Understanding the Concept of Hidden Violence against Women in the novel "Homa" Written by Mohammad Hejazi, Emphasizing Two Macro Indicators

Violence refers to the concept of applying any behavior to harm one or more phenomena. This concept can be done on two levels, consciously or unconsciously. Among these, the critical issue is to investigate the limits, amount, and victims of violence. One of the important spectrums that have sometimes been subjected to violence is women. In Iran, the presence of women as victims of social and cultural conditions dates back to the first contemporary novels during Reza Shah's modernization era. In the novels of this period, we came across images of women as victims of society. This article is research in examining and understanding the concept of hidden violence against women in the novel "Homa" written by Mohammad Hejazi. As a leading author and novelist, Hejazi has shown the concealed shadow of violence against women by choosing female titles for his novels. The hypothesis of this article indicates that in the novel "Homa," Hejazi presents a woman who is a victim of hidden violence in the culture and traditions of a patriarchal society. The findings using the descriptive-analytical method and written and virtual sources showed that the hidden violence against women in Homa's novel includes two indicators of verbal and non-verbal hidden violence. Therefore, humiliation, slander, insults, threats, lies, taunts, and teasing are included under the index of hidden verbal violence. Also, ignoring women's character, supporting wrong marriage customs, supporting polygamy, sexual violence, hypocrisy, and pretending is under the macro index of hidden non-verbal violence.