پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (تابستان 1396)

Short Story is the creative short prose, narration with the limited number of characters who individually accompany every creed. They are based on the cohesive structure of thought and reflection who are easily able to expatiate the political, military and cultural issues. Eight years of holy defense is valuable treasure of writers, so much that the presence of imposed war and holy defense concomitantly provide the subjects of short story such as; martyrdom, devotion, Ashura culture, missing of values, supporting the nation soldiers, the hurt and captured soldiers etc. Whereas there is no short story concerning the facts and the spiritual moments of battle of rights against the wrongs in the literary story of holy defense, the writers aim to analyze some aspects of resistance in the short stories considering holy defense.

Post-modern narration that has been emerged after modernism has the certain properties in effects of confusion and insecurity of the modern world. In this narration, the story is non-confirmation and the story is non-linear, also the characters are unreliable, while competing with the narrator, leads to pluralism and inter-textuality. Due to descriptive, analytical methods, his study aims to determine the elements of post-modern novel Strophe-Poem For Young Poets were done, features, signs and the elements of postmodernism such as cycle, uncertainty, the point of view of second person, meta- narration, the inductance of cheating, poly phony, point of view, pluralism, pessimism, hyper text, collage were studied and the examples of this style in the novel have been analyzed . We came to the conclusion that postmodernist narrative style is evident in the type of features and the most important element of postmodern novel is pluralism that has been emerged through multiple narrators, change the point of view and also intertextuality. The Uncertainty, the hypertext and fragmentation are the other specified elements of this novel too.

Magic Realism is novice approach in contemporary narration in which reality and image are intermingled. The result of such combination is the literary work which doesn’t resemble to the primary elements. Here, mingling of imagination and reality are so expertly done that all of unreal and imaginative events of story are naturally actualized, so much that the readers easily accept them. Regarding to the findings of study, Ravanipoor and Grass have tried to face the readers to unfamiliar world make distance between reader and story, therefore, they have used the different point of views. The characters of two works are polar, it means they pass from the real world to the imaginative one or vice versa. Both writers have considered the social-poetical issues of their societies in their novels, hence they have used magic realism. The novel of From Drowning is merely used the elements of magic and secrets and The Tin Drum has used the polar features of voluntary silence.

One of most ancient genres of art and literature which has been considered as the primary foundation of human's beliefs is vulgar literature. The simple language, folk tone, the native beliefs, words and terms are the most outstanding features of folk literature. The study of such literature provides some achievements in the historical sociology considering past, people's beliefs, and their methods of life. Mohammad Reza (Fariborz) Hamzei has considered the folk, cultural elements of his own reign in the novel. The present study is to examine the novel of Varcham in the light of descriptive-analytical methods to express the elements and beliefs in the aforementioned novel. This novel can be perceived as the main source for cultural, social and linguistics researchers, because it expatiates places, events of that time as well as people. Hamzei has exerted idioms, vocabularies, precepts, the religious, spiritual beliefs of people. The common precepts of time have been inserted among the book, it causes to make the novel as the literary treasure for the following generations. The writer has referred to Kermanshah ancient places and lakes, besides foods, plays, clothes, music and the people's beliefs.

This study has examined the characteristics of the postmodern in collection of stories of The Leopards Who Have Run With Me by Bizhan Najdi. This article is a critical reading of this collection of stories. It is based on postmodern theories of Patricia Waugh, Barry Lewis, David lodge and Linda Hutcheon. Due to some features of the postmodernism in this collection of stories, we may call it post-modern story. The Leopards Who Have Run With Me contains ten stories. Among these stories, only six of them like The Pool Full of Nightmares, My Button Eyes, Send Me to The Tunnel, The Isolated Plants… have postmodernism features like uncertainty, incoherence, change perspective, irregular narrative, meta-fiction, the combination of imagination and reality. Finally, it seems that, these stories have both of the modern and post-modern features. So they cannot be simply regarded as modern or postmodern story.

Mental narration is one of commonest methods of narrating in Modernist stories, in which the writer has centralized the character and all of the story provides a field to directly present the character's thought and his reflection in the level of prologue or conversation. Such approach naturally narrates the aesthetic organ, the novice epistemology, therefore the writer of mental narration has concomitantly presented five features of time, place, plot, characterization, the narrator's voice to access that organ. The quality of process not only makes the structure of literary works, but also it reveals the internal comprehension of writer, because the final aim of mental narration is to present the mental obsessions of characters, limitations, and their perceptions. Hedayat's Three Bloods (1311) and Blind Owl (1315) introduced himself as the founder of literary modernism in Iranian stories. Later, in the short story of Tomorrow (1325) he consciously tried to create the mental narration, he has found this method in Persian stories. He, at first, matched the soliloquy of two characters (Mahdi and Gholam), in order to present their thoughts and reflections. The present study has based on the aforementioned, theoretical approach, to analyze mental narration in the short story of Tomorrow, it is an attempt to critically to depict the weak and strong points of mental narration in the work, in order to emancipate his success.