An Investigation into the Themes and Symbols of the Tile-work of Qajar Bathhouses (Case Study: Men’s Apodyterium in the Chāhārfasl Bathhouse, Arak)

The Chāhārfasl (Four Seasons) Bathhouse is considered as one of the most beautiful historic places with glorious tiles from the Qajar dynasty, Iran. This bathhouse is unique for its diverse artistic patterns, particularly in its apodyterium. The tile patterns and motifs of this bathhouse are a testimony to the past rich culture and art of the Islamic world, which in the absence of written documents would play a considerable role in depicting Qajar artistic taste. On the other hand, such traditional patterns reflect the beliefs and culture of the people. Therefore, an analysis of subjects and concepts of the mentioned patterns of these tiles can help us extend our understanding of Iranian architecture and art in the recent centuries. The shortage of academic studies on the architecture and art of Arak is a matter emphasizing the importance of carrying out a detailed investigation into its historic sites and places, most specifically the Chāhārfasl Bathhouse. It should also be noted that no specific study has ever been undertaken on the themes of this bathhouse’s ornaments. Considering this issue and the need to know more on art and culture connections, we proceeded to study the themes and subjects of the tiles in the bathhouse’s apodyterium. This study is based on analytical-descriptive methodology conducted by the means of field and desk research. The motifs studied here could be categorized as: sun, spiral icons, human soldiers, lion and dragon, lion and cow, birds, owl, flower and vase, landscapes and arabesque and khata’i. Results of the study indicate that these icons, patterns and designs are not just decorative, but they derive inspirations from epic, historic, religious, political and western figures.