An analytical study of the role of the geographical factors in the Iran-Greece wars during the Achaemenid period

The wars of Iran and Greece during the Achaemenid period, which took place during the reign of Darius the Great and his successor, Xerxes, are among the most important historical issues that for some reason the Persians failed in these wars. One of the most influential factors in any war is the geographical issues of the battle zone. The present study has examined and analyzed the role of geographical factors in the performance of the Achaemenian against the Greeks, and the purpose of this study is to analyze how the geographical factors, both military and natural, influence in the Iran-Greece wars. This article tries to answer the question of what geographical traps the Achaemenian caught in their attacks on Greece that affected the outcome of the battle. The results of the study indicate that despite the fact that the Achaemenian considered many aspects in their attacks, but in several situations they neglected to consider and identify geographical barriers that weakened or defeated them. The present paper completes the data collection through library studies and presents the results through historical descriptive analysis.