جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « efficiency » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The state of development of technology in today's world is such that the development process and the future of the world in the field of technology cannot be accurately predicted. In the meantime, blockchain technology has been highly regarded as a revolutionary technology. This technology is a protocol that allows information to be exchanged directly between contracting parties in a network without the need for intermediaries. Blockchain has been one of the most important technology trends in recent years, and banking is one of those sectors that many experts believe will accept major changes from blockchain technology. Considering the revolutionary impact that blockchain technology can have on the banking system, it will be very important to examine the impact of this technology on the banking system, which represents how to create, present and acquire value in this sector. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of this technology in the banking system. In order to achieve this goal, the method of data collection is the type of document-library research and sample statistics, and it is quantitative-qualitative in nature, and the method is a survey, and the tools used are questionnaires and field observations. According to this research, it confirms the effectiveness of blockchain technology on the banking system. Finally, considering that blockchain technology will challenge almost all the core sectors of the banking system, it is necessary for banks to adopt a suitable strategy to deal with the threats and use the opportunities resulting from this technology.

In the value added tax system, the purchases of each company are announced to it by the seller company. Therefore, if a company declares the tax less than the limit, or does not pay the relevant tax, this tax will be transferred to the next buyer, for this reason, all buyers and sellers will be placed in a self-control system. And this makes all companies register in the value added tax system. But its income performance can be weakened in the case of informal labor conditions. Because the incomes from informal labor activities are hidden and not reported. Informal labor has a two-way effect on value added tax revenues, because just as informal labor has an effect on value added tax revenues, value added tax can also have an effect on informal labor. The purpose of this study is to investigate the asymmetric effect of informal labor on value added tax revenues in Iran's provinces using panel data in the years 2010 to 2018. The obtained results show that the relationship between informal labor and value added tax income is initially positive and after reaching a certain threshold level, the relationship becomes negative, which means that informal labor has a threshold point on value added tax income. Also, the results showed that the relationship between value added tax revenues and unemployment rate is negative and significant, and the relationship between value added tax revenues and population and GDP is positive and significant. Based on the obtained coefficients, the relationship between the value added tax of the previous period and the value added tax of thecurrent period is positive and significant. Also, the results show that the informal workforce is different in terms of size, and the effect on value added tax revenues in different provinces of Iran. An increase in the tax rate can generate less additional revenues than expected, and this is due to the mixed effect of informal labor, which results in a reduction of the VAT self-enforcement mechanism

Unlike conventional banking, whose the main goal is to maximize profits based on the loans granted, Islamic banks operate based on the laws and rules of Islamic jurisprudence, in which the use of interest is prohibited. It was precisely due to this characteristic of Islamic banking that many experts were hesitant about its continued existence when the first Islamic bank was established in 1963 and predicted that interest-free banking would not last long. Despite these doubts, Islamic banks are now the fastest growing and developing financial industry in the world.
The basic question here is whether Islamic banking can meet the monetary and banking needs of the economy despite conventional banking? Do Islamic banks have the necessary stability and efficiency? In general, factors such as the ceiling of granted loans, rate of return on assets, rate of return on shares, value of bank assets,diferent types of bank expenses and various other factors can cause differences in the efficiency and performance of banks. Answering to these questions requires investigating the performance of Islamic banking compared to conventional banking.
In order to investigate the performance of Islamic banking compared to conventional banking, we used four different approaches: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), Markowitz Model, and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). DEA approach is one of the non-parametric methods based on mathematical methods and linear programming to measure the efficiency of decision-making units. In contrast, SFA is a parametric method based on econometrics and production function estimation to evaulate the efficiency of decision making units. Then we used the Markowitz model to obtain the optimal rate of return of banking stocks and unsystematic risk, as well as CAPM to find the optimal rate of return of banking stocks and systematic risk.

In order to evaluate the technical efficiency of banks based on DEA and SFA methods, the input and output variables of each model have been introduced, which include three input variables and three output variables in DEA method and three input variables with an output variable in SFA method. In the next stage, the following steps were taken to perform the Markowitz model optimization process:Some classes of the assets that are considered to be invested must be selected and according to the limitations of the Markowitz model and considerations related to the selection of variables, and collection of the research statistical sample, during developing the appropriate mathematical and statistical model, the optimization process is performed.
Expected returns are estimated for each class of assets.
The risk of each class of assets is estimated.
The process of optimization and graphical structure are performed to find the efficient frontier, based on which, the set of efficient and profitable assets is determined.
By implementing the mentioned steps and using the time series data related to the rate of return on shares of each of the banks from 2012 to 2020, the average and standard deviation related to the rate of return on the assets of each of the banks in both Islamic and conventional banking systems was measured and then the efficient frontier curve was extracted for Islamic and conventional banks. Finally, to apply the CAPM and calculate the systematic risk of banks, the value of bank shares was used for this purpose. Due to the statistical limitations in this field where the necessary data was not available for all 40 investigated banks, and on the other hand it was necessary to use the monthly return rates of these data, therefore subject to the DEA and SFA results, 5 banks from the Islamic banking system and 5 banks from the conventional banking system were selected. Then, according to the data of the monthly stock returns of each of these 10 banks since the second month of 2012 through the end of 2020 with 107 observations, the performance of both banking systems based on the CAPM and estimating the systematic risk rate for each bank was compared. For this purpose, we considered the regression model as Where  is the rate of return for asset i during period t,  is the rate of return for the market portfolio M during t,  (also called excess return) is the difference between estimated return and expected return,  is the beta coefficient and 𝜀 is the error term. To estimate above regression for the selected banks, we used the monthly return rates of the MSCI global index as , since the beginning of 2012 through the end of 2020  and the monthly stock return rates as   for each of the banks. First, this regression was performed for the portfolio of Islamic banks and conventional banks, and then we repeated it for each selected bank, and accordingly, the beta coefficients related to the stock portfolio of conventional and Islamic banks, as well as each of the selected banks, were calculated.

The average efficiency of Islamic banks in data DEA and SFA models was evaluated as 74% and 56.15% respectively, and for conventional banks as 69.5% and 48.13% respectively. By implementing the Markowitz model during the period 2012-2020, the average and standard deviation of Islamic banks' stock returns were calculated as 0.76% and 4.09% respectively, and for conventional banks as 0.68% and 6.35% respectively. Next, by developing ten optimization problems, ten pairs of optimal stock returns and their corresponding risk rates were calculated for each of the two Islamic and conventional banking systems, and accordingly, the efficient frontier curve for each of these two systems was extracted. The average correlation coefficients of stock return rates for two Islamic and conventional banking systems were calculated as 40.4% and 44.1%, respectively, which indicates the  lower amount for the Islamic banking system compared to conventional one. Finally, so as to implement the CAPM for measuring the beta coefficient for Islamic and conventional portfolios, firstly this regression was estimated for the portfolios of Islamic banks and conventional banks. The results are compiled in Table No. (1).

This article aims to assess the efficiency of 15 stock market banks over the period 2014-2022. Utilizing non-parametric radial efficiency (Debreu-Farrell efficiency) and non-radial efficiency (Russell efficiency) methods, we analyze constant, non-increasing, and variable return-to-scale technologies. Recognizing limitations within radial methods, bias-corrected technical efficiency is also estimated using bootstrap data envelopment analysis. Radial analysis reveals inefficiency among all banks except for the Middle East bank. The average Debreu-Farrell efficiency stands at 77% under constant return to scale and 82% under variable return to scale, while the average Russell efficiency is 58% and 67% respectively. These results suggest slack in Debreu-Farrell efficiency. Bootstrap efficiency findings reveal underestimation in both radial and non-radial efficiency, thereby overstating actual efficiency levels. Bias-corrected radial technical efficiency scores from the bootstrap approach indicate inefficiency across all banks, with Dey and Sarmaye banks exhibiting particularly poor performance. Thus, adopting appropriate strategies such as non-performing loan management, increased non-interest incomes, and reduced operational costs is imperative to enhance efficiency.

One of the basic criteria for making decisions in the stock market is stock returns. Stock returns can be affected by risk. Risk is statistically divided into explained (systematic) and unexplained (unsystematic) groups. The present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the efficiency of stock returns based on risk in petrochemical industries by the fuzzy dynamic network data envelopment analysis method. The statistical sample studied are 10 petrochemical companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. Data analysis was done in two parts. In the first step, systematic and unsystematic risk for entering the network were calculated. In the second stage, using fuzzy dynamic network data coverage analysis, the efficiency of stock returns for petrochemical industries of Tehran Stock Exchange was measured in the period of 2019 to 2019. Based on the obtained results, three petrochemical companies Maron, Jam Petrochemical and Zagros Petrochemical have higher efficiency than other petrochemical companies. Therefore, the three mentioned companies were more controllable for systematic and unsystematic risk among the companies.

Taxation is one of the issues that are considered by various organizations and society and tax avoidance is a kind of use of legal gaps in tax laws to reduce taxes; the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting tax avoidance using a hybrid approach (Metasynthesis). For this purpose, this research in 2022 with a qualitative approach and meta-synthesis tools, has systematically evaluated and analyzed the results and findings of previous research. In this study, a total of 170 articles were extracted and reviewed, and after analyzing the components, 52 articles were finalized. Findings of this study led to the identification of dual dimensions in the form of 30 variables including extra-organizational and extra-organizational factors. Finally, using the Shannon quantitative entropy method, based on the content analysis approach, the effect coefficients of the components identified in the finalized research were determined. Findings showed that the most important indicators affecting corporate tax evasion are concentration of ownership, percentage of dividends and tax reputation; Factors such as inefficiency of labor investment; Social responsibility and the size of the auditing firm have the lowest rank; This means that among the various models and researches studied, less attention has been paid to these issues and their reproducibility.

Reviewing the efficiency of banks as one of the most important pillars of each country's financial markets is one of the essential steps to achieve economic growth and development. Banks, as the most important monetary market entity, have played a very important role in the economy of each country, and measuring the efficiency of banks is of particular importance given their role and the rapid reflection of the policies of this sector in the entire economy of the country. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to measure the efficiency of selected private banks (modern economy, Pasargadae, capital, exports, nation, trade and welfare) and government (national, export development, industry and mining) during the study period (1393-1395). Be To achieve this goal, two nonparametric approaches (data coverage analysis) and a parametric approach (border production function) have been used using value added and earnings method. The findings confirm the main hypothesis. In the study period, private banks were more efficient than government banks. Regardless of the income approach of the data coverage analysis method, the second hypothesis of the research was that the outcomes of the approaches were similar Parametric and nonparametric is also confirmed.

 The emergence of information technology has led to a huge transformation in the world of business. However, the type and degree of impact of information technology and its different parts onthe efficiency of companies is not known; Efficiency in economics is a broad concept that is used to indicate the state of best possible performance and includes the minimum cost of producing goods or services, the maximum amount of production and the maximum market performance. (ODonnell, 2018). Recently, rapid technological developments have made companies use information technology to ensure their growth in order to survive in the business competition (Fadhilah & Subriadi, 2019).In Iran, the importance of this technology in the field of industry, economy and trade has not been properly clarified for managers and capital owners. Therefore, it is of great importance and necessity to conduct a research that shows the impact of the use of information technology on the efficiency of companies in a documented manner and using data from various companies at different times. Also, information technology has different parts (hardware, software, database, network, human resources) that the use of each sector requires investment and spending the company's limited resources in those sectors. Now, focusing on which part can have a greater effect on efficiency is also an issue that is addressed in the current research. Therefore, the current research tries to address this issue by using econometric models and relying on real data. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the effect of information technology on the efficiency of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, and based on this, the main and sub-hypotheses of the current research are proposed as follows:Information technology has a significant impact on the efficiency of companies.Investment in hardware, investment in software, investment in database, investment in network and investment in skilled human resources have a significant impact on the efficiency of companies.

 The current research aims to investigate the impact of information technology on improving the efficiency of companies with an analytical-applicative approach. The statistical population of this study includes companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the 5-year period from 2014 to 2019. And the research sample is the data of 41 companies that were selected using the systematic elimination sampling method. The variables examined in this research include the dependent of the companys efficiency information technology in five areas:hardwared) Hardware-Invi,(, software (software-Invij), network and communication facilities (Network-Invij), database (Database-Invij)  and investment in skilled human resources  (Humanresources-Invij), company size and risk. The method used in this research (in order to investigate the relationship between independent and dependent variables) is the pooled data model.In order to estimate the model, we first use Limer's F statistic to determine the presence or absence of width from separate origins for each section (using the methods of combined regression patterns and panel data pattern); If the combined regression models are not confirmed, the Hausman test is performed in order to use one of the fixed effects model and the random effects model for estimation. The models investigated in the current research are derived from the model (Fadhila and Sobriadi, 2019).

 The findings of the research indicate that information technology and its components have a positive effect on improving the efficiency of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this equation, the role of the controlling variable of company size is also confirmed. In fact, information technology can increase the efficiency of companies by investing in five sectors: hardware, software, database, network, and human resources, and this means that companies that have invested more in information technology had a higher efficiency rate.

 that investing in hardware has a positive effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Therefore, it can be said that with the increase in the investment of companies in the hardware sector, the efficiency of the companies accepted in the stock exchange has also increased. Investing in software has a positive effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Based on this finding, it was found that companies can achieve improved efficiency by investing in software and increasing readiness to provide facilities and keep pace with technological developments. Also, investing in the database has a significant effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Based on this, it can be concluded that companies can increase their efficiency by increasing their investment in the database. Investing in the network has a significant effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Networks consist of intranet, extranet and internet. The presence of these networks in the company facilitates the process of exchanging information, carrying out processes and making decisions, and ultimately improves the efficiency of the company. Investing in human resources has a significant effect on improving the efficiency of companies. Therefore, it can be said that companies' investment in human resources can improve the efficiency of companies. Based on the results, the companies were looking for higher efficiency by investing in this sector. Based on the investigations carried out in all the fitted models, it is clear that the company size variable has a positive and significant effect on the efficiency of the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange  This factor indicates that larger companies, in terms of size, have experienced higher efficiency, and this factor can be caused by the distribution of the fixed cost of these companies on other costs.

This research compares the efficiency of the municipality and the government in collecting tax based on real estate. The indicators used to measure the efficiency, salary and wages per capita, and current cost, are considered as the input and tax collection per capita (for the renovation tax of municipality) is considered as the output. The statistical population of the research includes the Tehran and Isfahan municipalities and the Iranian National Tax Administration of 29 provinces in the country in the years 2011 to 2021. In order to measure the efficiency, the window data coverage analysis approach has been used. The data used in the research estimated by EMS software. The comparison of the efficiency average in the years 2011-2021 showed that the efficiency ratio of Tehran Municipality compared to the Iranian National Tax Administration of Tehran Province is 1.2 and the efficiency ratio of Isfahan Municipality compared to the Iranian National Tax Administration of Isfahan Province is 2.78.

The increase in concentration in the banking sector, along with the problems of the recent financial and economic crises, has shown the importance of banking regulations against the high risk caused by the imbalance in the banks' balance sheets and one of the basic measures in the development of banks is to increase the efficiency of these financial institutions. Therefore, efficiency in banks always has been a matter of attention, and the weakness of the banking system can be a serious threat to the stability of the macro economy. In this way, banks with their credit operations and financing for different economic sectors, they provide suitable conditions for investment and cause the increase and growth of capital and finally the national production. The aim of the current research is to inter temporal relationship between risk, capital and efficiency in Iran's banking system. For this purpose, the data of Iran's commercial and specialized banks have been collected during the years 2006 to 2019 and to evaluate the model, In order to measure the model, the efficiency of banks has been estimated using the stochastic frontier model (SFA), Then, the relationship between risk, efficiency and capital is investigated using the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) approach. In total, the obtained results show the existence of a relationship between capital and efficiency with risk. The results indicated that with the increase in the capital ratio, the risk of banks decreases and also increasing efficiency increases risk, also with the increase in the internal rate of return of banks, the capital ratio increases and Increasing the size of the bank increases efficiency.

The main goal of this research is to investigate the performance of the Islamic banking system compared to the conventional banking system in terms of efficiency criteria by two parametric and non-parametric approaches. For this purpose, two approaches of data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier analysis were used. The results of the investigation, in terms of both approaches, indicate that Islamic banks are more efficient than banks operating in the conventional system according to the studied input and output variables. The average efficiency of Islamic banks in DEA and SFA models evaluated as 74 and 56.15 percent, respectively, and for conventional banks as 69.5 and 43.18 percent, respectively. The average efficiency of all banks was 71.8% in DEA and 37.8% in SFA. The results also indicated that Iranian banks performed weaker than other Islamic banks in terms of granting the loans, but better than conventional banks. Also, public banks in Iran perform better than private banks in terms of granting loans. Also, the findings of this research showed that the risk of stock returns related to selected Islamic banks is lower compared to conventional banks, both in terms of systematic risk and unsystematic risk.

Due to the undesirable effects of incentive approaches on the service quality of electricity distribution companies, increasing attention is being paid to the quality aspect of their services in benchmarking models. Although the trade-off between service quality and cost, under the effect of implication of these approaches, does not apply to Iran, but the inclusion of service quality in efficiency analysis is still important theoretically, and also because of the possibility of such a trade-off between scale and service quality in a monopoly structure. This study examines the impact of service quality on the efficiency of Iranian electricity distribution companies, using the duration of interruption as a proxy variable for service quality, and its implication on the need to pay attention to quality in efficiency analysis and benchmarking model. Estimating the efficiency of the mentioned companies using the input-distance function method during 2011-2017 period shows that there is no statistically significant difference between the results of the efficiency analysis, with and without the inclusion of quality of service. Although the results support the pure cost approach to benchmarking, but it is still suggested that the impact of other aspects of service quality of Iranian electricity distribution companies be examined in the efficiency analysis.

Extensive applications of asset pricing in the fields of finance and economics lead to an increasing importance of this issue, which has attracted more attentions of researchers in theoretical and empirical aspects. Due to this issue, the main purpose of this paper is to compare two asset pricing methods i.e. “Beta” and “stochastic discount factor” in Iran Stock Exchange market. Using the monthly data of Tehran Stock Exchange index return and return of shares of the companies listed in the stock exchange market of Iran during 1379(1) to 1398(6), we have formed 5*5 baskets-called 25 portfolios of Fama and French- to evaluate the efficiency and stability of one factor model (capital asset pricing model) and multi-factors model (Fama and French’s 3 factors model) using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation method. The results show that the aforementioned methods are not completely superior to each other. In fact, for CAPM model, stochastic discount factor method is more efficient and less stable than Beta method and vice versa for Fama and French’s 3 factors model.

The purpose of this study is to compare the economic efficiency of Iran's petroleum contracts, buyback contracts, and production-sharing contracts. This study also determined the optimum path for production and drilling operations in the Yadavaran oil field which has special importance because it is a joint field with Iraq. It was estimated using real field data and the SQP algorithm by MATLAB software. First, the objective function, the constraints of each contract model, and the cost function are defined and expressed based on field data. For the objective function, the oil price is determined based on the reference price scenario and based on the forecast of the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Cao et al (2009) 's cost function model is also modified by using historical field data (first development phase data) to be applied to the study field. The results show that the most efficient oil contract is the Iran petroleum contract, with a low floor for capital costs and no limit to the number of drilled wells. it was proved that the buyback contract with the ceiling of capital costs incompatible with the recovery coefficient has recorded the lowest efficiency. Also, the Iran petroleum contract can be a good alternative to the buyback contract, because it can well solve the problems of the buyback contract, especially for joint oil fields where the priority of the objective function of the maximum cumulative production over the objective function of the maximum present value of the total profit is more desirable.

Efficiency and Effectiveness of the government are integral components of good governance, and its realization in government investment in development projects also appears in legal rules, so it can be realized by improving the legal rules governing such projects. Among the numerous legal rules of project controlling, it can be found the one that emphasizes the efficiency and effectiveness of the projects more than other types. Operational supervision is controlling the efficiency and effectiveness of development projects, and in the Iranian legal system, according to Article 126 of the constitution, it is one of the responsibilities of the president who exercises it through his deputy. On the other hand, in many countries, such as the United States, operational supervision of the controlling pertains to the Audit Court, which in turn is overseen by parliament. The question is whether it is possible to change the controlling Institution from "Plan and Budget Organization" to the "Supreme Audit Court"? Article 55 of the Iran constitution takes Audit Court only in charge of traditional controlling, so it seems that considering the current constitution, it is not possible to change the competent institution in charge of operational supervision.

The soundness and validity of banks are one of the important subjects that neglecting them could have been leaded to adverse consequences for every countrychr('39')s economy. Therefore, investigation of relationship between efficiency and camel composite as a measurement of banking soundness and validity, within 16 Iranian bank data, between the years 1389 to 1396, has been studied. Efficiency has been estimated by the Translog cost function and stochastic frontier analysis, which its result shows an aggregate ascending trend. Camel composite which its calculation depends on arithmetic mean, is computed by exploratory factor analysis; exploring two factors, which is called financial ability and financial performance, is the result. For studding of variables relation, a panel data model and an auto regressive panel vector model have been used. The main result shows a positive financial ability and financial performance and significant relationship with efficiency; another result shows one side causality between financial performance and efficiency.

Due to their nature, airports have a significant impact on the economic development of countries. Nowadays, due to the increase in income and reduction of losses caused by sudden accidents, it is necessary and necessary to continuously improve the operation of airports. Also, the transportation of infrastructure and one of the important parts of the consumer production cycle is considered to play a very important and effective role in the process of economic growth, while it is also a part of the process of growth and inheritance. Based on this, the aim of this research is to analyze the cost structure of Iran's airports and evaluate their role in improving allocation efficiency. From the point of view of the method, this research is descriptive-surveillance and correlational, and from the point of view of the type of supervision and the degree of control, this research is in the category of field research. Data envelopment analysis method was used to analyze the hypotheses. In order to calculate the cost structure, from operating costs and administrative and general costs, and in order to calculate the allocation efficiency from the number of employees working in the airport and the size of the flight surfaces to calculate efficiency, technical efficiency with terminal size and runway length and for economic efficiency With the number of passengers at the airport, the number of flights used. These variables were investigated during the years 2013-2018. The results showed that the operating costs have a significant relationship with the size of the terminal, the length of the runway, the number of employees and the number of flights of the country's airports, and it has no significant relationship with the size of the flight levels, the number of passengers and the amount of cargo of the country's airports. Also, the results of this research showed that the administrative and public costs have a significant relationship with the size of the terminal, the number of employees, the number of passengers, the amount of cargo and the number of flights in the country's airports, and it has no significant relationship with the length of the runway and the size of the flight surfaces.