delves into two fundamental questions:
What factors and historical contexts contributed to the establishment of Birjand teacher training colleges?
How has the administration and management of this educational institution evolved over time?

The research aimed to delve into the formation, functioning, and administration of teacher training colleges for girls and boys in Birjand during 1937 up to1980. It employed library resources and documents from diverse institutions, including the National Library and Archives of Iran, the Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the Education Archives of Birjand, and the Talim va Tarbiat Magazine. Additionally, numerous interviews were conducted with key individuals and former students, yielding valuable insights into research gaps of the 1940s. The utilization of written sources and oral interviews has been a strength of this research in comprehensively defining and analyzing the performance of Birjand teacher training colleges. Moreover, the dearth of documents related to girls’ primary schools constitutes a significant limitation of this study.

The findings of the research show that with the mandatory education and establishment of elementary schools, the provision of teachers became a necessity. In this regard, the Consultative Assembly, by passing the Education Law, obligated the government to establish preliminary teacher training colleges. As a result, the process of establishing these centers began in several cities, including Birjand, Iran. Over time, with the increase of student population and changes in the educational system, different methods of teacher training were chosen, but none were successful and eventually closed. However, the preliminary teacher training college, after a short hiatus, resumed its activities. The main problem for the teacher training college in Birjand was the provision of physical space, which was initially addressed through the rental of a building owned by the local ruling family, the Alam’s family. Later, the center obtained a permanent location through the donation of land. In any case, the preliminary teacher training college was the most stable model for teacher training throughout the Pahlavi era. After the Islamic Revolution, the male preliminary teacher training college was transferred to Torbat-e Heydariyeh in 1979, and the female teacher training college continued its activities until the graduation of all students in 1980.

Both national and local factors played a role in the formation and continuity of the activities of preliminary schools in Birjand. The National Consultative Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the Supreme Council of Education are the three institutions whose approvals outline the establishment and general framework of the activities of these schools. The most important action of the National Consultative Assembly was the approval of the Teacher Training Law and the establishment of preliminary teacher training colleges, which aimed to stabilize their positions by employing graduates and offering round-the-clock facilities. The formation of the Birjand preliminary teacher training college was based on this. The formulation of student admission regulations, course titles, the continuity or closure of school activities, and the replacement of other teacher training systems were the major effects of the central government and the Supreme Council of Education’s approvals on the preliminary teacher training colleges. Local governance also played a very important role in facilitating the conditions for the establishment and continuity of the activities of the Birjand teacher training college. This local governance initially created a successful educational system in the form of Shokatiyeh schools, which, as a successful alternative to the traditional school system, eliminated the opposition of conservatives and zealots with the new educational order. Shokatiyeh schools were active in many areas of South Khorasan. Additionally, after the issuance of the education law and the establishment of preliminary teacher training college, providing the school building and financial support for the students played an influential role in the continuity of the school’s activities. Ultimately, by donating land to the school, it played a very influential role in the stability and facilitation of educational programs. The legislative approvals supervised the management of the schools. The principal had to be a graduate of a higher education institution and was appointed to this position after an interview in Tehran. Students were selected locally, and their local knowledge was a major part of their activities during spring and summer vacations. In addition, the close relationship of the preliminary teacher training college with secondary schools provided the necessary initial experience for the students, who had to successfully pass all theoretical and practical subjects through written, oral, and practical exams. As a result, the forty-year history of preliminary teacher training college was considered a successful and valuable experience in the teacher education system of the province, which did not find a more successful alternative. After the Islamic Revolution, male preliminary teacher training college was transferred to Torbat-e Heydariyeh in 1979, and the female preliminary teacher training college continued its activities until the graduation of all students in 1980.

Global warming leads to increased heat waves, longer hot seasons, and shorter cold seasons (Short & Farmer, 2021, p. 1). The growing population of the world is currently facing the limited nature of resources, their severe destruction, and the loss of biodiversity. The need to reduce the environmental impacts of economic activities has been accepted by governments and societies around the world for years. Currently, various local, national, and international development agents have chosen different local development strategies in response to environmental challenges. One of the strategies is to green the economy through the development of green jobs and businesses that reduce the environmental impacts by reducing the consumption of energy and raw materials, limiting the production of greenhouse gases, minimizing waste and pollution, and protecting and restoring the ecosystem (Tănasie et al., 2022, p. 14). The most comprehensive global study of “Green Jobs,” Towards Decent Work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World, was conducted by the World Watch Institute and Cornell University affiliated with the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (Martínez-Cruz & Núñez, 2021, p. 2). According to international statistics, Iran is known as one of the countries with poor performance in the green growth index (efficient and sustainable use of resources, preservation of natural capital, green economic opportunities, and social inclusion). Also, Iran is one of the top countries in carbon dioxide emissions (Jafari Taraji et al., 2021, p. 2). The correction of this trend requires the investigation of energy consumption and pollution of various economic activities and the identification of economic opportunities for green businesses in different cities and regions. For this purpose and on a smaller scale than the national level, developing and creating green jobs in Birjand city can solve problems related to employment, pollution, and resource limitations, considering its high environmental potential in the use of solar and wind energy, limited water resources, and environmental damage. Therefore, it is necessary to study the future prospects in the field of green jobs.

This research, using a foresight approach, identifies the most critical factors influencing the future of sustainable green businesses in Birjand City and examines the extent and the manner of their interrelationships. The purpose of this research is practical, and the method of data collection is a combination of documentary and survey methods. The nature of this research is based on new methods of foresight, analytical and exploratory science, which was conducted by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. First, 40 primary variables in 10 general categories were identified by the Delphi method from 15 experts and academics in green jobs. Then, the primary variables were defined in the framework of the cross-impact matrix in Micmac software. According to the opinions of the experts, the variables were scored based on their impact and influence with numbers ranging from 0 to 3 in the cross-impact matrix. Finally, the key factors and drivers affecting the future of green businesses in Birjand were extracted.

To achieve the green jobs that any country needs, it is necessary to consider different sources in addition to the environmental conditions and characteristics of the society. After library studies and a survey of academics familiar with green jobs and the green economy approach, using an open-ended questionnaire, the sectors and areas that influence the development and creation of green jobs were identified and their components and variables were extracted. For this purpose, 40 primary variables of the research were identified in ten main categories, and their impact and influence were calculated in Micmac software. According to the results of Micmac, based on the opinions of experts, the situation of green jobs in Birjand city is somewhat unstable and the current conditions governing the development and creation of green jobs will change in the near future.

The research results showed that such factors as green management, the establishment of laws and regulations, and reduction (minimum waste and pollution) were identified as some of the most critical and influential drivers in explaining the future prospects of sustainable green businesses in Birjand city. The driving forces indicate that the basis of change in the city is based on policies. Considering that the public sector is dominant in the city along with the weak role of the private sector, it is the entry point for policies and the starting point for the public sector’s transformation. Green management is a set of comprehensive, targeted and continuous studies and actions that are carried out at different levels of governmental and non-governmental organizations to improve and sustain the existing status of the organization to achieve green management and lead to the modification of the consumption pattern and reduction of waste production in the organization. Therefore, to sustain green businesses in Birjand, it is necessary for the managers of governmental and non-governmental organizations to take effective measures to modify the consumption pattern and reduce waste production, by establishing laws, regulations and by-laws from the national to local level, to promote the approach of modifying the consumption pattern and reducing waste production.

The primary objective of this research is to investigate the shift in naming patterns from religious (Arabic) to national (Iranian) names over the past three decades in Birjand. Various factors, including social, cultural, historical and political influences, as well as individuals’ awareness of the social-cultural function of names, are expected to significantly impact this tendency and influence the attitudes of parents and families. This study aims to explore the factors that have contributed to the preference for Iranian names for children in the last two decades, employing a social linguistics perspective within the specific context of Birjand. The research seeks to address the following research questions:What changes have occurred in the selection of names for girls and boys in families residing in Birjand over the past two decades? Which factors have played a significant role in shaping the attitudes of parents toward choosing Iranian names for their children in Birjand during the last two decades? The hypotheses of the current research are as follows:The selected names are changing, with a tendency towards national (Iranian) names over religious (Arabic) ones, and combined (national-religious) ones. Cultural, social, political and economic factors, as well as the level and type of education, social status, and the religious/non-religious background of the family are influential in changing attitudes. Extensive research has been conducted on the process of selecting names for newborns from the perspective of social linguistics in various countries, including Iran. These studies have provided interesting insights, examining aspects such as semantic meanings, religious and national identity, ethnicity, culture, and history. The present research focuses on the transformation of child naming from religious to national over the past three decades.

This research is a theoretical-documentary study. In the theoretical aspect, extensive studies were conducted in the field of social linguistics by searching scientific databases, digital libraries, and internet content and sources, yielding significant results. For the documentary aspect, data was collected from documents and registration books at the Civil Registration Organization of South Khorasan Province in Birjand city, specifically the names of individuals. The research data, including the names of girls and boys, were collected based on registered documents and records.The collected names were categorized as religious, national, and mixed (national and religious). The statistical population of this research includes all children’s names related to births from the beginning of 1991 to the end of 2020, registered in the Civil Registration Organization of Birjand city. The statistical sample under study includes the total number of names used in this period (including repeated names), which amounts to 171855 names of girls and boys.Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) with the help of SPSS software. Changes in naming in the studied community were addressed based on decades, followed by a comprehensive analysis of these three decades (the last 30 years). The analysis of names was based on three categories: religious names, national names, and mixed names (national-religious) registered in the Civil Registration Organization of Birjand.

The findings of the research include the names of boys and girls from the beginning of 1999 to the end of 2019 in Birjand city. The collected names were divided into three groups: national, religious and mixed (national-religious) names.

Based on the collected data and their analysis, it was concluded that the reason for choosing religious names in the sixties and seventies was the religious beliefs and sentiments in the families, as well as the spiritual-religious atmosphere prevailing in the first years of the Islamic Revolution and the ideals of this system. Parents chose religious names for their children based on the names of religious figures. In Birjand, due to reasons such as the religiosity of the families and the traditional lifestyle, most of the names were traditional-religious names in the first decades of the Islamic Revolution. Among the collected data, the presence of national-patriotic names was remarkably low and not much variety was observed. With the advancement of education level, socio-cultural, economic, political connections, etc., parents’ vision and attitude broadened, which led to a significant change in their attitude toward choosing names for their children. In the last two decades (the eighties and nineties in the Persian calander), especially in the nineties, they preferred national-patriotic names to religious names for their sons and daughters. The transformation, progress and expansion in the field of media and technology that is evident all over the world had a tremendous impact on this matter in Birjand city, which can be dramatically felt. As a result of these developments and extensive transformation and increasing the level of awareness of families in all cultural-social fields, the choice and use of national (Iranian) names increased significantly in the last two decades, especially in the nineties. Religious names showed a significant decline, however.

The family is the most important social unit that has many effects on the health of the society and the continuity of childbearing. The first pillar of family formation is marriage and the most vulnerable issue for both the family and the society is divorce. Considering the importance of this topic, the current research was conducted with the aim of studying the social, cultural and economic causes affecting divorce among the experts, the most effective and the most informed of the tasmim system in the city of Birjand in the year 1400. This research is of an applied type and based on the type The approach has a qualitative approach.The studied community is a range of experts, professors and psychologists, judges and other people involved in the issue of divorce, who were investigated in the form of a targeted sampling of 19 people by the in-depth interview method and data analysis was also done with the help of MAXDA software. And it was done based on three methods of free, central and selective coding proposed in the grounded theory method. Finally, 26 main categories have been found according to the subject including social and cultural causes in the field of divorce, which according to regional, cultural conditions and religion of South Khorasan province, some of the most discussed causes of divorce among the sample population include addiction, infidelity, economic issues such as financial problems, forced and imposed marriages, adherence to the traditional culture of marriage and divorce,

The study of architectural works, especially houses, shows that in the past, some principles have been emphasized by its builders, which have been originated from lifestyle and climate in various geographical areas and times. Birjand in the transition era, under the influence of various internal and external factors, had a special potential for cultural and political changes and developments and, consequently, architecture. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze and interpret the effect of lifestyle changes in the transition era (late Qajar and the first Pahlavi era) on the architecture of houses in the city of Birjand. Accordingly, researchers seek to answer the question: How the evolution of people's lifestyle have affected the physical components of the architecture and climate of Birjand houses? Using a positivist approach, the research applies historical and Interpretive-analytical methods to achieve the goal. Data collection was carried out by documentary and field procedures. Therefore, all nationally- registered houses belonged the era selected as the population. Findings indicate that Birjand, along with other Iranian big cities has been affected by lifestyle changes during this era. Being far from cities including Tehran, Mashhad etc., has not protected Birjand against social changes and they have reflected in physical and climatic components and elements during the transition era.

In today's societies due to the spread of information technology, the difference between the experiences of the current generation and the previous generation, we see the emergence of new lifestyles in society that can lead to social harm due to non-compliance with Islamic values ​​and norms of Iranian society. Modern was one of the second-year female students in Birjand with a view to social harms.It was done using the survey method and a questionnaire. The research population consists of 16-18 year old female students in Birjand in the academic year 1399. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula, 360 people and stratified and cluster sampling methods were selected. Data were collected through researcher-made questionnaires of modern lifestyle and standard orientation to structured social harms of Timur Tash.To analyze the research data, correlation coefficient tests with spss24 software and confirmatory factor analysis with Amos25 software were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method, based on which the coefficient of research variables and its dimensions was more than 0.7. The inferential statistics of the relationship between the research variables were measured and the relationship of all variables was confirmed. That is, the results of Pearson correlation and structural equations showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between modern-lifestyle and attitudes toward social harms.The results showed that one of the main components that increase social harms in society is the modern-lifestyle adopted by adolescents and young people and the results of the present study support the relationship between these two variables; In other words, the more girls tend to adopt a modern lifestyle, the more likely they are to develop harmful behaviors. Using Amos25 software and drawing the model, the amount of dependent variable changes was explained by independent variables.

The quality of the physical components that make up urban spaces and their relationship with the feeling of security, provides vitality in urban spaces. This article aims to identify the physical components in the quality of feeling safe in Moallem and Pasdaran streets of Birjand city. Physical indicators of optimal urban space that affect the sense of security of citizens, according to the model of sustainable space, including performance (access and space connections, access to public transport, land use mixing, road network quality, sidewalk safety for groups Specific, nightlife and quality of building structure), experimental_ cognitive_ aesthetics (readability, quality, and quantity of urban furniture, appropriate space lighting, environmental pollution, scale and confinement of space, visual permeability, quality of space painting, the hierarchy of open spaces, observance The hierarchy between public and private spaces is the visual order in the facade of buildings and property) and the environment (vegetation, the sound of people asking for help). the extracted indicators were evaluated through a questionnaire. 120 questionnaires were provided to space users and the results were analyzed using SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. The findings showed that the intensity of the impact of public transportation access indicators, nightlife, land use mixing, adequate space lighting, environmental pollution and space accesses and connections in Moallem Street and quality network indicators of passages, building structure quality, permeability Visual, legibility and environmental pollution in Pasdaran alleys are more important for space users in terms of security. One of the effective measures to increase the sense of security and dynamism of Pasdaran Street is to use the potential of Vahdat Park and Quds Square to establish round-the-clock activities in their area.

Today, the consumption of clothing has lost some of its main function and has become a field for expressing identity and responding to the social needs of human beings, beyond meeting and meeting real needs.The purpose of this study is to explain the sociology of theatrical use of clothing in the city of Birjand and to try to examine the impact of human agency and structural factors in the formation of this phenomenon. Since the researcher intends to study a social reality from the outside by focusing on variables, the appropriate approach is a quantitative one therefore; the necessary data to test the research hypotheses have been collected by survey method and through a questionnaire. Based on this, the researcher has selected 383 residents of Birjand city using Cochran sampling formula by multi-stage cluster sampling method.Formal validity was calculated through judges' judgment, weight index of variables by factor analysis test, and instrument reliability by Cronbach's alpha test.The results of this study showed that the variables of conformity, differentiation, show-off, self-expression opportunities, social limitations and consumption habits had a significant effect on the dramatic consumption of clothing. Of course, access to resources did not have a significant effect on this variable. In addition, there was no significant difference between men and women in terms of dramatic consumption of clothing.The findings of this study are consistent with much of the theoretical discussion presented by theorists such as Simmel, Veblen, and Bourdieu about dramatic consumptions and their identity function.

One of the factors that has a significant impact on occurrence of crimes is the high crime-potential places where criminals prefer for their criminal activities. Distressed and old urban areas provide higher opportunities for crime since their physical and structural limitations and problems limit police’s official access and control. The goal of this research is to investigate disciplinary crime prevention management activities on crime reduction in urban distressed and old areas.

This research uses a descriptive-analytic method. Using purposive sampling method, a survey was conducted among a sample of 58 police and urban experts and managers in Birjand. Validity of the survey was obtained by expert opinions and Cronbach’s Alpha was used for reliability. SPSS Version 22 was used for descriptive analyses and statistical tests.

Results indicate that disciplinary crime prevention management has a significant impact on crime reduction in the distressed and old areas of Birjand. Situational prevention, social prevention, police patrols, and clearing the crime hotspots are factors that are effective on crime reduction in the distressed urban areas of Birjand.

Proper implementation of disciplinary crime prevention management can be effective in reducing crime in distressed and old urban areas.

The Red Lion and Sun Society of Iran is one of the first charities in Iran, the first attempts to form it date back to the Qajar period. This Society works in various service, medical, educational, social, and cultural sectors inside and outside the country to alleviate human suffering, establish lasting peace, and protect human health without considering any discrimination between them. The present article tries to explain the actions and activities of the Red Lion and Sun Society of Iran, its actions and activities in Khorasan by adopting a documentary study approach. The present study's findings indicate that the lion and sun Society has been active in supporting the poor, providing relief to survivors of natural disasters, fighting diseases, caring for and educating orphans, establishing nurseries and public clinics, and providing free medical services.

Traditional footwear, during the time, are always effected by some factors such as weather and climate of each region, traditions, customs, life style and occupations, has appeared in different types. Concinnity, variety in form, color and material, and appropriateness of these three factors with climate conditions and culture, and also use of natural and native materials, are some of prominent properties of these footwear. Birjand County, which is located in the shout of Khorasan province, is one of the areas that its footwear products had a lot of fame in the region and also in the country in the past. A native Art-Industry which today, except its fame and a few old masters, anything is remained from that. While, in addition to its historical and cultural importance, profession of traditional shoemaking as a domestic Art-Industry, can has special importance from economical and employment aspects, for some reasons such as utilization of native knowledge and workforces, and also usage of native materials. Therefore, the main objective of this essay is include recognizing and introducing of Art-Industry of traditional shoemaking in Birjand, scrutiny of its products, manufacture methods and used materials. It is obvious that the first step for preserving and reviving of this domestic profession is its recognition and introduction, which provided a context to convert the traditional footwear into a practical product for today's customers, with eliminating its defects and optimization.

Today, the importance of feeling safe in the development of human societies is such that it is necessary to have a healthy society. The analysis of factors affecting the sense of security of citizens in the city of Birjand is the subject of this analysis, which has been conducted with the aim of measuring the sense of security (life, economic, cultural, judicial, social, political) of Birjand citizens. The main question is why the sense of security has decreased in Birjand? The theoretical framework of this study is based on the "security theory" of "Bozan and Weaver", the "broken windows" of "Kling and Wilson" and the "hierarchy of needs" of "Maslow". Research method, survey; the statistical population includes all citizens aged 15 to 65 years living in Birjand. Using the "Cochran" formula, 384 people have a specific sample size and have been sampled in a multi-stage and systematic classification method. The findings of the study indicate that 54.9% of Birjandi citizens do not feel safe. The findings also show that there is a direct and significant relationship between the variable of education and the feeling of security; that is, there is a negative and inverse relationship between the feeling of security and the variables of informal settlement and the sense of being borderline. On the other hand, there is no significant relationship between people's opinion of security governance institutions and the feeling of security. In addition, the test results of the model in multivariate regression analysis show that the independent variables and the selected contexts in this study, in total, examine 31% of the changes in the dependent variable, ie the feeling of security .

Incorporating social health into the organization generates additional energy beyond the job duties through voluntary activities, which shapes organizational citizenship behavior. The purpose of this article is to identify the relationship between social health and organizational behavioral components of elementary school teachers in Birjand. Theoretical foundations are formed by emphasizing the theory of Keyes (social health) and the theory of Bateman and Ergan (organizational citizenship behavior). The methodology of this research was descriptive correlational survey, the study population of Birjand teachers in the academic year 2017-2018 equals 1150 students. Using Cochran sample size of 285 people by cluster random sampling of respondents was collected based on standardized interview questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha for social health items was equal to (75.4) and organizational citizenship behaviors were equal (78.6). AMOS, PLS and SPSS softwares were used for data analysis. The results show that among the independent variables (social health) of social cohesion social acceptance, social contribution also had the highest average among the dependent variables (organizational citizenship behavior) on respect & honor, altruism and magnanimity. Most of the participants in this study, 155 (54.4%) were women. The results indicate that at the 0.05 level of social health has the most influence on the components of magnanimity behavior (0.74), Also, the lowest intensity of the effect of social health on participatory behavior was observed (0.47). Hypotheses test show that social health affects the components of organizational citizenship behavior such as: magnanimity (0.74) deontology (0.70) respect & honor (0.66) altruism (0.60) and participation (47.47). 0) has had a significant and direct impact, also, all the parameters of the measurement model and the corresponding paths of the hypotheses are confirmed.

Due to the importance of the relation between religion and politics in the history of Iran and the effective role of scholars in political issues especially social and political movements, in this study we try to analyze Sheikh Mohammad Baqer Ayati’s political role in Qaenat region. We have implemented the descriptive-analytical method based on the available documents. The results show that Sheikh Mohammad Baqer had a major role in different political issues. He would disagree with other dissident scholars on the Constitutional Revolution of Iran and this view led to a conflict between him and his contemporary religious scholars. He had expressed his views on some issues such as Mohammad Esmail Shokat al-Molk’s endowment agreement that brought about security in the area and decreased competitions in Alam dynasty in the region.

Russia and English competition in Asia was moderated by the 1907 agreement and Iran was divided into two areas of influence and an impartial area. Russians left Sistan region to rival; however, there were thresta in the impartial area and Qayenat was on the easternmost of impartial area. Although research has been done on the Russian-British relation in Iran and the 1907 agreement, its impact and consequences for the impartial area such as Qayenat have not been addressed. Therefore, this article addressed the consequences of this agreement for Qayenat and Birjand during the period of Cherkasov, Russian consul. This paper tried to answer research questions about the consequences of the 1907 contract in Qayenat and Birjand and the performance of Baron Cherkasov through a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the study indicated that the Russians focused on Qayenat instead of Sistan after the contract of 1907. Cherkasov resided most of his mission in Birjand and tried to transfer the consulate there. He was involved in the conflict between Heshmat al Mulk II and Showkat al-Mulk II actively. Although during his period the medical activities of the Russians were reduced, the bank of Esteghrazi Rus was transferred from Sistan to Birjand. Cherkasov, with the support of Showkat al Mulk II’s opponents, such as Nahkai Khans tried to find new allies in the region, although he was unsuccessful.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of marketing process based on the 4P model in university libraries of Birjand city. This research is a descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this study was 50 people by the end of January, 2017. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire whose reliability coefficient was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha formula 0.916. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 24 on two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, abundance, frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used in the form of tables. At the level of inferential statistics, one-sample t-test, independent t-test, one way analysis of variance and T2 hoteling were used. Data analysis has been performed at 95% confidence level. The results showed that the average of marketing components based on Four P model in university libraries of Birjand is more than average and is in the optimal level, so that the location component with an average of 4.10, ad component with 3.79 mean, component prices with a mean of 3.77 and a component of the product with an average of 3.76, respectively, have priority from first to fourth. According to the findings, demographic variables (sex, education, place of service) have no significant difference with any of the components of the marketing process, but the age variable shows only a significant difference in the price component and the ad. The results of this research can greatly enhance the improvement of the marketing process in academic libraries and help managers make better decisions about libraries in the electronic age.