نشریه نشاء علم
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، خرداد 1402)

Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir uses an instructive statement: "If you aim on a one-year activity, grow wheat; if your aim for on a ten-year activity, plant a tree; and if you aim for a hundred-year plan of activity, train human". Human being in all age periods starting from period of childhood up to old age, need training and use of educational centers whose pillars are based on noble family life structure, science-oriented schools, science-ethic based universities, wise academies and finally cultural and moral oriented society. Social and respectful position of educators, teachers and professors constitute as the main pillars of human education. Therefore, as a first step, it is necessary to recognize and train and educate capable teachers for building capacity of above-mentioned educations.In the cultural society, it is necessary that the seeds of reproduction of culture be based on knowledge and moral ethic. It takes decades to have a knowledgeable and experienced teacher for educating and training of our children. One of the most important and priority programs of the country should be preserving outstanding teachers in schools and universities and gain their general satisfaction. The infrastructure needed for country's progress resides on the realm of scientific education and ethical culture and satisfaction of teachers, pupils as well as students. Changes in migration trend of brilliant talents and reversing the migration of scientists should be principal policy of the country's short-term planning and where speed of decision-making process and well thought practical plans can play an important role in economic transformation and curbing inflation. It can be noted that industrial production that is aimed for export purpose goes through the cycle of science and requires coordination and centralization of scientific human resources. Toward this goal, collaboration among scientific centers, universities aiming at high level goals and industry and government sectors combined with investment of private sector and finally people may provide the main solution to adjust and reverse the migration of brilliant talents.   Ali A. Moosavi-Movahedi     Editor-in-Chief

Today, the lack of a globally accepted ethical framework has created a significant lack in the international water discourse. Despite the recent significant progress in the development of ethical boundaries, there is still no room for the rights of nature in the ethical domain. The current water crisis is the result of neglecting the ethical principles of water. Paying attention to water ethics, whose core is social justice, water stewardship and environmental rights, along with economic and political issues, is the missing value link in the current water field. The recent reluctance to deal with climate change and global warming, how to deal with rivers, aquifers, wetlands and lakes has long been more based on expediency than on ethical principles. Water ethics is based on the belief that responding to current water problems requires attention to cultural and value issues. Adopting the ethical principles of water as another dimension of sustainable development indicates a historical shift from an economy-oriented approach to an integrated approach and to promote water democracy. This article aims to give a brief overview of the water ethics in the field of water management of rivers, dams, agriculture, drinking, industry and governance.

Previous studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between happiness and physical and spiritual health. Not only does happiness expedite patient recovery, but it also bolsters the health of non-ill individuals. This suggests a novel strategy for promoting public health by enhancing people's happiness. Depressive disorders, which are characterized by a lack of life satisfaction and happiness, are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Evidence indicates that modern industrial lifestyles may contribute to a higher likelihood of depression, underscoring the importance of identifying factors that influence happiness and depression. The factors underlying happiness can be divided into two primary categories: internal and external. Happiness, as an emotion, arises from the interplay of these factors. Genetics and genes contributing significantly influence individual happiness levels. Internal factors impacting happiness include the interaction of happiness-related neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and endorphin with the emotional regulation centers in the brain. The functions of certain hormones like cortisol, adrenaline, and oxytocin, the activity of the immune system, inflammation, and the level of oxidative stress also play a role. Researchers posit that the biological pathways associated with happiness are modulated by environmental and social factors. In other words, the biochemical pathways leading to happiness can be managed through lifestyle and environmental adjustments. Elements such as a balanced diet, adequate sleep, regular exercise, prayer and meditation, calm music, exposure to nature and sunlight, positive attitude to social relationships are good lifestyle factors that can enhance happiness and life satisfaction.

One of the significant achievements of Gerty Theresa Cori and Carl Ferdinand Cori is the discovery of the basic biochemical mechanisms involved in the use of energy by muscles and the liver, as well as how to synthesize and break down glycogen for use as energy storage, which was a very effective step in the field of understanding the metabolism of carbohydrates. They played a role in the discovery of the process of storing and releasing cellular energy from carbohydrates and what we know as part of the Cori cycle. Their research led to answering one of the most basic questions about the functioning of biological systems. These research achievements resulted in the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1947 for them, making Gerty Cori the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize. Gerty and Carl Cori's acquaintance and collaboration began when they were students at the Medical School of the German University in Prague, where they published their first joint paper in 1916. They began studying malignant diseases at the Buffalo State Institute after immigrating to America from Prague. However, in the continuation of their studies, they focused on the metabolism of glucose and glycogen in the liver and bloodstream, which led to their important achievements. Gerty and Carl's close collaboration played a key role in their scientific discoveries and successes. Forty-one years of living together and joint scientific cooperation, made a great contribution to the provision of knowledge, including in the discovery and clarification of the active stabilization of blood sugar homeostasis with the participation of the liver and its connection with muscles until Gerty passed away in 1957. In recognition of this scientific couple, their picture was installed in the corridor of the School of Biology of Tehran University in January 1401.

The development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 is a highly significant scientific and medical achievement. This achievement undoubtedly resulted from the collaborative efforts of numerous teams of researchers and scientists in various fields. The mRNA vaccines represent a new class of vaccines that harness the body’s cellular machinery to produce specific antigens, which will trigger the immune responses against the produced antigens. The recent 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their discoveries related to fundamental nucleotide changes that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. The groundbreaking findings have fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system, contributing to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times. The use of nucleoside-modified mRNA for the development of mRNA vaccines remains an outstanding question with important implications for vaccine development. mRNA vaccines are a promising approach as the production process is simple, safety profiles are better than those of DNA vaccines, and these vaccines offer flexibility with respect to development. The history of mRNA vaccine technology goes back decades; however, it was in recently that companies and governments spending large budget on it. The Nobel Prize in Medicine for 2023 highlights the significant impact of advancements in nucleotide changes and mRNA vaccine development on medicine and public health, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, the fundamental advancements related to nucleotide changes and their role in developing mRNA vaccines is mentioned. We will also delve into the history of the Nobel Prize n Medicine and, finally, explore the history of the research and its progress over time, along with the potential applications of this knowledge in the future.

Considering the importance of public trust in public and science policy making, this paper wants to study the influencing factors on public trust in science in two provinces of Tehran and Alborz during the risk of Covid -19 pandemic, and to determine its policy-making implications. For this, it uses Standard questionnaire of ECOM which distributed online in a period of one month between 20 April to 20 May 2020. Findings shows that the public knowledge on signs and symptoms of Covid-19 disease is appropriate. However, the public understanding of science is inadequate. Also, public trust in scientific experts is more than government, social media and television. This study concludes that science experts may gain the public trust by content production individually or in cooperation with the media. By this, it is possible to increase public awareness and public understanding of science not only about the risk of covid-19 pandemic but also about other risks.

In the age of information pollution or information explosion, we are surrounded by a lot of useless information that an intelligent management for making micro and macro decisions can help us achieve the accuracy and correctness of information, in fact, by organizing and controlling the structure, combination and Information processing plays a very important role in this decision. Therefore, understanding the concept of information management in dealing with data contamination seems very difficult.In this article, after explaining the concept of information pollution and getting acquainted with the types of information pollution and its consequences, we will discuss information management and types of information management, which include personal information management and group information management, then we will discuss the role of information management and its appropriate solutions in controlling Information pollution is mentioned.The goal is how managing information helps us in this direction, which we discuss in this article. Therefore, the awareness of information pollution issues should be spread so that information can be managed properly.Keywords: information pollution, information explosion, information management, personal information management, group information management

ChatGPT is a conversational AI tool developed by OpenAI and introduced in November 2022. This tool generates human-like text responses. Its applications are in various fields, including education, medicine and health, legal issues, coding and program troubleshooting, and scientific research. In these areas, ChatGPT can generate and refine content, simplify and summarize content, help recognize patterns, process and analyze data, and promote collaboration and communication between researchers and the public. In using ChatGPT, several ethical considerations are raised, including data privacy and security, intellectual property and authorship, illegal misuse, transparency and explain ability, false information, biases, human-machine interactions, and responsibility and accountability. Its uncontrolled use can cause problems, and researchers are working to improve its accuracy and reliability. The opinion of international publishers about ChatGPT is that this tool cannot be used as an author in scientific articles and can only be used to improve writing and summarizing and can never take the place of the original researcher. The use of ChatGPT for scientific research has brought great progress that despite several debates and ethical concerns, ChatGPT has attracted the attention of academics in a very short period of time.

The existence and strength of the intellectual property system increases innovation and as a result the economic growth and development of countries. In this regard, the efficiency of the patent system in the country becomes important. One of the reasons for the country's lack of progress and development in the field of technology development is the institutional problems of related fields. Although nearly a century has passed since the first laws related to intellectual property in the country, the intellectual property system is still facing various problems. In this study, the effectiveness of the patenting subsystem of the intellectual property system has been investigated with a comparative approach and comparison with the two countries of India and Vietnam. Iran, India and Vietnam are the top three countries in terms of innovation indicators among low-middle income countries in the annual reports of the World Intellectual Property Organization's Global Innovation Index. According to the survey, despite the large number of patents registered in the country, patent certificates are not of acceptable quality. Through the investigation, it was found that complementary laws to protect inventors and low patenting costs in Iran have led to an increase in the demand for patenting in Iran. On the other hand, the existence of weakness in the patent evaluation mechanism leads to the low quality of patent registration in Iran. In this regard, the strengthening of the patent system by adding the system of utility model, readjustment of patent costs, and the development of a multi-stage evaluation system and appropriate evaluation mechanism were proposed as solutions.

In order to survive, animal species must defend themselves against other invaders and potential predators. For this reason, a series of abilities and adaptations have been created in them to defend themselves against invasive and disturbing species. Mimicry patterns and methods that we will discuss in this article are those that may facilitate animals at the individual level to cope with predators. By choosing those mimetic patterns and adopting related strategies, animals and their offspring have a better chance of enhancing their survival and passing on their genes. Effective camouflage is one of the methods to escape from the danger of being hunted, which is common in many species. Understanding these mimetic patterns and mechanisms related to camouflage in animals can have the potential to learn and develop the science of biological inspiration and modeling from nature as "lessons from nature" and it can also be a peaceful and preventive method in passive defense. Also, camouflage methods can be applied and used in military industries and related sciences.

The cellular circadian clock is a fundamental and intricate intrinsic mechanism present in all living organisms, governing a diverse set of physiological and behavioral processes with notable precision. At the molecular level, the cellular circadian clock revolves around complex interactions between core clock genes and their protein products, forming transcription-translation feedback loops that generate approximately 24-hour rhythms. This article delves into the coordination of cellular clocks with environmental cues, including light, and explores how these external signals synchronize internal rhythms with the daily circadian rhythm. Special emphasis is placed on the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in mammalian brains, acting as the central pacemaker to synchronize environmental clocks throughout the body. Furthermore, the profound impact of circadian disruptions on human health is examined, with its involvement demonstrated in various disorders, ranging from metabolic diseases to mood disorders. This article highlights current research endeavors aimed at unraveling the underlying mechanisms of the cellular circadian clock. Understanding the intricate functioning of this internal timekeeper holds considerable potential for the development of chrono-therapeutic approaches and the optimization of therapeutic strategies for diverse disorders. Finally, we propose potential solutions for precise and optimal regulation of the body's cellular circadian clock and daily rhythm.

This article aims to investigate the construction of a museum garden instead of a museum park in transforming mines into a tourism environment. For mine tourism, it is necessary to change the use of mines and turn them into park museums or mining museum gardens. Since the park is a product of western countries and is not fully compatible with Iran's low water nature and culture, it is suggested that all the mines that are converted into a tourist environment should be changed into a mining museum garden instead of a museum park. Due to hundreds of abandoned, intensive, and inactive mines waiting to be transformed into tourism environments, it is necessary to build mining environments with Iranian garden architecture or combine them with Iranian gardens and parks. In that case, a new kind of green space called a mining museum garden will be born in Iran, which is compatible with Iran's spirit and dry nature, and a new field for landscape architecture will be provided for the first time in Iran. So it is necessery to that the Ministry of Industries and Mines, with the participation of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts, establish a coherent organization, and that, while classifying mines in terms of tourism, criteria for the design and conversion of mines into a mining museum garden, a mining museum park, or a combination of the two be developed.