فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 21، پاییز 1395)

Issues that threaten peace, life or wellbeing of humans in specific regions of the world cannot be solved by any single actor. It requires participating of wide networks of political, business, governmental, non-profit and humanitarian organizations.
The problem is that the form of network by itself increases the uncertainty about coordination and also, collaboration of different actors in a wide network is difficult and time-consuming. So, the purpose of the present study is answering to the critical question that despite the uncertainty and difficulty of coordinating the networks, how can one use network approach as a tool to manage and respond to the crisis?
A sample of 20 articles which include the keywords of “Crisis management”, “Network”, “Uncertainty”, “Mobilizing Network” or “Incident Command System” are selected from ISI articles published through the past twenty years. Then, by reviewing the literature of crisis management, networks and combining them, a combinational approach is proposed to respond and manage the crisis.
Findings: Three types of network uncertainty are substantive uncertainty, strategic uncertainty and institutional uncertainty. There are some techniques to overcome these uncertainties such as learning, familiarity, strong prior working relationships and preplanning. Mobilizing network, incident command system and network governance can be used to increase network coordination.
Crises are defined by their relationship with uncertainty. New and non-regular crisis tasks would require an ad hoc network of responders but the form of network by itself may increase the uncertainty of coordination. So, some methods are needed to overcome uncertainty. One of the important methods in this regards, is the process of learning. Inter organizational learning reduces substantive uncertainty and fosters partnership skills among participants. Familiarity is also likely to reduce institutional uncertainty, as the different backgrounds of actors become known and as the ways in which these differences can acceptably shape behavior become defined. Mobilizing networks and incident command system are also can be used as a ways of increasing network coordination. Networks by facilitating learning, cooperation and team effectiveness, distribution knowledge & information and legitimacy can be useful to manage crisis.

Risk analysis in sensitive areas, is one of the important step in the integrated process of crisis management and it account as one of the essential needs of prevention and readiness steps against crisis. Therefore decrease of negative effects of next crisis may be by correct recognition of vulnerable areas and assumption Suitable high term and short term policy. Therefore, the aim of this research is recognition of vulnerable areas about natural accidents with emphasis on Crisis management.
Statistical population of the study consists of 21 villages in natural accidents in Hirmand City. The research method is descriptive- analytic and data are extracted by GIS maps. Also, AHP hierarchy model is used for modulation of maps and giving weight to layers.
Findings: The research finding show very low and moderate vulnerability in 17 village;also,4 village have very high vulnerability in Hirmand City because they are low Submergible restrict and residential snifter.
According to these findings, it is necessary to Create shield, barrier and block against riverine overflow and snifter. Also, it is necessary to repair natural way of river by increasing the river Dewatering capacity and dredging it.

Are connected to our life. Influence of social media in Iran, its significant role in Crisis management, and entrust the tasks to the crowds were the reasons to study the capabilities of domestic social media at crowdsourcing in managing the earthquake disaster.
Method and Findings: Since, there is less familiarity with crowdsourcing and usage in our country, in order to identify these capabilities, the experiences of other countries on using crowdsourcing has been examined. For this purpose, descriptive and analytical method has been used.
In this article, at first disaster is reviewed and elements and components of crisis management system is classified. Then by referring to social media, functions of the media is noted in Crises management. After defining the crowdsourcing , types of crowdsourcing have been specified and some of the benefits of crowdsourcing have been pointed. The data of this article have been collected through library method.
Mankind is still helpless and powerless against disaster in 21 century. Failure to using collective wisdom is one of the reasons that humans have not had proper reaction against disasters. By utilizing crowdcoursing through social media, the disasters can be better confronted. This article aims to makes a link between social media and disasters management through crowdsourcing. By this link, outstanding transformation in Crises management, which human has always been in jeopardy, can be seen. Crowdsourcing can be useful in financial and timing issues of natural Crises management.
At the end, crowdsourcing in disasters is studied and examples of crowdsourcing and its utilization in crisis management processes such as crisis map, tagging, collecting information on the dead, missing, wounded, etc are provided.

According to the growing population and population density in cities, serving faces some inadequacies in various areas due to the extant shortcomings. Among the urban centers, fire department has the tasks of securing duty in prevention and suppression from the fire. One of the important things before establishing these study centers is reviewing and selectinging suitable locations for this kind of users; a place which is suitable for critical conditions services. This study seeks to provide a suitable model for optimal locating fire station in the city of Birjand.
The research method is descriptive-analytical. At first, the important factors for location databases such as (suitable distance from education centers- suitable distance from administrative centers- suitable distance from medical centers- suitable distance from storage centers- suitable distance from training centers- suitable distance from the main passage centers- suitable distance from municipal facilities and equipment centers- suitable distance from business centers- suitable distance from population high density centers) have been identified and then, using Arc GIS software and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and after the process of providing information, classification and evaluation layers, weighting and overlay information layers, the Birjand lands are prioritized for establishing fire centers.
Finding: Birjand lands are evaluated for establishing fire centers in five zones: very poor zone, weak zone, intermediate zone, and good zone, very good zone; so that good and very good zones are suitable for fire locations and also observed five centers, are located in good and very good zones.
The results show that 5 Fire stations are located in appropriate and very appropriate areas and some parts of the city such as the Eastern parts do not have access to any fire station.

Human beings have been always facing natural disasters such as floods, storms, earthquakes, etc. from the beginning and have tried to manage and control these disasters. Problems caused by earthquake and other natural disasters for lifeline structures may result to the lack of potable water. Therefore, use of emergency water supplies is inevitable and vital after these disasters and water is the most basic needs for people in such a critical situation.
Maintaining safe water after damages to lifeline structures is a top priority of water and wastewater companies. Regarding the recent researches, one of the methods for water supply in emergency situation is the use of fixed tanks in volumes from 20 to 100 cubic meters that have been installed in suitable points of the city. Choosing the most suitable layout for the location of the tanks is very important because of their cost and required time for construction and installation.
In this study, the library method is applied to collect information about the research topic. Then, by conducting interviews, a questionnaire is designed to get the experts’ idea about the location of the emergency tanks. Consequently, the most important criteria and factor regarding each criterion are determined. Finally, the weight of importance factor of each criterion is calculated by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is a multi-criteria decision-making method.
Findings: Five main criteria are chosen for locating the emergency tanks, which are as follows (according to their weights): Closeness to centers with higher degree of importance, Closeness to more crowded centers, Preservation of hydraulic conditions of water distribution networks, reachability, and acquisition cost of location.
In order to find a proper location for tank installation, various locations such as parks, mosques, and schools, can be compared with considering the obtained criteria and their weights, to prioritize the locations and find the best option by using the AHP method. Closeness to centers with high degrees of importance is most prior criterion while the acquisition cost is the least priority.

Background and Today, governments and communities are trying to improve the conditions for life in risk areas, by improving resilience to natural disasters such as earthquakes. Knowledge management or In other words increased levels of knowledge and awareness in local communities is one of the major categories in the field. In this regard, Studies and Crisis Management Center of the City of Kerman due to the earthquake the city and the need to build resilient communities, has taken essential steps, to hold their local education in the city.
The study that was carried out in the neighborhood Sarasiab of Kerman, is functional in terms of purpose, Descriptive- survey in terms of data collection and correlation in terms of way. The questionnaire used in this study were made by researchers and their validity was confirmed by professors and experts after necessary amendments and proposals, in addition to Cronbach's alpha, reliability showed acceptable values. Finally were distributed randomly among the members of Kerman in the neighborhood Sarasiab. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test hypotheses of research and for comparison the variable average used of the single-sample t-test, ANOVA and Tukey test.
Finding: The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between knowledge management related to earthquake and social factors of resilience, additionally, sub-hypotheses were confirmed. Also, the mean variables of interest in this study between groups in sex, age and education showed that knowledge management and social factors resiliency average does not differ between sex groups, but is differ among age and education groups that used Tukey test to see these differences.
According to the results of research and the role of knowledge in promoting resilience, recommended that responsible organizations for disaster management, including research centers and Red Crescent Societies, according to the unpredictability of earthquakes, strengthen the program and educational classes at the community level to promote resiliency.

Soil effects in seismic design codes is often based on soil type and average shear wave velocity in different layers. In some seismic design codes, some effects such as the effects of thickness and depth of the bedrock seismic structure are ignored. Past earthquakes experience has proved that thickness of soil layers has a significant impact on the earth response and is unavoidably. Since, Iran is located in the seismic belt areas of the world, and Urmia city is also located in a high seismic potential area of Iran, so in this research, the effect of amplifying seismic waves in marl and sandy soils with different thicknesses has been examined in this area.
One dimensional analysis of sandy and marl with unequal thicknesses done by considering the place geotechnical characteristics. It is used from artificial accelerograms simulated based on seismic hazard analysis results as input motion of analysis in this analysis. This amplification ratio is modeled by neural network. Artificial neural network model is a new way to create a knowledge system based on collecting sample data.
Finding: Knowledge used in this model is a neural network to predict the seismic response that is mainly based on real data which can be utilized by using this model. In this paper, a model is designed using artificial neural network (ANN) to predict seismic magnification coefficients. The main advantage of this method is high performance in operation and high speed response of structures under Accelerograms be determined.
In this study, the results of artificial neural network using correlation coefficients and root mean square error criteria has been used to offer precise answer and the obtained results can be used in evaluating sand and marl soils in seismic in Urmia city.