جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ساری » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Attention to the physical development of the city is a basic necessity in urban development programs. In Iran, the rapid physical expansion of cities in the form of unplanned and uneven growth for various reasons, including uncontrolled migration, is one of the main problems of cities, which is a phenomenon called superficial scattering of growth results of this species. The scattering of urban areas and its numerous economic and environmental effects have led urban experts to explore strategies to address this. One of these strategies is smart growth theory. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the indicators of smart urban growth in Sari urban areas. The present research is applied in terms of purpose. The research method is descriptive-analytical due to the nature of the problem under study. In order to analyze the data, in addition to citing documentary and library studies, statistical analysis have been used. Finally, the ranking of each area of Sari in terms of smart growth has been evaluated using the WASPAS model. . The results showed that there is inequality between regions in terms of smart growth indicators. In fact, smart growth indicators in the four regions of Sari have an unbalanced distribution.

The purpose of this research is the pathology and role of beltways in Sari city traffic. The research methodology is qualitative and subject-based analysis, and the statistical community in the quantitative and minor sector are formed by managers with academic background and executive and urban experts. The size of the sample was in the quantitative section with the achievement of the theoretical saturation (equivalent to 5 people) and in the small section included the size of 30 experts and specialists in the city of Sari who were specialized in the field of traffic and issues related to the city. After analyzing the indicators, using the Friedman test in SPSS software, the resulting indicators were prioritized and using the one-sample t-test, the beltways of Sari city were measured in terms of traffic and its management. The findings from the Quantitative Department and theoretical studies showed that criteria related to the traumatic role of belts in urban traffic as a whole included the management, economic and social problems of the belts project. The results obtained from the small segment in terms of priority indicators showed that the index of malfunctions of the system of holding disputes in some executive mechanisms and the dominance of relations rather than restrictions in the first priority and the system failure indicator for prioritizing half-life projects and preventing the allocation of favorable budget in the second priority. Also, the results of the one-sample t-test have shown that the role of the ring road in the traffic of Sari city was in an unfavorable condition, which indicates that the ring roads of Sari city have not been able to manage and control the traffic of the city properly.

Cities manifesting the world's most consuming ecosystem are responsible for a large part of the world's environmental problems. Knowledge of the ecological conditions prevailing in any regions is essential for achieving development. Ecological Footprint Index (EFI) is of great interest for assessing urban communities as a way to measure the levels of sustainability. In this research, the ecological footprint method, which is a quantitative model, was used to analyze the data and measure the sustainability of urban areas. To this goal, an attempt was made to study the EFI and biological capacity of the urban ecosystem of Sari City by using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources. Ecological footprint in the consumption sector, including housing, services, and transportation, was calculated in 4 areas of Sari City. According to the results of data analysis, the ecological footprint of consumption in the mentioned city was equal to 0.94 global hectares and its biological capacity was 0.59 global hectares per person. Comparison of the biological capacity and ecological footprint of this city showed that it had an ecological deficit and was thus ecologically unstable. Among the footprints calculated in the consumption sector, transportation with the ecological footprint of 46.46969 ha had the most ecological footprint. Also, analyses of the ecological footprints in the 4 regions of Sari City showed that Region 1 had a more footprint than other regions, indicating that it followed a higher consumption pattern, but in general, all areas of Sari City were in an ecologically unstable situation according to the research results.

Urban sprawl is a process in which extensive urban areas are spread in surrounding lands and nearby rural and agricultural lands, and the city's physical expansion takes on a speed greater than population growth. The accelerated and uneven physical spatial development of Iranian cities in the last few decades has brought adverse social, economic, and physical effects and consequences. The exorbitant costs of city transportation and services, energy waste, waste of material, and social capital in the city are among the most important problems of cities in the discussion of unfavorable development of physical space and low density of cities. The current research aims to investigate the phenomenon of urban sprawl and measure the amount of sprawl in Sari city. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and practice in applying the results. Also, in terms of the type of method, it has a quantitative methodology of the factor analysis type. The research results showed that 16 effective indicators in urban sprawl in Sari city could be categorized into six factors: density, accessibility, net density, irregularity of built areas, activity space, and construction parts. Also, the results of the investigation of these factors and the overall dispersion index in the regions of Sari city showed that 176.60 hectares of the area and 18124 people of the population of Sari city are in the very low dispersion area, as well as 598.31 hectares of the area and 74540 The population of Sari city is located in a very scattered area.

The present study investigates the effect of media use  and socialization on environmental behaviors in the cities of Sari and Joibar. The research was descriptive-analytical which was conducted using a survey method. The statistical population was people over 18 years old in Sari and Joibar cities in Mazandaran province. Using the Cochran sample size determination formula, 400 people were determined as the sample size. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to select the samples. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with variables derived from Inglehart's theory of values, the pattern of environmental behavior of Kalmus and Ajigman as a theoretical framework. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by face validity and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test  with a coefficient above 0.8. According to the results, environmental behavior in the samples had a high average. There was a significant relationship between sociability and environmental behavior. Also, sociability has a significantand positive relationship with the four dimensions of environmental behavior (energy consumption behavior, environmental protection behavior, environmental behavior in travel and environmental purchasing pattern) and environmental advertising and media use only with the dimension of environmental purchasing pattern. It has a significant relationship. Independent variables explain 20% of the variance of environmental behavior. The novelty of the present study is the use of a comparative study of environmental behaviors between the two cities of Sari and Joibar with a quantitative method.

Creative cities with dynamic people, experienced and creative is a place where ideas are empowered and people are attempting together in all aspects of urban life to transfer their community to a better places for work and living which consequently it lead to development of their country as whole. The philosophy of creative city is that there always exist more potential more than our imagination. Creative cities with dynamic, experienced and creative people, where ideas are strengthened and people in all walks of life are working together to turn their societies into better places to live and work and play a vital role in growth and It will develop any countryThe present study aims to study Sari by proposing the question of whether the city has right potentials for transferring into creative city. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive and analytical approaches which the data and information were collected from secondary and official documents. In this research, strategic model of Meta-SWOT was applied by identifying the most important indicators of creative city. The main purpose of the model is to guide decision makers in an integrated process from primary stage of brain storm to create a ranked list of strategic priorities. This tool allows infinite review of the inputs, as decision makers change their assessment during a planning activity. Also Meta-SWOT technique was used to formulate a development strategy and explain the goals, resources, abilities and environmental factors. Based on the results, the most important factor to attain Sari to creative city is increasing expert skills and entrepreneurial activities. The variety of economic activities, the growth of science and technology centers are the other factors which should take effective measures.

Leisure time and how it passes off reflect the social, economic, and cultural conditions of individuals. Therefore, in this research, the role of background variables and residential unit characteristics on the physical-leisure activity of residents of Javadieh and Khayyam neighborhoods of Sari city have been investigated. Using field questionnaire and descriptive-analytical method, it has been done. The results showed that the level of physical-leisure activity among the residents of Javadieh neighborhood is relatively low and among the inhabitants of Khayyam neighborhood is moderate. There is no significant relationship between age and physical-leisure activity of residents in two neighborhoods, but there is a significant relationship between the cost of household and occupation with the level of physical-leisure activity of residents in the two neighborhoods. In the Javadieh neighborhood, the level of physical-leisure activity is fairly equal between men and women, but in Khayyam neighborhood, women's activity rates are higher than men's. There is no significant relationship between the housing area and the physical-leisure activity of residents in the Javadieh neighborhood, but there is a relatively strong and direct relation between these two variables in Khayyam neighborhood. There is no significant relationship between the type of housing and the amount of physical-leisure activity of residents of the Khayyam neighborhood, but in Javadieh neighborhood, there is a relatively strong correlation between these two variables. There is a moderate and direct relationship between the household size and the level of physical-leisure activity of residents in both neighborhoods.

The geographical distribution of earthquakes shows that almost the entire territory of Iran is at risk of earthquakes and is potentially unsafe. In the last 40 years, a number of devastating earthquakes have occurred in eastern, western, northern and southern Iran. The city of Sari is three and half kilometers away from this fault and 37.5 km away from the Alborz fault. Considering the existence of seismic faults in Mazandaran province, which can endanger the city of Sari, assessing its vulnerability using an appropriate model is necessary and unavoidable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radius model to estimate the damage caused by earthquake in Sari. Two scenarios were considered with respect to the two faults of Khazar and northern Alborz to estimate the damage caused by a possible earthquake in the study area. Data analysis was performed according to database-based methods using the Radius model and software based on the geographic information system approach. The results showed that according to the Khazar fault scenario, 18910 buildings will be demolished, 2382 people will be killed, and 22897 people will be injured. According to the Alborz fault scenario, 3086 buildings will be demolished, 15 people will be killed and 2102 people will be injured. Due to the short distance between the Khazar fault and the study area, this fault causes the most damage to the region. The results of this study provide useful information for decision making in the city's seismic risk reduction plan.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the criteria of facades of residential complexes in Mazandaran in which social, physical and cultural variables have been used. In this research, qualitative analysis methods have been used. In qualitative analysis, the collected data are qualitative data, but it is possible to use quantitative data that is examined and compared. In this case, this data should be used according to the logic of qualitative analysis. Manual analysis is also considered as a comparative analysis. In this research, specifically in the physical dimension through color, smell, light, texture, temperature; Sound and music will affect the human senses, but in the individual dimension of the human being in the face of the environment through three components of conceptualization, mental imagery and cognitive analysis of information in the environment and then stored in the brain, which leads to Reminiscence and ultimately strengthen the sense of place. These two factors mutually affect human behavioral feedback in the environment, and ultimately, if positive reminiscence and a sense of belonging to the place will lead to attracting the audience to the environment or architectural design.

City of Sari Due to the increasing annual urban population and the importance of this city politically (provincial capital), its management has been studied according to citizens' views. The statistical population of the city is Sari and the sample size is estimated to be 384 by Cochran formula. In addition to descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), a single-sample t-test was used. For this purpose, in this research, we have tried to examine the indicators such as participation, efficiency, transparency, centrality justice, accountability, accountability, legality and collective agreement. To measure each of the variables in the questionnaire, a 5-level Likert scale was used. The results show that the average total of good governance indicators from the perspective of citizens is 1.98 out of 3 in an unfavorable situation. According to the results, among the indexes, the index of effectiveness and effectiveness of urban managers and managers with an average of 2.46 out of 3 was the highest among the indicators, but below the standard average, which indicates that the method is not effective The activities of managers in the urban area and the participation index with 1.67 of the 3 lowest values. Therefore, in order to increase citizens' participation in administrative affairs, urban authorities need to provide citizenship participation. Extended abstract

         The rapid and unnecessary growth of the urban population has changed the functions and identity of the city, making urban management one of the most complex and central areas of relations between the people and the state. One of the most important, yet new, debates in the development literature since the 1980s is the subject of good governance. Comprehensive growth, coupled with serious challenges in the socio-physical, economic, cultural, and environmental contexts, has for years required experts' intellectual consensus to address urban life issues and the efficiency of urban management. The theme of good governance to achieve sustainable human development can only be achieved when the goals of democracy, equality in service and environmental protection are pursued through the formation of integrated urban management. Good governance involves cooperation and partnership between the three main pillars of government agencies, civil society and private sector organizations (Ghanaie & Musaikhani, 2012: 2; Taghawai & Tajdar, 2009: 46). Among the various approaches proposed in the field of urban management, good urban governance is one of the most discussed approaches. At the present time, this approach is the only way out of the impasse and poverty and underdevelopment of cities in international fora and expert circles, and urban management has no choice but to implement it (Movahed et al, 2014: 148).  

      This research is of a practical nature and can help municipality, city council and all governmental and non-governmental institutions improve urban management in the form of good urban governance. According to the research components in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical. Data were collected by library studies and field. The statistical population of this research is the citizens of Sari city. Based on the latest census of the population of 309820, the sample size is 384 according to the Cochran formula. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (T-test). The aim of this study was to find out the goals of this study.

       Descriptive findings from 384 respondents to the questionnaire were 78.6% male and 21.4% female. In terms of educational level, the group is divided into the group with the highest percentage of respondents at the level of bachelor, with 28.6% and the lowest level of education in the guidance period. In terms of employment, 71.4% of the respondents were unemployed and 28.6% were unemployed. Based on theoretical foundations of  the research, good urban governance indicators are referred to 8 indicators, participation, transparency, consensus, efficiency and effectiveness, justice and equity, accountability, accountability and law-governedness. As a result, in order to strengthen good governance, the need to strengthen each indicator is required, which ultimately provides a constructive interaction between managers and citizens in order to increase the performance of urban management. The results show that because of the lack of involvement of urban managers, the lack of provision of participation, the lack of proper responsiveness of urban managers, poor managerial responsibility and lack of transparency in decision making and planning, Citizens and, in the end, reduced cooperation between urban executives and citizens. The descriptive information collected includes age, sex, education, and type of employment. The average of the respondents indicates that the citizens are dissatisfied with the urban managers. In the meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness index of managers and municipal officials with an average of 2.46 out of 3 was the highest and the participation index of 1.67 out of 3 was the lowest. Findings show that good governance in Sari city is in poor condition with respect to average (1.98). Out of the studied indices, the efficiency and effectiveness index of managers and officials was 2.46 out of 3, but it was lower than the standard average, indicating that the method of activity of managers in urban area was not effective, and the participation index. It had the lowest value of 1.67 out of 3.

        The city of Sari faces some problems in implementing good governance: lack of centralized management to implement and enforce the governance approach, lack of citizens' trust in their participation, and ultimately inefficiency of urban management in employing citizens. It is a tangible city. Consequently, in order to strengthen good governance, the need to reinforce each of the indicators is needed, which ultimately provides a constructive interaction between managers and citizens to enhance urban management performance. The results show that due to lack of involvement of urban managers, lack of participation, lack of proper accountability of urban managers, poor accountability of urban managers and lack of transparency in decisions and planning, reduces citizens' trust. And ultimately, there has been a decline in cooperation between urban managers and citizens. Finally, the undesirable level of these factors has weakened the effectiveness and efficiency of urban management performance in the studied cities and the undesirable level of good urban governance. For this purpose, in order to strengthen the performance of urban management, in the planning and policy making of citizens as the main focus. This study found that it is not possible to form a good urban governance approach without considering the effective role of citizens, and this approach paves the way for developing and solving urban problems and ultimately enhancing the performance of urban management. Any major changes in the city and reduction of urban problems are subject to fundamental reforms in the approach and systems of urban planning and management.

One of the issues raised in urban planning is the physical activities of citizens in their leisure time. This research has focused on the role of the residential environment on physical-leisure activities of residents of Salman Farsi and Ghaffari neighborhoods in the city of Sari, which has been done by a questionnaire and descriptive-analytical method. Data has been analyzed using SPSS software using statistical tests like Friedman, Chi- Square, Mann Whitney, Cramer’s V and Contingency Coefficient. Results show the most important criterion for inhabitants of Salman-Farsi neighborhood is the security as well as social criterion for inhabitants of Ghafari neighborhood. The physical-leisure activity of Salman-Farsi residents is relatively high, but it is relatively low in Ghaffari neighborhood. The physical-leisure activity of men in Salman-Farsi neighborhood is more than women, but it is almost equal in Ghaffari's neighborhood. The results also showed that there is no significant relation between car ownership and physical-leisure activity in Salman Farsi and Ghaffari neighborhoods. Also there is no significant relation between type of housing and physical-leisure activity in Salman-Fars neighborhood, but there is a relatively significant relation between these two variables in Ghaffari neighborhood.

Introduction Climate change and urbanization have put societies at the forefront of urban planning management challenges for a sustainable future (Bertilsson & Wiklund, 2015). Recent studies show that climate change is likely to increase the hydrological cycle and increase the probability of severe weather events such as droughts and floods (Bates et al. 2008). Also, urbanization has increased the flood in recent decades with increasing levels of impenetrable and changing the flow paths (Chen et al, 2015). A flood itself is a natural phenomenon that is usually associated with positive consequences. But when the flood occurs in the urban environment, it has devastating consequences for residents, in terms of property destruction as well as a threat to human health (Becker, 2014). The sensitivity of the elements depends on the readiness of the flood and the ability to deal with the event. The vulnerability of urban elements depends on the characteristics of building structures, services, equipment and fittings, the mobility of equipment and materials available (Cho & Chang, 2017). Vulnerability and Flood Resilience Assessment Methods, based on GIS Modeling and Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM), have increasingly been used (Lee et al, 2013; Radmehr & Araghinejad, 2015; Sunarharum et al, 2015; Su et al, 2018; Birgani et al, 2018 ). Due to precipitation changes and increase of impenetrable levels in northern Iran, the probability of occurrence of flood in these areas has increased. Therefore, this research has been conducted with the aim of assessing the integrated vulnerability, resilience and risk taking of Sari city against potential occurrence of flood. Materials and methods This data includes the statistical blocks of the city of Sari along with the census data of 2017 from the Iranian Statistics Center, which includes demographic information, economic data and properties of residential units at the level of urban blocks. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the American Geological Survey. Indicators required after the study of existing research literature and existing data were determined. After determining the criteria and sub criteria, using the AHP questionnaire and according to expert opinion, the criteria and sub criteria are compared and ranked in a pair. Conclusion When natural hazards occur in a vacant area, it is only a risk, and the same danger if it occurs in the residential area and affects the human life of that area and causes the social and economic activities of the inhabitants to be troubled. Thus, the effects of natural disasters are determined by the degree of vulnerability of the community to a danger, or the opposite, its ability to deal with the disaster. This is not a natural vulnerability, but a result of changing natural, social, economic, cultural, political or even psychological factors that shape the lives of humans and create the environments in which humans live. In fact, natural disasters and disasters are the judgments of nature about human performance. Today, many habitable places are exposed to natural hazards. The spectacular point is that natural hazards can not be eliminated, but should be reduced to the management of this phenomenon or improve the survival of societies against such hazards. A study of the history of studies shows that the resilience of residents to natural disasters is promoted by social, economic, environmental and managerial factors. Vulnerability to natural disasters reflects the resilience to the positive aspects and strengths of societies. The research attempted to assess the vulnerability, resilience and spatial resolution of the Sari city to the flood with a comprehensive approach. The city blocks of Sari city were selected as the basis for measurements, so that the calculations needed to reach the target were made. The final output was the production of vulnerability maps, resilience and spatial risk aversion at the level of the city blocks of Sari. More than 600 hectares of the Saray area are highly vulnerable. Meanwhile, more than 800 hectares of Sari city area have high and very high resilience. According to these results, high and high risk taking in Sari is about 600 hectares. After weighing, the values of different indices in different dimensions were used by linear fuzzy method between 1 and 0. In this research, a linear method was used to fuzzy the indices. Then, the standard maps were combined with the help of gamma fuzzy operators. Keywords: Vulnerability, Resilience, Risk, Flood, Sari

The urban land management is a quintessential part of the urban management. In some countries such as Iran, there is no integrated urban land management and providing municipal services is assigned to nationwide organisations. This means urban management is offered by the municipality or subsidiaries of the aforementioned organisations. The rapid growth of urbanisation, migration to cities particularly to megacities, and the limited amount of land available for residential housing caused an increase in the demand for residential lands which resulted in its unavailability. In many countries, governments and their administrators attempt to enable various sections of the society, especially, deprived people to have access to the land market through setting policies. Although various countries face similar issues in providing housing and land to the people, there are some subtle differences. These differences are rooted in legislative, historical, political, economic, social, cultural matters and their natural boundariesInvestigating the relationship between decision making model of urban land policies and physical development of Sari city and the relationship between physical development model of Sari city and national politics and role of actors in urban land. To do so, it follows an applied analytical descriptive approach. To analyse the data, mathematical and statistical methods were applied using Excel and SPSS. Moreover, the GIS was used for visualisation and adaptive analysis. The study concluded that lack of clear visions and consequently uncoordinated organisations and their policies, isolated and vertical decision-making, and unmanaged intervention without the required organisational capacities are the critical reasons for inefficient urban land management.

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The construction of power transmission lines (PTLs) is one of the most important activities of the power industry of any nation in the development of power transmission network. Many technical, economic, environmental and social factors are involved in the issue of power transmission lines routing. These factors sometimes have co-directional and increasing effect and, in some cases, the effect is not co-directional and is even in opposite direction. Therefore, it is very important to determine the appropriate route for the power transmission lines which is in proportion with the needs and objectives of the project and to take the role of effective factors into consideration.   In this research, factors and criteria effective in power transmission lines routing were investigated in the form of three economic, access and maintenance objectives of the power transmission lines and adverse environmental effects. Given that, the problem is multi-objective, the criteria of more than one objective function must be optimized simultaneously. This data set includes Digital Elevation Model layers, land slope, villages, land use, roads, power transmission lines routes, geology, landslide, soil type, soil erosion, rivers and protected areas. In order to weight the factors and their combination, considering the features of each factor, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) methods and the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) have been used. FAHP is a very useful method for multiple-criteria decision-making in the fuzzy environment, which has provided substantial applications in recent years. Also, WLC is an analytical method which is used in the time of multi-criteria or more than one criterion decision-making. Any feature taken into consideration is called a criterion. Each criterion is weighted based on its significance. As previously mentioned, the issue of the power transmission lines routing is a multi-objective issue. Since there is no single solution to optimize each objective simultaneously, there is a set of Pareto optimal solutions. This solution is called non-dominated or Pareto optimal that the values of none of the objective functions can be improved without reducing the values of one or several other objectives. Considering the presented explanation, in order to determine the appropriate route with regard to the multi-objective problem, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) was used as an evolutionary multi-criteria decision-making method. The aforementioned model was used for the routing of 63 KV transmission lines between the two power stations of Shahid Salmani and Kiyasar in the city of Sari. The Arc GIS 10.3, Matlab and Google Earth were used in this research. Moreover, GIS was used for displaying, managing, analyzing and storing large and various datasets.
Discussion and Results: In order to solve the power transmission lines routing problem, different parts of this algorithm have been developed and expanded. In this research, an innovative operator was used for intersecting, mutating and non-dominated sorting. To determine the appropriate route based on the multi-objective, the algorithm must be run repeatedly and by using different parameters. In the present model, the objective functions are evaluated in every iteration in order to obtain the best result. In order to test and evaluate the efficiency of the algorithm, two samples of commonly used experiments in this field, i.e., repeatability test and parameter adjusting test, were used. The success rate of the repeatability and parameter adjusting tests for the presented model were 89% and 88%, respectively, which indicates the success of this model in both tests. The comparison of the best route generated from the proposed model with the existing power transmission line shows the improvement of the values of the objective functions, the reduction of 27 tension towers and 31 suspension towers and the reduction of about 6 km of the route length relative to the existing route of the power transmission line.   The Final Results of the Research Indicated that GIS capabilities can be properly integrated with the NSGA-II algorithm which, has appropriate capabilities such as, less computational complexity, high speed implementation of the algorithm and elitism process to solve the problem of routing the power transmission lines, and are exploited by applying appropriate changes in this algorithm, and by employing the FAHP method for any type of route and routing problem Particularly in the field of distribution, super-distribution and high voltage power lines. In future researches, in case of having more comprehensive information layers such as wind, temperature, precise geological information, agrology and technical and specialized calculations like tension and compression in the towers, combining the proposed method with dynamic programming algorithms in the tower locating sector and the possibility of taking various equipment in different environmental conditions into consideration can improve the process and quality of routing. Also, in the future works, it is possible to solve the problems of locating-routing of towers and passing the route of the transmission line by taking technical, environmental, social and economic factors into consideration, using modern methods or other methods for optimizing multi-objective evolutionary algorithms.

The goal of present study is to investigate the causal relationship between social capital and sustainable development of tourism. To achieve the goal of this research, survey method was used in this study. The study population consisted of citizens in Sari. The sample size software was used to determine pass through a sample size of 640 people is estimated. In this study, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used, and questionnaire was used for data collection. Research findings have shown that variable social trust and network variables, respectively, the highest (0/383) and lowest (0/156) the effect on the dependent variable (sustainable development of tourism). The results also show the positive effects of social capital (networks of relationships, social participation, social trust) on the sustainable development of tourism, which means that the increase of social capital, the average increase sustainable tourism development.

One of the basics of sustainable development is a good performance and cooperation from the host community. Experience also shows that without cooperation and support of the local community sustainable tourism industry cannot be created (Choi and Jamal, 2009). One of the factors that plays an important role in achieving sustainable development is the social wealth among the public which is used today along with human, financial and economical wealth. This concept is concerned with bonds and relationships between members of a social network which achieves its aims though creation of norms and mutual confidence (Alvani and Seyed Naghavi, 1381).
In the current study it was attempted to investigate the relationship between social capital and sustainable development of tourism.

The methods research method is survey. The statistical population in this study is the citizens of 18 years and older of Sari city. In the present study, a pass software was used to determine the sample size. Confidence quotient in the study was set at 0.999 and error quotient is 0.001. Therefore, based on 0.999 confidence quotient and considering the least standard deviation and error of standard deviation, the size of the population was calculated to be 640. In this research, a multistage cluster sampling method proportional to volume has been used.

Discussion and Results: Descriptive finding of the study show that the mean of social capital among the whole population under study was 4.74 out of 10 and the mean of sustainable development of tourism was 4.58 out of 10. Referential findings also show that social capital along with the relationship network, social confidence, and social collaboration has significant effects on sustainable development of tourism. It was also found that social capital (the relations network, social cooperation and social confidence) has a positive impact on sustainable development of tourism meaning that with the increase in social capital the mean of sustainable development of tourism the local community improves positively.

In development, social wealth is composed of three characteristics: confidence, mutual relationships, and cooperation. If these elements are strong in societies, the settlers in these societies have more opportunities in building the economy and society. Development might impact the relationships between the settlers with each other and with the host society. A considerable part of the literature in social development of tourism indicates that in the first stage of planning for tourism development the role of the society and benefiters must be defined. The importance of social wealth is that mutual confidence increases cooperation by reducing the costs of dealing as people are not forced to pay for controlling others' behavior and instead create confidence for group operations.

Rapid urbanization and urban population has increased the need for mobility and travel demand day by day and Prolongation of Travel times has caused to increase the contribution of private travel modes (auto), increase traffic, noise and air pollution due to the transport system. In this regard, It can be said that widespread use of Automobile in cities, is a reflection of the increasing need to travel and the average its distance as a result of horizontal and widespread growth of cities and a disturbance in the structure order and urban spatial form and spatial distribution of activities. This research aimed to investigate the influence of physical form factors of urban styles on citizen's travel mode in the Sari city and to recognize the dominant patterns of travel. In this study, research type is applied- developmental and conducted by a "survey" method. Statistical society is 6 neighborhood of neighborhoods of Sari that 300 person were selected of these people by using Cochran formula and multi-stage cluster sampling method and were studied factors of mixed usage, connectivity and density in three form of compact, semi- compact and sprawl. This study, after analysis evidence acknowledges that urban form variables are effective factor in choosing citizen's travel mode in the Sari city. The results show that the "density" factor has the most effect on travel mode to the workplace in the compact form (EXP (B):5.533). Also, "connectivity" factor had the most effect in the use of public transport on travel mode to the workplace respectively in semi- compact and sprawl form with quantities (EXP (B): 5.324) and (EXP (B): 5.130).