نشریه نشاء علم
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 12، خرداد 1395)

Science is a light guiding human beings toward development and sublimity. Science intrinsically possesses ethics and spirituality through which leads to material achievements. Knowledge in essence is a treasure that does not depreciate. Nowadays; however, pseudo-science created out of knowledge is sold in the market. In many countries, it is seen that academic degrees, academic papers and theses are sold and unqualified professors teach students. Unfortunately, in many countries invalid journals are issued open access which publishes counterfeit papers in return for money and unauthorized conferences and workshops are held. In many cases, it is observed that several science and technology firms are established whose products are not biocompatible and caused stress disorder as well as environmental, nutritional, medical and radiational hazards. All these products are named after science, innovation, technology, knowledge-based economy and other grandiose names and most of them are far away from genuine knowledge and wisdom. Regrettably, some of these activities take place in our country which are unethical and misuse knowledge. It should be noted that the majority of Iranian researchers and scholars publish original academic papers and it’s only a minority of the academic community who misuse science and seek pseudo-science. Concerned officials should take legal measures to prevent such activities that lead to national scandals whose reports are reflected in foreign journals. Laws should be legislated and implemented to support knowledge development in our country so that knowledge will not be undermined. Execution of laws to support and promote knowledge and science in the country will promise scientists and researchers a better future for the scientific development of the country.

In 2015, based on the number of scientific documents indexed in the web of science in Thomson Reuters, the number of Iranian scientific documents is 30897 (1.70% of the world value and rank of 18) in science, 1330 (0.47% of the world value and rank of 36) in social sciences, 89 (0.08% of the world value and rank of 50) in art and humanities and 31296 (1.51% of the world value and rank of 20) in total. Now it is five years (20112015) that the rank of Iran in the scientific documents production is 20 in the world. However, the rank of Iran has been improved from 48 in 2000 to 20 in 2011 gradually, and then did not change during the last five years. The USA, China and England were the ranks of one to three in the world due to their contributions of 27.7%, 14.6% and 7.1%, respectively, for scientific documents productions in 2015. The rank of Turkey was 18 due to its 1.72% contribution. University of Tehran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tarbiat Modares University and Sharif University of Technology, respectively, were five top governmental universities in 2015. Near to 18 per cents of scientific documents in 2015 are related to the all branches of Islamic Azad University. The subject of engineering (all branches) had 190574 scientific documents (9.2% of total scientific documents published in the world in 2015), which 7445 of them were published by Iran so that our contribution in engineering was 3.93% of the world. The ranks of Iran and Turkey were 9 and 15, respectively, for engineering in 2015. However, China, USA and South Korea were the ranks of one to three in the world due to their contributions of 26.41%, 17.70% and 5.15%, respectively, for engineering. The ranks of Iran for chemistry, mathematics, physics and biology were 12, 12, 15 and 24, respectively, in the world in 2015.

Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles, and reduced interactions with surroundings. It is a very important stage of life that body detoxification occurs. Sleep is divided into two broad types: rapid eye movement (REM sleep) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM). The exact amount of sleep needed in people, is different and accurate determination of it, depends on the characteristics of the individual. More than 100 types of sleep disorders has been introduced, most important ones are insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Several factors, such as type of lifestyle, climate change, noise, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure, effect on the quality and quantity of sleep. Melatonin (sleep hormone) as an antioxidant, directly or indirectly fight with oxidative stress and cell death. Many studies have shown that sleep disorders have a direct relationship with the risk of some diseases such as diabetes and its complications. The most common methods for treating sleep disorders are medication and behavioral therapies plus lifestyle. In addition, traditional medicine is presented effective solutions for the treatment of sleep disorders.

Amigdalin (also known as laetrile or vitamin B17) a cyanogenic compounds, is widely distributed in plants, especially in the rosaceous plant seed, for example, apricot, peach, cherry, etc. It is a natural product that owns antitumor activity, less side effects and relatively low priced. Numerous studies have documented that amygdalin has antitussive and antiasthmatic effects, as well as an effects on the digestive system. Moreover, the pharmacological effects also include inhibition of renal interstitial fibrosis, prevention of pulmonary fibrosis, resistance to hyperoxia induced lung injury, immune suppression, immune regulation, antitumor, anti inflammatory and antiulcer. Different scientist tried to investigate the pharmacological activity, toxicity and antitumor effect in recent years, providing new insights for the development of new anticancer drugs, new targets searching and natural antitumor mechanism. In this paper summarizes published reports including different positive and negative utilization aspects of amigdalin and gives a better understanding of the known

During the last 40 years, earthquake prediction studies have been carried out based on various scientific methods such as statistical analysis and earthquake precursors, having specific purposes particularly for earthquake risk reduction. With respect to available valid data and knowledge, the earthquake prediction researches are followed in Iran based on long-term and continuous programs within the Iranian plateau. These studies aim to develop scientific findings about the possibility of a probable earthquake before its occurrence. There are two general strategies in this context: probabilistic prediction (or forecasting) and earthquake precursors. In this article, it is tried to present a general perspective about earthquake prediction studies. In this regard, different developed methods for earthquakes predictions, the challenges facing these researches in Iran, future programs as well as the fields of expertise are discussed. Finally, hydrogeochemical changes as an earthquake precursor is pointed out briefly.

In recent years, the global network of internet provides easily availability of online source materials and online papers, as a consequence using other’s workings requires just doing “copy/paste”. Lots of plagiarism detection softwares have emerged that help publisher and teachers to determine any existence of plagiarism in their received assignment, articles and books. Furthermore applying this engines by interested authors can specify any possibility of plagiarism in their unpublished works before submitting them. In this work, try to provide briefly introduces for some practical softwares for plagiarism detections and express their provided facilities and weak and strong points to help users of these engines to choose a suitable work according their needs and goals.

In this report we highlight the crucial importance of advanced and cutting edge basics and fundamental research in today in rapid advancement of technology. Technology production in the context of consumer goods such as smart mobile phone has extraordinary impacts on the daily life of every human being. This report attempts to negate the belief that a country or a nation can become industrial or technological limb without prioritizing and capitalizing and advanced basic and fundamental research. In highlighting the above negating belief, we have studied the roles of various fundamental research results that have helped, successfully, to design and develop smart mobile phone technology. To make the report short and concise we have included only those classes of basic research results that Nobel Prize committee have selected as the ground-breaking results in basic science, that leaving out thousands of other effective fundamental research results that have played critical roles in the final successful product.

In this paper, the Nobel prizes of 2015 in four scientific fields of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics have been studied. The Nobel Prize laureates’ introduction includes a short biography and summary of the related scientific backgrounds that led to receiving the Nobel Prize. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to two scientists Arthur B. McDonald and Takaaki Kajita for their researches on neutrino particles oscillations. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar for studies of DNA repair. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Angus Deaton for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded with one half jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Omura for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites and the other half to Youyou Tu for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria. At the end of this paper, the history of scientific prizes of Nobel .

Wireless technology is so widespread today that its absence from communication systems would put the future of such systems in uncertainty. The idea that mobile phones, tablets, or even electric vehicles would have the smart charging capability in the not-so-distant future, is very exciting. From a different perspective, however, the thought of the huge impact that a full power loss would have upon human safety, and rescue operations in human adversities and natural disasters, is harrowing. Indeed, all of us have to deal with a much smaller scale of this problem, that is, the need for recharge or replacement of our mobile phone or tablet batteries, on a regular basis; since the operation of these communication systems is essentially limited to the life of their energy source, i.e. batteries. Therefore, considering the infrastructure in place for information transmission and the recent advances in wireless energy transfer, it is perhaps time to conceive a future of more than just a dream for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). As a key enabling technology for truly perpetual communications, SWIPT offers the potential to build networks with larger throughput, higher robustness, and increased flexibility compared to battery-powered counterparts; though undoubtedly, it also introduces significant research and implementation challenges.