جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ا » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Curriculum development is one of the basic pillars of the teaching-learning process. Teachers and educators can have  prominent roles   in curriculum development e and their functions in every stage of curriculum development process, i.e.  from design to evaluation, can have positive or negative effects on learners' performance. Decentralization is one of  the major challenges in curriculum development. Indeed, there has been a tendency to decentralize and delegate more authority to learning centers in the Public Education System with the aim of improving the quality of education in recent years. Decentralization in the curriculum development process can be considered as a kind of strategy to adapt the national curriculum to the conditions and characteristics of the areas and environments in which the curriculum is implemented. School–based curriculum development, which can be considered as a route to decentralization, requires that decisions about curriculum design be made, implementation of curriculum be considered, and evaluation of the curriculum be carried out inside, rather than outside, of learning and community centers. By developing a school-based curriculum, the teacher or instructor, themselves, can design, implement, and evaluate the curriculum. Considering the importance of  the necessity for specialized content knowledge for teachers and primary school students and with regard to the lack of a specific program and framework for developing this type of knowledge in our country's mathematics curriculum, especially in the area of division of fractions, development of specialized content knowledge of division of  fractions in primary school students through the development of a school–based curriculum can be of crucial importance.

 The main question of the present study is whether the implementation of the curriculum for the development of specialized content knowledge of division of fractions based on school-based curriculum development in recent years has been effective in developing knowledge and skills and improving attitude of primary school student teachers?

This study which benefits from a mixed methods approach to research has been conducted  in two phases. First, the qualitative phase was done through the use of exploratory research design and a case study method.  Then, the quantitative phase was conducted using instrument development design and a quasi-experimental research method. Participants in the qualitative phase included math education specialists, faculty members in mathematics at Farhangian University, curriculum specialists, and researchers interested in this research area. After reviewing the resources and interviewing the experts, the present researchers developed a model of specialized knowledge development curriculum for division of fractions. The statistical population in the quantitative section were primary school student teachers at Farhangian University, of whom  were selected through convenience sampling. Next, the findings of the qualitative phase was used to design a curriculum model in form of an educational program. Now,  primary school student teachers’ specialized content knowledge of division of  fractions was assessed by administering both a pre- and a post-tests, designed by the present researchers. , Participants' attitudes towards division of fractions were then sought using the newly designed Fraction Division Attitude Scale and the primary school student teachers’ skills in division of franction were assessed through carring out formative assessment.

In the first phase of this study, the present researchers used a case study method and four elements of purpose, content and learning activities, teaching-learning methods and evaluation methods to design a curriculum model for the development of specialized content knowledge of division of fractions of primary school student teachers . In the second phase, the designed curriculum was implemented on primary school student teachers in form of an educational program and it was tried to evaluate the extent in which the curriculum objectives were achieved. , the pre- and post-tests, the Fraction Division Attitude Scale and formative assessment were accordingly used here. An independent samples t-test was next run to analyze participants’ pretest scores and the results revealed no statistically significant difference between participants in experimental and control groups in their pretests results. In other words, participants of both the experimental and control groups had almost the same level of knowledge  division of fractions - before the administration of the treatment, i.e. training through the use of the designed curriculum. Analysis of participants’ postscores was done by using analysis of covariance. The results revealed that participants in the experimental group, who were trained through the use of the newly developed   conventional methods of teaching. In addition, it was revealed that implementation of the recent designed curriculum had a positive effect on the attitudes of participants in the experimental group. Moreover, classroom observations by the researchers during the process of formative assessment revealed that participants in the experimental group were more skilled at doing division of fractions than participants in the control group.                                                                                                                      

The findings of the present study showed that the implementation of the newly designed specialized knowledge development curriculum for division of  fractions  based on  school–based curriculum development  led to improvement of students and  teachers’ knowledge and skills in dividing fractions, increase their interest and promote their attitude towards teaching and learning division of  fractions. Development of school-based curriculums, l can help decentralize centralized curriculums, which usually exist in form of general curriculums in educational centers.  Therefore, it is recommended that the curriculum designed in this study canbe used in teacher training centers involved in teaching primary school student teachers.

This study addresses the security of information systems (ISS) as one of the most important issues in organizations and especially municipalities. Instead of exceptions, information security breaches have become a norm, and security of information systems can only be realized when employees completely accept this concept by changing their behavior in line with advanced information security systems. The model of this research is based on institutional theory. This two-way model has introduced organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in the process of verifying the security of the information system. This research also measures the impact of innovative culture on the information security system. The statistical population of the study consisted of Mashhad Municipal Information Technology experts and data collection tool was a questionnaire. The data support mainly the proposed research model and the results indicate the application of institutional theory in explaining the process of institutionalizing the changes in the security of the information system on the innovative culture of the organization, legitimizing and accepting those changes, and increasing organizational citizenship behavior (reduction of counterproductive work behavior) in employees Which, in the end, will increase the effectiveness of the security of the information system.

With the rise of Russian nationalists and Eurasianists, the Middle East has become strategically important in Russia's regional and global calculations. In this context, the development of relations with key actors in the Middle East subsystem, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia, has been one of Russia's foreign policy priorities. But Tehran and Riyadh are pursuing conflicting interests in the region, which poses a challenge to Russia's diplomatic apparatus. Given this issue, the research question is based on how Russia, while maintaining relations with Tehran and Riyadh, has managed the conflict in their relations in line with its regional interests? The hypothesis of the article is based on the fact that Russia has tried to establish independent relations with both countries simultaneously based on a completely realistic and pragmatic approach, in order to serve its regional as well as global interests. The research method is analytical-explanatory and the theoretical approach of realism has been used to explain the subject. Findings show that in relation to the issue of Iran's nuclear activities, regional influence and its presence in Syria, the confrontation of the Resistance Front with the Arab-Hebrew coalition and Iran's support for the Yemeni Houthis in the war With Saudi Arabia, Kremlin leaders ignored the Saudis' demands and instead pursued a policy of coordination with Tehran in the national interest.

Article (188) of the Islamic Penal Code (1392), testifies to the testimony as one of the arguments for proving the claim, but in note (2) of this article, the testimony on the testimony of a third party is not accepted. This note is in accordance with the famous fatwa of the Imamieh jurisprudents. The main reason for the popularity of the jurists is the consensus, adherence to the principle, the non-inclusion of traditions on the subject of testimony on the testimony, as well as a specific narrative in this regard. Contrary to this promise, however, a number of contemporary jurists believe that the acceptance of third-party testimony is justified. The group rejects all the well-known arguments in support of their claim and, in their view, refuse to offset the weakness of the particular cause document by fame; In this article, the authors examine the famous arguments and argue throughout the argument that even if one accepts the scientific theory of documentary weakness compensation by fame, the famous quote can still be accepted and promises to have some form of construction. The authors suggest that the inclusion of a single news authority argument may be a strong reason for accepting testimony over subordinate testimony. It is worth noting that this theory has a wide application in the context of the affirmative action, especially in cases such as the special endowment that, after the initial abortive death and the endowment reaches the end, there is no way to prove the endowment other than the testimony of subordinate testimony.

While the occupation of Khorramshahr by Iraq was considered as the last and most important winner in forcing Iran to take part in any peace talks, its releasement could have been a symbol of the Islamic Republic's political will to the invade regime and prove the Islamic Republic of Iran’s military superiority.  Accordingly, as the western Karoun public area was the last major area still occupied by Iraq, on the one hand, Iranian military commanders agreed to operate in this area, and on the other hand, Iraq considered definitive that Iran will have operation to release Khorramshahr after the operation of Fath al-Mubin. So, because of the importance of Basra and its position in defending, Iraq believed in the need to preserve the area.  Regarding the successful operation of Bait al Moghaddas in 1361, we can say that the purpose of this study is: to investigate the factors and contexts affecting the success of Bait al Moghaddas operation.  Due to the nature of the article title and in the way of answering the main question, in this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. In terms of the type of research, it is classified as an applied research. The method and tools for collecting information and data are also the library-documentary method, the form of a receipt, as well as the use of internet resources and the interviews with experts in this field. By analyzing the question of this article which is: "What are the factors and contexts that contribute to the success of Operation Bait al Moghaddas?" we can provide a clear answer to it and the related sub questions.After analyzing the performance of the two Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Islamic Republic of Iran Army and analyzing the planning, organizing, and the control of this operation, the results show that the cooperation, correlation and unity between the two units with the organization's joint focus and command at Camp of Karbala, as well as the risk of command, attacking unawares and the high speed of the operating forces, led to such a successful operation with its complete outcomes.

Recent developments in the international system in particular in regional level, which intensified anarchy in the Middle East geopolitics, directed some key actors to form coalition against common threats. Israel and Saudi Arabia are those who have seriously taken step for creating a coalition. With regard to that, the aim of the research is to study the fields that led Saudi Arabia and Israel to establish a de facto coalition and the consequences of it for Iran’s national security. Therefore, the main question of the research is that what are the main roots of forming the coalition and how this threats Iran's national security?

The research method is analytical- explanatory and library resources were used for data collection.

The research findings reveal that different factors of internal, regional and international had role in forming the coalition which are reinforcing one another. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that Israeli-Saudi coalition through intensifying Iran-phobia and changing regional blocking, shifting balance of power and altering regional security structure, extending instability and crisis generation in Iran and ultimately exacerbating identical and sectarianism variancesaimed at dwindling Iran regional power, has put in danger Iran's national security and interests.

forming Israeli-Saudi coalition will lead to divergence and escalating of differences among the Muslim countries in the region and will challenge their development. The crisis among Muslim countries, will definitely supply the US and Israel benefits in the region.

 Introduction:

 Due to Syria crisis after 2011, the Middle East has been affected by the presence of large regional and global powers in this region. Meanwhile, the United States was the first metaphorical actor to enter this area. The US former President Barack Obama supported a pro-oppositions of the central government of Syria. US-backed forces were called the Free Army (al-Jaysh al-Suri al-Bakhr). Because this archeology depended on radical Islam, Washington had to revise its strategy. Since 2014, it was found a new policy of the United States, calling a strategic alliance with the Syrian Kurds and tolerance of the Russian-Iranian axis and the rule of Bashar al-Assad.With the election of Donald Trump as the US president, doubts were raised about the US security strategy toward the Middle East.

 Methodology:

 Due to these interpretations and in response to the current research question, Donald Trump's foreign policy has been analyzed in the Middle East and ultimately, the US foreign policy approach and its impact on the national and regional security of Iran have been raised for the Iranian diplomacy system. 

 Analysis and conclusions:

 The central government of Syria appears to have taken power again, but the present Syria and post-crisis are not like Syria before 2011. Syria was the central axis of Middle East developments alongside Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, but Syria was eliminated by the current transformations and it missed its power cycle in the Middle East. The Trump government is well aware of the erosion of the Syrian government, so it tries to shape the Middle East's security order in the upcoming Syrian regime by isolating Iran as well as using the Kurds that have emerged in Iraq as a new political force in the Middle East since 2003. It is believed that The Trump government is trying to do like the united Iraqi Kurds in Syria to protect the US interests in Syria. Along this, since 2011, Turkey, Iran and Russia have been three main actors in the developments in Syria. The United States is trying to increase its share of the country by creating a balance between Turkey and Syria, but not maximizing its benefits. In sum, Iran plays a major strategic role in the Middle East by pursuing smart diplomacy (a combination of soft and hard power) preventing the implementation of Donald Trump's foreign policy programs in the Middle East centered around the Syrian crisis. In this regard, Iran is in a position to bring Syrian Kurds to Damascus and maintain the Moscow, Tehran and Ankara circles, and reject the Astana Summit, and this is the most important strategy of Tehran that can be taken to counter the security threats of Tramp for the Syrian crisis.

Islamic Republic of Iran, with a futuristic view, developments in the geometry of power and gaining strategic benefits based on capacities and capabilities in meeting the needs of empowerment, dynamic activism in regional and extra-territorial security arrangements and the like, can develop and strengthen defense-security cooperation with PRC in various fields, especially defense diplomacy. The central aim of this paper is to identify the factors that play a significant role in these collaborations. This is an applied-developmental study in terms of purpose, and its method is a case-field one with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In this study, 23 important and effective factors have been identified and prioritized that play a role in defense-security collaborations between the two countries in both favorable and existing situations. In the current situation, the geopolitical and geostrategic position of the two countries with a coefficient of 81.8%, the position of PRC in the international system with a coefficient of 80.0%, the new US strategy in Asia with a coefficient of 76.4%, the consensus of these two countries on the central role of the UN, and international institutions have the greatest impact on resolving issues with a coefficient of 72.7%, and in the favorable situation, the position of PRC in the international system, the efforts of the two countries to prevent the use of unconventional weapons (nuclear, chemical and microbial) and relations between the PRC and regional and international powers with a coefficient of 98.2%, the two countries' compromise on the pivotal role of the UN and international institutions in resolving issues, the two countries' demand for a new political and economic order with the participation of all countries, geopolitical position and the geostrategic of the two countries have the greatest influence with a coefficient of 96.4%.

Given the strategic position and ideological tendencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which assumes the defense of the country's independence and protection of the oppressed society, and the assault on the hegemony of the superpowers, the threat of infiltration and intelligence gathering by foreign intelligence services in the armed forces There has been a dramatic increase in the need for more attention to self-control. Therefore, the lack of effective self-control will make it difficult for the armed forces to maintain information, protect their capabilities, their intelligence, and their personnel. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to "identify the legal components of security self-control in the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran". This study, based on library resources and field research, seeks to answer the question "the legal components of security self-control in the armed forces". What are the Islamic Republic of Iran? “The research method used in this study is a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) and the statistical population of managers and commanders of the Armed Forces with information protection and management background and at least 18 positions is considered. Accordingly, the most important components were extracted in the library studies section by referring to reputable sources and interviewing reporters. It was argued that based on the analysis of the questionnaires, the most important legal components affecting the self-control of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran have been identified and ranked, which can be used to identify the legal weaknesses of achieving security self-control. And approving, restoring, and enforcing laws to officials and decision makers to assist the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The purpose of this study was to design a model of empowerment ofretirees (with emphasis on economic factors). This applied researchwas a qualitative and quantitative mixed research method. The population ofthe study consisted of 30 commanders and managers of the law enforcementagencies at the Pension Centers, Naja Retirees Center, Habib Ibn MazaherFund and faculty members of Amin University of Medical Sciences. Samplingwas non-random and snowball. Given the need for a careful empowermentmodel for retirees (with emphasis on economic factors), we need acareful study of the organization. Therefore, information about this organizationis collected through observation, interview and study of documents.Contentanalysis is used to analyze the interviews; and the latest empowermentachievement in the research literature will be analyzed by metacentrism.Tovalidate, a member and expert survey questionnaire was used and interpretivestructural modeling was used to design the model and identify the relationshipsamong the model dimensions.The results showed that the effective dimensionsof economic empowerment of retirees were respectively: honoringand providing services to retirees, compensatory payments to maintain acceptablestandards of living; utilizing the expertise, skills and experiences ofretirees, matching existing retirement plans with retirees’ conditions.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (“ASEAN”) is regarded as one of the most important economic-trade blocks around the world and one the few successful international organizations among the developing countries. A great deal of such success could be attributed to the integrated legal infrastructures which ASEAN benefits from; legal infrastructures which the members have designed and implemented on a step by step basis since the establishment of the organization. Among these, the multi-facet ASEAN system of dispute settlement is a cornerstone. This paper seeks to examine the applicability, competent authorities and the procedures of this system in deciding a broad range of disputes. Accordingly and by the way describing this part of the legal system of ASEAN, this paper is based on the belief that modeling the ASEAN dispute settlement mechanisms in similar international organizations among developing countries, specifically the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), can make a significant contribution as to improving the functioning of such organizations.

Strategy of an organization affects the underlying structures, policies, programs, and core activities of the organization. Strategy is a transformational approach, but one of the reasons for lack of its usage in organizations is that managers avoid its high risk. If the operational factors regarding this risk are better understood and measures are taken to control and curb it, there will undoubtedly be more effective space to take advantage of the benefits of this approach. While I.R. of Iran's Armed Forces Physical Education Organization has been able to perform its liabilities well by employing the strategic planning process, the question is: Is it necessary for those programs to be revised and modified regarding their content and structure? In this regard, the aim of the present study was to identify the main strategies for the development of the Armed Forces by utilizing meta-analysis and combining the findings of all available sources. The present study was a meta-analysis. The statistical population of the study consists of all plans, programs and strategic documents of Iranian Armed Forces sport organizations that were selected for the research sample and meta-analysis. The findings of this study showed that the major goals and related strategies regarding sport in the Armed Forces can be grouped into five groups: Public, championship, cultural, knowledge development and resource development, and in the horizon of 1404, directs the Iranian Armed Forces Physical Education Organization on the right track by emphasizing the strengthening of the military family's shares in championship sport.

The 2016 U.S presidential election has been a contest between Hillary Clinton's liberal hegemony approach and opposition with it based on nationalist approach by Donald Trump. Donald Trump's foreign policy prioritized U.S interests.The purpose of this article is to answer this main question in a descriptive-analytical method that why Donald Trump's U.S priority approach based on the internal tendencies of Jackson's tradition was adopted by part of the American people؟ And this subsidiary question be proposed that, what has this approach affected on the tensions between Iran and the U.S? In response to the main question in this article, This hypothesis on the basis of nationalist approach has proposed that for decades citizens in conflict with their leaders, more have realistic than liberal foreign policy orientation, which have led them to demand self-centered foreign policy.They insisted on the president that to put U.S interests in the first priority. In response to the subsidiary question this hypothesis proposed, Trump on the basis of nationalist approach believed the joint comprehensive plan of action failed to serve US interests. With withdrawal of U.S from JCPOA tension between U.S and Iran returned to the former enemy. The result showed even after nuclear deal relations between Iran and U.S not changed so much .It seems in the Trump era, relations between Iran and the United States neither to be a direct confrontation nor a normalization of relations, but will be a continuation of past political tension, unless unpredictable evolution take place.

Iran and the US are experiencing turbulent times in their relations. The tension is so intense that some are concerned about the possibility of an unwanted war in the region. Trump administration with purpose to return Iran to negotiation table and signing comprehensive agreement with Iran imposes economic and political sanctions in what it calls "maximum pressure policy". This concept most closely resembles the economic pressures of sanctions, nevertheless, pondering the Trump administration's policy against Iran, shows the fact that America, It has a strategy for dealing with Iran that is not limited to economic dimensions. US strategy against Iran is a combination of economic, political, military pressure, cyber-attacks, and fog of war in Iranian areas of influence. The ultimate goal is to change the political system or disintegrate the Iranian political system. The various determinations of Trump's strategy against the Iran are explained more precisely, not in the context of the policy of maximum pressure, but in the context of the concept of "Hybrid War". For gaining this purpose, with application of the concept of Hybrid War, this article seeks to explain the Trump administration's practical policy against Iran.

 The Islamic Republic of Iran police is one of the most important and effective institutions in order to providing order and security in the country.it is an indispensable necessity for the co-ordination and overlap of the various law enforcement activities to strengthen and extend empathy and co-operation in different dimensions in this holy organization.The same subject was the field of doing this research The purpose of the researcher is to extract the results in scientific ways and with emotions of the components empathy and companionship and provide them to the managers and determiners,and complete this matter by observing them at all levels and elements of law enforcement.

this research is in terms of porpose ,usefully and in term of methode ,qualitative (descriptive -analytical); and seeks to explain the dimensions, components and indices of empathy and companionship in Naja (based on Supreme Command General guide lines and forms). The sample consisted of 80 commanders, managers, assistants and successors of Naja's assistants, and the sample size is integer that after the distribution of questionnaires, 75 questionnaires were collected. The needed data were gathered from the documentary method and content analysis of Supreme Command General and data were also collected  through questionnaire distribution the statistical society has been collected  in four sections.

After performing statistical tests such as Friedman rank test, the results showed that the commands and measures of the supreme command General(HR) in the manpower dimension in the first priority, then the hierarchy in the second priority, the rules dimensions , the Regulations, circulars and the technological dimension are the third and forth priorities to the reality attaching in empathy and companionship in Naja is effective. Suggestions from the research about the four dimensions based on the results are also presented.

Hajj, as the religion of worship, and a religious and political practice, has a vast capacity for the Islamic world. Hajj pilgrimage and new pilgrimage have been faced with a lot of ups and downs with at least half a century of experience in servicing pilgrims. This issue continues to be a challenge due to the lack of appropriate patterns of scientific research after three decades of revolution. Therefore, the main objective of the research is to explain and prioritize the dimensions and components of the Hajj pilgrimage system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This issue continues to be a challenge due to the lack of appropriate patterns of scientific research after three decades of revolution. Therefore, the main objective of the research is to explain and prioritize the dimensions and components of the Hajj pilgrimage system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Accordingly, the present research is applied in terms of the purpose and in terms of the type of data collected, is a combination of qualitative section of the interview protocol of mind-caving with 30 experts. In the quantitative part of the data collection method, Using a questionnaire, a field experiment was conducted. The statistical population of this research consisted of experts, experts and experts in the area of ​​Hajj pilgrimage and pilgrimage, with 80 people and a targeted sampling method. The validity of the research pattern was obtained using SPSS and PLS software. The results of the study showed that among the five dimensions of the system of management system, the "management system", the first priority and other dimensions are "value system", "system of support", "key activities" and "system of environmental interactions" in the next priorities Are. Also, out of 29 components, the components of "monitoring and control", "spirituality", "piloting journey pilgrims", "professionalism and efficiency of the broker" and "responsibility and service of brokers" are respectively Most rated. The most important achievement of this research is the proposal to create a Hajj and pilgrimage brokerage agency..

Public trust in government and its future trend is one of the important issues for governments that lack of recognition and attention to its effective factors can have destructive consequences for the government over time. In this regard, the present study has tried to explore effective factors on future of public trust in government of Islamic Republic of Iran, and the analysis of their causal interrelationship network.

In this research we used Fuzzy DEMATEL technique. In order to collect data we used the viewpoints of experts which selected by purposeful sampling. After identifying effective factors on future of public trust in government from the literature, Fuzzy DEMATEL technique was used to determine the status of causal relations among these factors.

The results of data analysis showed that among the extracted factors from literature, social justice is the most fundamental factor and making constructive changes in it, can lead to more serious changes in the future of public trust in government in Iran. Also, public managers and employees' competency and transparency in government are the most important factors in the future of public trust and at the opposite point is the quality of public service.

According these results, the government must emphasize on social justice and competency and merit in applying and appointing people and do its best efforts to implement laws related to transparency in public affairs administration.