جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 25 (پاییز 1402)

Manuscripts are valuable works that explain an important part of a country's life in terms of history, identity, religion and culture. One of the important and historical manuscripts is Bital Ajam, which is one of the fictional texts of ancient India translated into Persian in India in the 13th century by Maharaja Madhu Kishan and his brother Indra Kishan Bahador. The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristics of its literary style from the perspective of the science of expression. This research, first with the library method, then extraction, classification and statistical analysis of the arrays (simile, metaphor, allusion and irony) and finally by using the comparative method to frequency measurement of the structural methods of these arrays, has achieved their stylistic characteristics in this work. The impressive use of irony, many simile additions, the simile structure of the type of descriptive composition, sensory to sensory and intellectual to sensory similes, simple metaphors that are close to the mind, mechanistic metaphors of the type of descriptive composition, and the abundance allowed for detail and local interest are important literary features. This work is from the perspective of the science of expression. The findings showed that Bital Ajam is not just a purely fictional work in simple language, but the abundant use of literary arrays, especially, the high frequency of irony, simile, metaphor, anManuscripts are valuable works that explain an important part of a country's life in terms of history, identity, religion and culture. One of the important and historical manuscripts is Bital Ajam, which is one of the fictional texts of ancient India translated into Persian in India in the 13th century by Maharaja Madhu Kishan and his brother Indra Kishan Bahador. The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristics of its literary style from the perspective of the science of expression. This research, first with the library method, then extraction, classification and statistical analysis of the arrays (simile, metaphor, allusion and irony) and finally by using the comparative method to frequency measurement of the structural methods of these arrays, has achieved their stylistic characteristics in this work. The impressive use of irony, many simile additions, the simile structure of the type of descriptive composition, sensory to sensory and intellectual to sensory similes, simple metaphors that are close to the mind, mechanistic metaphors of the type of descriptive composition, and the abundance allowed for detail and local interest are important literary features. This work is from the perspective of the science of expression. The findings showed that Bital Ajam is not just a purely fictional work in simple language, but the abundant use of literary arrays, especially, the high frequency of irony, simile, metaphor, and metaphor arrays, has turned it into a valuable literary work, and the main part is prose.d metaphor arrays, has turned it into a valuable literary work, and the main part is prose.

Children's literature is any text written or composed with the help of specific technical and literary principles and content appropriate to the child's age group so that the child can communicate with it well. As a result, the works written or composed for children must follow certain technical principles. In terms of emotional and psychological aspects, they must be such that they affect the child's seeking-beauty soul and arouse his emotions and feelings. In Arabic literature, "Suleiman Al-Issa" and in Persian literature, "Mustafa Rahmandost" are among the poets who devoted a large part of their poems to children's issues and left valuable works in this field. The present research, written with a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, has investigated the manifestations of the divine and earthly nature in the children's poems of the two mentioned poets. It is concluded that both poets paid attention to phenomena such as the sky, rain, wind, sea, river, and tree in their poems and, while drawing them, also expressed some appropriate moral and educational principles for children.

Social semiotics introduces the social, economic and cultural situations of the subject as the main factors in determining the actions. In the novel "The Last Game of the Lady (Bazie Akhare Banoo)", the social position of the novel’s main subjects changes with time, from poverty to welfare. The purpose of this paper is to show the evolution of social codes as a result of situation changing from poverty to welfare, and the subject's social class displacement. This paper examines three codes (behavior, food, and tone) in poverty and welfare situations using the descriptive-analytical method. The research findings show that the change in economic conditions is not the sole factor in determining the social codes which used by the subject in different situations, and in social distinctions either. In fact, the norm governing the subject's personality has a very decisive role in her behaviors, choices and tone. The dominance of the objective norm on the subject’s personality causes the subject to change simultaneously with the change in objective conditions. However, the dominance of the evaluative norm delays the subject’s change. The subject adapts the code with the situation change only when she ensures that the situation conforms to her evaluative norm.

Fictional literature in Iran has focused its attention on representing the realities of Iranian society from the very beginning of its formation. With a quick look at the works of fiction from the twenties to the fifties, the audience can clearly see the influence of realism in the heart and text of the stories. The main reason for this approach in fiction literature is the political and social structure and conditions that govern Iran. The present study tries to answer the main question in a descriptive-analytical way, that according to the realist view that prevailed in the short story in the twenties, what image did the male writers draw of "woman" and her "social position" at this historical moment? are The statistical population of this research is the short stories written by Ebrahim Golestan, Bozor Alavi and Mahmoud Etemadzadeh in this decade. The findings of the research show that "female" characters in these stories are often mentioned as secondary characters and their processing method is in a way that is related to other characters. It seems that none of the "female" characters are directly introduced in these stories and their "actions", "thoughts" and "speech" are the main tools of the authors. They are to introduce these characters to the reader. These women have different names; but they have common characteristics that they are condemned to suffer and finally surrender due to economic, cultural and political anomalies. In general, although these "women" have been represented differently in some cases; the overall picture presented of them under the influence of the realistic view of short story writers in the twenties has many points in common with each other.

Existentialism is a fledgling philosophy that emerged from the end of the 19th century, and it is the cornerstone of this school's meaning therapy. Loneliness is one of Yalom's anthropological foundations regarding the meaning of life. Loneliness is one of the themes that humans have faced throughout history and it is a meaning and concept in various fields such as mysticism and Sufism, psychology, philosophy and love. According to Yalom, the four anxieties of freedom, loneliness, death and meaninglessness are rooted in the truth of human existence. Yalom believes that in order to get rid of these four concerns, a person must create meaning and realize the truth of life, which is actually serving creation, creation and self-fulfillment. Also, in Simin's poetry, loneliness is one of the colorful manifestations that dominates the atmosphere of his sonnets. In their works and writings, both Simin and Yalom believe in fundamental loneliness and tried to solve this kind of loneliness and each of them presented specific solutions. In this research, the author aims to investigate and compare the anthropological foundations of the meaning of loneliness in the opinion of Simin Behbahani and Ervin Yalom, using descriptive-analytical method and library tools, and answer the question whether the theme of loneliness in Simin's poetry is the same as the fundamental loneliness of Yalom? And what is the solution for these two to solve loneliness and get rid of anxiety and worry in life?

The concept of self and its struggle with reason and spirit is one of the most important topics of mysticism and reaching the truth. The important issue is that the ego has indicators and functions that challenge the achievement of the truth and make a person regress. For this reason, mystics in their works, while explaining the threats and malfunctions of the ego, provide practical solutions for success in the conflict between reason and ego and have reached their true lover. This article tries to investigate the dysfunctions of the ego from the perspective of Molavi and Attar and the solutions of the article using the comparative method. The main question of this article is: "How did Rumi and Attar explain the bad functions of the Ego and what strategies were proposed to combat it?" The authors' hypothesis emphasizes the fact that Rumi and Attar draw the soul to predatory animals, inviting man to austerity and grooming the soul. The findings showed that the key concept of Rumi to fight against the ego and achieve the truth is "optional death" which three stages are necessary for its occurrence. The same concept is "Annihilation" in Attar's poems, in which the seeker must go through four stages to realize it.

The ancient root of comparative literature or parallel literature in the history of Persian and Arabic literature has not been hidden from any researcher of this bilingual literature, especially in the field of prophetic praises since ancient times. The praise of the Holy Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is a legacy of the common religious sentiment and thinking of Islamic writers, especially between the civilizations of Iran and Arabs. Even the long time of living between the poets of Wadiban has not been able to make these common and remarkable aspects and themes in their poems become forgotten. The poems of these two poets, considering The religious and religious background of both of them, in spite of living in different eras, and with a long time gap, has a common aspect, especially the teachings of the Holy Prophet of Islam. The comparison of the poems of these two poets is based on prophetic praises and common themes such as the birth, morals and creation of the Prophet (PBUH), the position and status of the companions and family of the Prophet (PBUH). , the Kausar pool, miracles and influence from the Qur'an and prophetic hadith and attention to Jesus the prophet can be compared and measured. with the difference that although Khaqani does not have a Sufi profession, he has a special skill in creating meanings and using various words of Sufi literature, and most of his descriptions are short and concise. However, in most cases, Shoghi expresses the matter in a simple, clear and concise way in his prophetic praises. A comparison compares the poems in Shoghi Diwan and Khaqani Batkieh on their prophetic praises, in order to show the commonalities and differences of these two famous poets in the way of speaking.

The two concepts of Fatalism and Free will are the most important concepts raised in jurisprudence, philosophy and mystical literature which apart from philosophers, great poets such as Rumi, Sanai, Attar, Hafez, and Saadi have addressed it in their poetry and prose works.This issue becomes more important when in the history of Islam, two schools of Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila have been established to defend Fatalism and Free will and have put forward numerous arguments to accept or reject them. This article with the purpose of comparative analysis of the two concepts of Fatalism and Free will with emphasis on the poems of Rumi and Attar. The main question of this article is: "How the two concepts of Fatalism and Free will can be analyzed in the poems of Rumi and Attar?" The hypothesis of the authors implies that the concepts of Fatalism and Free will have a special prominence in the poems of Rumi and Attar and that both poets have addressed these two concepts and have tried to analyze them with their own reasons. The findings by using the comparative method showed that the frequency of the concept of Free will in Rumi's poets is much higher than the concept of Fatalism while the frequency of Fatalism in Attar's poets is much wider than the concept of Free will. Therefore, in the course of mysticism, Rumi's poems represent voluntarism and Attar's poems represent Fatalism.