جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Gender equality » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship between changes in the attitude towards maternal identity and women's fertility can be helpful in understanding the change of fertility in Iran. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the attitude towards maternal identity and the number of intended fertility of married women aged 18-44 in the urban areas of Kashan city and with a quantitative approach and a descriptive-correlational nature. In this regard, a sample of 385 women with at least one child (with motherhood experience) referring to the health service centers of urban areas of Kashan were selected and investigated by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The validity of the research items was obtained through formal and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the conceptual variables of the research was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research show that the average of intended fertility is 2.2 in the women of the study. The score of the attitude towards maternal identity of the study women is higher than the expected average. This issue indicates the existence of a desire and a pleasant feeling towards the motherhood identity, in other words, it shows the priority and importance of the role of a motherhood compared to other roles of the women in the study. The results of multivariate analysis show that by controlling all the variables, the variable of attitude towards maternal identity positively and attitude towards gender equality and education have a negative effect on women's intention fertility. The lower the score of the attitude towards maternal identity (importance and priority of the mother's role) and the higher the score of the attitude towards gender equality, the less the number of intended fertility. Also, women with university education have less intend fertility. On the other hand, the findings indicate a statistically significant and effect relationship of gender equality variables and education on the attitude towards maternal identity of the studied women. According to the results of the research path analysis model, it can be said that the attitude towards maternal identity is related to the number of children intended by women in two direct ways and also as a mediator of the effect of gender equality variables and education. Therefore, according to the changes that are taking place in the mentioned components, it is suggested that the policy makers consider the expansion of facilities and support programs that lead to the reduction of the conflict between the components of empowerment and independence of women with maternal identity in the new demographic policies. Facilitation and support programs in the field of maternal identity are a way of valuing the authentic cultural foundation of Iranian society in this relation.

One of the important issues in contemporary society is women’s rights and establishing equality between human beings. Like men, women desire to be benefited from their rights. Parts of human rights are stipulated in Quran. Arabic language and language of Quran are gender sensitive languages and masculine conjugation is dominant in words and lexicon because in Arabic literature, masculine and feminine encompass all over the universe ranging from the Highest of the existence that is God to the lowest of them like the solid bodies, plants and animals etc. In this research, the Islamic scholars thought were reviewed in relation to word and meaning in the Quranic text. They believe that there is a distance between word and meaning, and meaning has priority over structure and form and it is prevalent. The research result showed. and the elements of language are inherently unrelated to gender and cannot be marked with male and female or masculine and feminine characteristic.  Therefore, the gendered nature of Arabic has not overshadowed Quranic teachings, and gender in the surface of the vocabulary and word in the text, by no means were meant by the owner of the revelation and Quran has an equal interaction with both genders. Then, using descriptive-analytical research method, the attempt is made to discuss human rights with gendered approach in four domains of life cycle, belief identity, need for security and adornment, so that the we could examine gender equality in Quran between two genders.

The emergence of feminism, movement of women and consequently, ever-increasing presence of women in the society, and social evolutions, as well as egalitarianism and development of egalitarian values, especially among women, have significantly increased to the point that women want to play a more prominent role in various facets of the society today. Gender equality has been described as equal rights and responsibilities for men and women and equality in all opportunities in the society. Gender equality and the sense of equality can boost the motivation for community activities and efforts, especially among women, besides being a milestone for the presence of women in different social, political, and cultural fields. Additionally, women’s positive perspective toward gender equality in the public and private spheres of their lives enhances social livelihood, feeling of being seen, and lack of social discrimination among women, thus laying the ground for their activities in social, cultural, and economic levels in the society. It appears that an increase in the levels of social awareness and education can play a significant role in forming egalitarian beliefs and views among women. Therefore, with the assumption that this is the case, in this research, we attempted to analyze the egalitarian viewpoint and some of the factors affecting it among female university students. This study aimed to answer the following questions: Do female university students’ levels of education and ages affect their egalitarian views? Considering the effect of socialization along with social beliefs and values, do the girls have some views on matters, such as marriage and relationship with boys, as well as individualistic views associated with their egalitarian views?

This research was based on qualitative methodology. It was an applied survey. The questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Hence, the data in this analysis was the result of a cross-sectional survey. that They were gathered through a structured questionnaire conducted in 2019. The statistical population consisted of the female university students of faculties of Technical and Engineering, Humanities, Basic Sciences, Art, Foreign Languages, and Physical Education. They were studying as undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. students at Tehran University in 2019. The sample size was estimated to be 379 by using Cochran formula. Upon predicting the possibility that not all the questionnaires would be filled out and there would be a drop in the number of the students, the sample size was risen up to 400 people. To determine the essential samples, we applied stratified relative sampling and simple random sampling in this research.To analyze the research data, we utilized SPSS, as well as multivariate and bivariate tests. To examine and test the research hypotheses, we first conducted a bivariate analysis and then a multivariate analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the bivariate correlation between the dependent variable, which was an interval (the female university students’ egalitarian views, and the independent variables of age, education, individualism, view toward relationships between girls and boys, and interest in marriage at an interval scale. Furthermore, as both the dependent and independent variables were interval, a multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to have a multivariate assessment between the dependent and independent variables.

The research results revealed that age and education had a significant correlation with the female university students’ egalitarian views. This meant that egalitarian views among the female university students increased with age and education. Additionally, the findings indicated that there was a significant correlation of the girls and boys with egalitarian views. The correlation of individualism and interest in marriage with egalitarian views was significant too. According to the findings, individualism had an inverse correlation with egalitarian views, namely positive egalitarian views increased as individualism declined among the students. Moreover, the results demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between interest in marriage and egalitarian views among the girls, i.e., egalitarian views increased as interest in marriage rose up.Due to this different finding, the inverse correlation between individualism and egalitarian views requires more investigation and a qualitative research is recommended for achieving a more precise analysis. Nonetheless, in the evolving community of Iran, it appears that women and girls’ demands for gender equality have increased due to changes in the society. They want a more prominent share of the society in different social, economic, and political fields. Despite socialization, i.e., the theory of gender socialization, and internalization of values and norms, girls still hold values for marriage and are interested in starting a family. The changes in the values and modern beliefs among girls are significant and have revealed not only individualistic values and positive views on the relationship between girls and boys, but also women’s views on gender equality. Furthermore, they have been manifested under the influence of social context and values in the society.

In the practice of international institutions, gender mainstreaming is the main strategy for promoting gender equality and the teachings of feminism as its theoretical underpinning. Given the practical experience of more than two decades, today its practical fruit in some areas has not been evaluated in favor of women. Due to the development of the concept of gender in the international arena, gender mainstreaming, beyond combating discrimination against women, seeks to identify and realize the rights of homosexuals, which has been criticized by many governments and experts. In addition, the indecisiveness of the definition of this term and also ignoring the identity of women and the real needs and necessities of their lives in the field of community and family while implementing it are among the serious criticisms of this strategy. The view of the gender mainstreaming is a society in which women and men have equal rights and opportunities in all individual, family and social affairs, unaware that in some matters related to women's temperaments and specific tendencies and tendencies that confirm the role of motherhood, women should be looked at differently. Lack of cultural-indigenous perspective, and only with an extreme individualistic approach, the current seeks to realize women's rights by denying the family and family plans such as motherhood and marriage, an achievement that is rejected and unpleasant by many women in different parts of the world.

The most important characteristic of any culture is its acquisition and the notion of the interactions of society members in its production and reproduction. Sometimes these interactions can be formed to fight corruption, and sometimes to accept corrupt behaviors and ignoring them; a matter that shall cause the stigma of corruption will be disappeared and institutionalized in the society that is known as the culture of corruption. The purpose of this research was to determine the level of the culture of corruption among the people of Najaf Abad city, Isfahan, and also to explain the reason for its formation. This research was carried out quantitatively via survey method using a researcher-made questionnaire approach. A multi-stage random sampling scheme was used in this study with a sample size of 370 people. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS and Smart PLS software. The statistical analysis showed that the three components of the disappearance of the stigma of corruption, the unwillingness to disclose corruption and the acceptance of corruption as the norm, constitute the different aspects of the culture of corruption. Hypotheses tests also showed that the independent variables of collectivism, citizenship culture, disclosure culture, and gender equality had a negative effect on people’s desire for corruption culture, and they explained a total of 45.2% of the variance of corruption culture. The increasing trend of corruption in Iran and its negative consequences create the concern that ugliness of corrupt practices will disappear and therefore, corruption will become a cultural feature as they become normalized and accepted. According to the findings of this study, by raising the spirit of collectivism and reducing self-centered tendencies among people, it is possible to familiarize them with the duties and responsibilities of citizenship, fight against gender inequalities, support whistleblowers of corruption, and also encourage them to prevent the formation of a culture of corruption.

Qualitative content analysis of parliament acts with a focus on women Elham Sharifi , Soroush Fathi , Mohammad Ali Mohammadi Gharehghani , Khadijeh Safiri AbstractThe quality of life of different social groups is a function of the laws and policies of society. How governments address issues related to women is one of the most important factors influencing women's living conditions and quality of life. The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the approvals of the Iranian government board from 1997 to 2017 in the field of women's issues.The method used in this study was qualitative content analysis. The mentioned approvals were analyzed and reviewed in MAXQDA2020 software in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. In order to validate the data, review of studies and the techniques of obtaining parallel information and trinity, data analysis were used and, Kappa agreement coefficient was used to obtain reliability, which was confirmed with a reliability of 0.68. Results After analyzing the data,Four main themes were extracted: inequality in divorce-related rights, supporting the charter of women's rights, gender equality in the privileges of certain groups, and the reinforcement of traditional roles of women. The extracted model shows that the acts emphasize strengthening of traditional roles of women.Keywords: parliament acts, women, gender justice, gender equality.

Women’s employment, its possibility or subordination, has been a serious and questionable issue for women within the discourse of the revolution as well as for its external critics after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. This paper, with a central focus on   Ayatollah Khamenei's books, positions, and speeches, aims at enumerating the discourse nuclei for permissibility or impermissibility of women’s employment  as well as its perceived limits. As far as women’s employment is concerned, Islamic Revolution discourse from Ayatollah Khamenei's standpoint, specifically its framework, is in some ways in line with modern discourse; however, it is in some other ways different from or even in some aspects in sharp contrast with the latter. Accordingly, Islamic revolution discourse paves the way for a quite different life style. This study— theoretically on the basis of Ayatollah Khamenei's third model of womanhood and methodologically using the discourse analysis approach of Laclau and Moff (2001) and library data collection — introduces the relevant discourse nuclei .The results indicate that in Ayatollah Khamenei's view, women's employment and social action are not only irreprehensible but also necessary for the development of the Islamic society. Five major reidentified nuclei in this regard  show his concern for the simultaneous development of women at the individual, family, and social levels. These discourse nuclei are as follows: employment as an example of human rights, agreement as well as the need for women's employment without any harm to their health and dignity, maintaining the proper spiritual status of women in employment including their chastity and dignity, balance of family roles including spousehood, motherhood, child -rearing, their social imaginary , and finally  avoiding any kind of mixing and masculinity in women's employment.The enumerated discourse reflects the lack of the originality of the modern logic and its being merely individualistic and believing in gender equality, i.e., absolute similarity of men and women in the field of employment, which form the basis of feminist and Western views.

The quality of life of different social groups is a function of the laws and policies of society. How governments address issues related to women is one of the most important factors influencing womenchr('39')s living conditions and quality of life. The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the approvals of the Iranian government board from 1997 to 2017 in the field of womenchr('39')s issues.

The method used in this study was qualitative content analysis. The mentioned approvals were analyzed and reviewed in MAXQDA2020 software in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. In order to validate the data, review of studies and the techniques of obtaining parallel information and trinity, data analysis were used and, Kappa agreement coefficient was used to obtain reliability, which was confirmed with a reliability of 0.68.

After analyzing the data, three main themes and seven main categories were identified; Strengthening the traditional roles of working women (reducing working hours in order to support the traditional role of women, legal guarantee of reducing womenchr('39')s working hours), gender justice in Iranian womenchr('39')s rights (gender justice in supporting women with guardianship problems, supporting womenchr('39')s role in development, gender justice in the pattern of marriage and divorce of Iranian women), unequal rights of women (unequal citizenship rights of women, unpaid leave with the aim of citizenship of the spouse).

In Iran, the comprehensive view of women and the family as a comprehensive program is lacking. Empowerment of women precedes the creation of equal opportunities, and empowerment programs for women will be made possible with their maximum participation. It is also important to strengthen cultural beliefs and train organizational managers to facilitate and lead society toward gender justice.

The changes in the status of women are related to subjectivity and women's self-consciousness. Women in today's society have the opportunity to selectively pursue a wide range of leading opportunities and pursue their desire to effectively observe the family-social atmosphere, and provide more choices for themselves and highlight their distinction. This research has been conducted to explore the gendered world of actors and their interpretation of their gender and gender perspective. The findings also reveal how the diversity of women's self-awareness reveals how diverse their perceptions and images of gender are. The approach of this research is phenomenological and is carried out qualitatively. The data collection tool is a semi-structured dialogue with 22 girls in Tehran who have at least one term of university education. Analysis of data was done by Colaizzi method. The three approaches of nature, compilation and gender equality are the main themes derived from this study.

Several factors have been taken into consideration in the eradication of corruption, but a more limited study has been done on the adult literacy factor. The purpose of this study is to study the positive role of adult literacy factors and intermediate mechanisms in reducing corruption. The study was conducted using international data. The period from 1970 to 2009 was  the independent variable and its relationship with perception of corruption in the period 2012 to 2018 has been studied among 180 countries.
Findings show that there is a positive relationship between education indicators and perceptions of corruption. In addition to the direct effect of adult literacy, the indirect effect of this variable through educational coverage (as an indicator of educational justice), the pupil-teacher ratio (as a symbol of democracy in the classroom), and the ratio of female students to total students (As a symbol of gender equality) was confirmed.

In the history of Christianity, women have been an essential element in the development of churches and, just like figures in the Old Testament such as Deborah and Esther, in the New Testament, women have played a significant role in the spread of Christianity, and scholars have spoken of the sensitive role of capable and courageous women, but history, as always, has failed to represent their role. The Question here is how the Protestant reformers looked at on the issue of women and family. The fact is, however, that religious reformers have made many changes in the Christian intellectual system, and although some of their ideas on the interpretation of the Bible, as well as the priesthood of all believers and the spiritual freedom of believers are direct and indirect. It changed the issue of women and family, but they lacked projects in this area like other fields such as attitudes toward other religions and religious tolerance and human freedoms, and all their intellectual changes were within the traditional paradigm of the Middle Ages, not as expected. And so in matters such as full human equality, inferiority and dependence, and obedience to man, a long way remains.

Changes in people's values and attitudes can lead to behavioral changes. Similarly, a change in the value of a marriage can lead to a refusal to marry. The main question of this research is: what are the effects of individualism and gender equality on the value of marriage? Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the contribution of individualism and gender equality on the value of marriage of unmarried in Tehran. The data of the study are the result of a survey that was collected in the fall of 1397 using a questionnaire made from 600 unmarried girls. The findings of the study indicate a significant effect of individualism and gender equality on the value of girls' marriage. Direction of this relationship was inverse, so that with increasing individualism and gender equality, we see that girls value marriage less. In addition, the relationship between respondents' personal characteristics and the value of marriage was examined. The relationship between girls' age and the value of marriage was direct. The variables of education level, income level and use of social networks were inversely related to marriage value. In a way, girls who had higher education and higher income and used social networks such as Telegram,

The purpose of this research has been recognizing the ethical orientation which emphasized in the best seller movies of 1380 and 1390 decades by recognition of their main subjects and analyzing the emphasized values and ethics concerning their sociocultural and political backgrounds and context of their making time. We wanted to know how the under study movies represent the everyday life, which aspects they emphasizes on, which messages they intend to transfer and which ethical values and norms they advertise.We analyzed the text conversation on the basis of the oral data analyses methods and qualitative content analyses and selected four movies of each decades according to locating in the social gunre, being best seller and received the most social criticisms. The theoretical framework has been formulated with due aƩention to Bandura theory, representation theory and reflection theory. According to our findings in the first period movies (1380-1384) which is related to reformist government largely paid aƩention to the current gender differentiations and the existing norms and values and also have been criticized and emphasized on the necessity of establishing gender equality and the redefinition of gender ethics and women’s social and occupational abiliƟes has been emphasized as well. In the second period movies which relates to the fundamentalist government mostly paid aƩention to the religious values and narrations. In this period movies although the religious values and ethics are prior to others but somehow and at the margins the gender norms and values are considered too.

The purpose of this article is to study the process of changing values ​​and attitudes in the field of gender equality and family based on the data collected by the Iranian survey values. The method of study is secondary analysis. The basis for further analysis is based on the findings of the second and third wave. The second wave data in the year 82 indicates the modern and individualist tendency of women to re-interpret the family and the concept of gender. These findings indicate that in the Iranian society, a serious transformation is taking place in the context of changing gender values ​​and attitudes. The findings of the third wave, however, continue to indicate more women's tendency towards men in terms of modern values ​​in society. However, it shows a kind of backwardness in the tendencies of the whole society as well as in women in moving toward some gender-based attitudes towards the age of 82. This suggests that by overcoming the values ​​of survival in society, tendency toward traditional values ​​has increased in a longitudinal trend.

  Due to the fact that gender is important as the most basic pillar of individuals’ identities in all social relations, it is helpful to identify current deficiencies in policymaking.

The method used is qualitative content analysis in the gender analysis approach. To this end, the documents and approvals of the main women policies and social security policies became qualitative content analysis.

The results show that there are various discourses in social security policies in Iran but the dominant discourse in women related policies is the subordinate citizenship (male breadwinner/female homemaker model). This model, while strengthening the supportive approach of the social security system and increasing its costs, is not commensurate with the demands and developments of society. Although the policymaker has considered The Universal Breadwinner Model in the main laws, it contains a small proportion of women’s participation. The policymaker has considered The Caregiver Parity Model in two current decades, but have had some problems in implementation. The Universal Caregiver Model has remained at the recommendation level and few policies such as paternity leave has been considered since five years ago by the policymaker, but this policy, has been aimed more at encouraging child-rearing. Despite the similarity-based approach of specific social security laws, macro gender policies have had a greater impact on social security policies.

Formulation of policies based on the context and developments of society and consensus in the gender approach governing the policy-making environment, can resolve the existing contradictions in social security policy-making.

Inequality, power relations, capital and gender structures are some of the important impediments women’s sports face. As a result, this latter has in recent decades attracted the attention of interdisciplinary studies and feminist theories, which despite their numerous differences, suggest similar solutions. The gap between theoretical foundations of these approaches and complexities of women’s objective conditions has caused important challenges especially in countries such as Iran, where the application of suggested strategies has been challenged by structural impediments. Employing qualitative methods and document research, this paper offers a critical analysis of some of the most important theories of gender equality on sports and the challenges ahead. The analysis shows that in order to overcome impediments and reach equality, a meticulous knowledge is needed not only of theoretical foundations of suggested strategies but also of the respective social context. Only with such knowledge could one expect policies to correspond to objective social conditions and avoid implementing contradictory strategies that reinforce inequality and gender discrimination.

The present study seeks to study the factors affecting the institutional trust of women in Iran and Turkey. The study method in this work is of secondary analysis type. In the present study, the data used to test the research hypotheses from the global data survey set of values ​​(wvs) of the survey wave from 2005 to 2008 have been used. The results of multivariate regression analysis show that among the six variables introduced in the regression model, the effects of the three variables of belief in gender equality, education and sense of life satisfaction on institutional trust were statistically significant. At the same time, the variable of education with a coefficient of effect of 0.13 shows that with the increase of women's education, the level of institutional trust in them has also increased. Also, the results of multivariate regression analysis in Iran show that among the six variables included in the regression model, the effects of four variables of belief in gender equality, education, age and sense of life satisfaction on institutional trust were statistically significant. Comparing the standard beta regression coefficients, the education variable with a coefficient of effect of 0.31 indicates that with the increase in women's education, the level of institutional trust has also increased. The similarity in the obtained results indicates that there are many cultural commonalities in the level of institutional trust between women in Iran and Turkey.

Abortion as a socio-medical issue has increased in recent years. The present article examines the factors and determinants of students' attitudes toward abortion. The study method is quantitative-survey with a sample size of 384 students of the University of Tehran. The results showed that positive attitudes toward abortion were higher among women than men, unmarried people more than married people, Persians more than Baluchis and Turkmen, and youth under 25 years old. In addition, the results of multivariate analysis showed that the variables of involvement in leisure activities, positive attitudes toward extramarital affairs, and gender equality have an increasing effect and in contrast, the variables of religiosity and child value have a decreasing effect on attitudes toward abortion. In total, these variables accounted for about 46% of the variance in attitudes toward abortion. Therefore, value and cultural changes in Iranian society, especially among young people, have changed attitudes toward abortion.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tendency toward fertility and its social and cultural factors. Fertility and tendency to it are a multifaceted variable that is studied in various sciences. In this research, sociological dimension has been addressed. The dependent variable is a tendency to fertility and independent variables are divided into two parts: social variables (womenchr('39')s education and employment) and cultural variables (gender preference and gender equality). The statistical population of married women aged 20-44 is Tehran. The sample size is 384. The research method is scrolling.In the theoretical framework, the modernization theory, the McDonaldchr('39')s gender equality and the cultural rationality, and cultural evolution and cultural environment   have been used. And data analysis is done using spss software. Spearman correlation and regression and path analysis were used. The results showed that there is a significant statistical relationship between social variables such as education and employment of women and cultural variables such as gender equality and gender preferences and fertility tendency, and in the results Regression showed that education was 15.3%, and female employment was 12.8 and gender preference was 11.5 of changes in fertility tendency.  

The historic revival of the political Islam late 1970s and the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran as an unprecedented form of government has attracted many international scholars for four decades. From the very beginning of this socio-political transition in Iran, the status of women and their rights and empowerment have been of high priority under an Islamic government. The Islamic Republic has become an enabling force to bring an exceptional opportunity for Iranian women to acknowledge their position in individual and social capacities. Simultaneously, the definition of womanhood and women’s social mission and role taking has changed a lot based on new Islamic cultural values and laws in the Islamic Republic. In parallel, some new and different interpretations came to surface in particular during Mohammad Khatami’s presidency and under the title of dynamic jurisprudence was giving way to Islamic feminism. Islamic feminists claim to re-interpret Quran and the Prophet’s Sunnah in terms of modern gender equality and women’s socio-political participation. However, “Islamic” and “feminism” sounds paradoxical to many critics, “Islamic feminism” is a named phenomenon and a theorized body of knowledge that got its climax in 1990s as it sounds to remain significant in the 21st century. The present study is an attempt to seize the focal discursive nodes of Islamic feminism regarding both academic and journalistic literature with acknowledging the fact that many of the current Islamic feminists are not even located in Iran as they produce and publish such knowledge in European and American universities. The present study, thus, addresses various academic and journalistic publications to unveil the focal nodes that constructs the discourse of Islamic feminism in Iran. It has covered a vast literature including 40 articles, book chapters and books in the Islamic feminism genre to unveil its discursive construction in Iran. It employs Laclau and Mouffe’s approach to critical discourse analysis: it finds the most frequent concepts that imply the re-reading of Islam in terms of gender equality and women’s rights and empowerment. The study indicates that Islamic feminism that has developed in response to the political Islam discursively focuses on four major themes, including a) criticizing the Islamic Republic for reductionism in women’s identity into the domestic and communal roles, b) emphasis on human dignity to achieve the legal equality, c) demand on halting gender-based discriminatory legislature, and finally, d) fostering women’s participation in civil society. To provide a compatible version of Islam with women’s modern needs and wishes is a dilemma with which many Muslim scholars and activists are faced. Islamic feminists in Iran challenge the pervasive narrative of womanhood post Revolution since they believe it has undermined women’s position as individuals and reinforced men’s power and control over women. Studies such as the present one paves the way for a vigorous dialogue between Islam and modernity in the field of gender. It draws the complex status of modern Muslim women in border thinking between Islam and modernity.