فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، تابستان 1397)

To determine the reaction to the different photoperiod regimes of Iranian produced rainbow trout and fish produced of eyed eggs from France, fish were kept under four photoperiod (light: dark, L:D) cycles (24L:0D, 16L:8D, 12L:12D, 16D:8L). In French rainbow trout, weight gain was higher in the (24L: 0D) photoperiod, but did not significantly differ from the (16L: 8D) photoperiod (p>0.05). Increase in total length and specific growth rate were significantly higher in (24L: 0D) photoperiod than other treatments. Condition factor in (24L: 0D) photoperiod, was higher than other treatments but did not significantly differ from the (16L: 8D) and (12L: 12D) photoperiods (p>0.05). In these fish, the feed conversion rate in the (24L: 0D) photoperiod, was significantly lower than other treatments. In the Iranian rainbow trout, weight and total length gain were significantly higher in the long photoperiod (16L: 8D) than other treatments. Specific growth rate and condition factor were higher in the long photoperiod. Also, feed conversion rate was significantly lower than other treatments in the long photoperiod (p<0.05). Indeed, survival in both experiments was not affected by photoperiod manipulation. As result, for higher growth and lower feed conversion rate, the continuous (24L: 0D) and the long photoperiod (16L: 8D) are recommended respectively for fish produced of eyed egg from France and Iranian produced rainbow trout.

Nowadays due to the emergence of resistant forms of pathogenic bacteria, discovering new antimicrobial substances from marine natural resources is considered very important. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of brown algae against some Gram negative bacteria. After sampling and transferring the samples to the laboratory, algae samples were washed, dried and pulverized; then, the extraction was conducted using methanol solvent. Methanolic extracts of algae (padina gymnospora) were prepared in four concentrations of 10 to 80 mg/ml and were tested against 4 strains of Gram negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris using disc diffusion technique and inhibition growth zone measurement. The results revealed that P. vulgaris, with growth inhibition zone diameter of 11.23±0.25 mm in 80 mg/ml concentration, showed the maximum sensitivity to algae extract. This value had a significant difference compared to reference antibiotics of gentamycin and neomycin and all other concentrations (p<0.05). However, in 10 and 20 mg/ml concentration of algae extract, there was not seen any significant effect on tested bacteria. In vitro serial dilution results showed that MIC and MBC were 0.8 mg/ml. Totally, the results of the study showed that methanolic extract of brown algae, padina gymnospora, can be considered a potential resource of antimicrobial compounds aiming to replace chemical medicines.

Many of the medicinal herbs have shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of diabetes complications (including hematocrit), which garlic is one of these herbs. 21 adult Wistar male rats were divided into 3 groups (n=7), which include: normal control group that received normal water and food for 45 days and injected normal saline on 15th day. Control (diabetic by STZ at 40 mg/kg dose on 15th day) and the prevention group by garlic flower extract at a dose of 360 mg/Lit in drinking water received a treatment period for 15 days before diabetes. One dose of STZ 40mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. The hematocrit of blood samples was measured, using the ABACUS-c Diatron device (Austria). Hematocrit showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in the treated group, which received the hydroalcoholic extract of garlic powder as a preventive agent of diabetes. The results of this study indicate that extract of garlic flower extract increases hematocrit in inducible diabetes in rat.

Khorasan Razavi province, including important habitats for marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) in Iran. in this study, we used maximum entropy method (Maxent) for habitat modeling in the province. This method is an effective approach for habitat modelling with presence points. In this study, 25 points were used and 89 percent accuracy was achieved. Based on the results, the northern and northwestern regions of the province are more suitable for the species. According to the study, 6% of the whole province is suitable for the species. The results also showed that the suitable habitats areas overlap with roads and in addition to roads with human settlements such as towns and villages also showed a positive relation and in according to the responses curves, with increasing of distance of the areas, decreasing habitat suitability. And also, forest areas and rivers have a positive effect on habitat suitability. According most environmental degradation is about habitats, so we must try to survey and management these areas appropriately.

In the Persian Gulf waters, the sciaenid species, Otolithes ruber, plays an important role in the commercial fishery and to this reason, the resources are under catch pressure. Stock assessment and population dynamics parameters of this species were studied in Bushehr and Khozestan waters from April 2012 to March 2013. In the present study, 4203 of specimens obtained from gillnet landing places and length frequency data (fork length) were recorded. Length frequency ranging from 11 to 50 cm. The parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation (males and females combined) for asymptotic length (L∞) was 52.5 cm and instantaneous growth coefficient (K) was 1.1 year−1. The instantaneous rates of total mortality (Z), fishing mortality (F) and natural mortality (M) were 3.42, 1.85 and 1.57 per year, respectively. Estimated parameters of precautionary target (Fopt) and limit (Flimit) biological reference points were 0.79 and 1.04 respectively. The values of two parameters Fopt and Flimit were lower than fishing mortality (F) that showed this species is over exploited in the Bushehr and Khozestan waters by gillnet fishery.

Amyloids are created from various proteins in denaturant conditions. Highly active surface, makes these materials suitable for enzyme immobilization. The aim of this research was to study the production of amyloid fibrils and investigate the possibility of using them as a matrix for enzyme immobilization. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to generate the maximum amyloid content. The results of the Congored spectrometry and circular dichroism (CD) were analyzed by Design Expert 7 software (Trial version) and transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the presence of amyloid fibrils. The immobilization was done by creating glutaraldehyde mediated crosslink of enzyme on the amyloid fibrils and kinetic factors including activity, specific activity, optimal temperature and pH and thermal stability were compared with the free enzyme. The highest amyloid content was obtained after 72.6 hours agitation of bovine serum albumin at 4.35 mg.ml-1 in mixed citrate–phosphate buffer pH=4.49 at 80 ºC and immobilized lipase was improved relative to free lipase in the case of activity, specific activity, Km and Vmax, optimal temperature and pH and thermal stability at 40 ºC. Amyloid fibrils as a rich material of chemical groups can be suitable for stabilization. This protein matrix can be a good inVivo candidate as a bio–compatible scaffold for enzyme immobilization. Amyloids with a diameter less than 100 nanometers, as new nano–materials, not only increase the stability of lipase but also enhance other kinetic properties as a new nano–matrix.

Ticks, as usual groups of ecto-parasites, have abundant importance in medicine due to their ability in conservation and transmission of important pathogens like zoonotic pathogens. They choose different species as host including; mammals, reptiles and birds. Hedgehog, a mammal species which is related to humans and animals, can be infested by ticks. Aim of current study is identification and description of ticks fauna in native hedgehogs located in central parts of Iran. Six hedgehogs were collected from rural areas in Najafabad (Isfahan province) and 10 ticks were collected from different part of their bodies in examination. Ticks were temporary preserved in solution contained 95% Etanol 70° plus 5% glycerin and then were cleared via KOH, mounted and observed by light microscope and their identifications were confirmed via wallker tick systematic keys. Ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus turanicus and Haemaphysalis concinna. This study reports the hedgehog's infestation by Haemaphysalis concinna for the first time in Iran. Recognition of new hosts for ticks and dimension of their dispersion are first steps in order to solve their problems. Presence of ticks on new hosts and their resistance against pesticides are also important subjects that must be considered more than past.

Because of many side effects of chemical drugs, herbal medicines have been considered for cancer treatment. Hulthemiapersica has five phenolic antioxidants.Therefore, in the present study, its anticancer activity in Helacells was studied in comparison with healthy Hek cells. After collecting the plant, its aerial parts were separated and extracted by percolation method. Hela and Hek cell lines were placed in plates of 96 houses with various concentrations of 8.7, 15.625, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000µ g/ mlfor 24, 48 and 72 hours, and the percentage of cell viability Measured by MTT test. Plant extract has no inhibitory effect on Hek cells. However, Hulthemiapersica extract decreases viability rate of the Hela cells at doses of 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.6, and 7.8 in 24 hours,at all doses in 48 hours and at doses of 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25 in 72 hours compared to the control group (P<0.05).

The Effects of low frequency of electromagnetic fields in albumin quality, blood parameter, and hatchability on one day chicken broiler. With the spread of technology, organisms with high diversity are exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF). In order to study the effect of low frequency of electromagnetic fields during storage of eggs, 138 fertile eggs (Ross strain) were selected. Eggs were exposed to 50-Hz electromagnetic field with 50 HZ frequency and 5.5 MT in different time; (control), 8, 16, 24, 32 and 64 hours, with six replications. Duration of electromagnetic field weren’t effect on albumin quality, Haugh unit, cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein level of serum significantly (P<0.05). By increasing of exposure to EMF timing, hatchability decreased. The mortality percentage and abnormality of embryos were increased. The glucose concentration of serum in one day chicks at 8 and 16 hours, was higher than control group (P<0.05). Aspartate amino transferase concentration at 64 hours of EMS (T5), was higher than control group significantly (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that electromagnetic fields can increase the production of free radicals, abnormalities and fetal mortality.

The ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are powerful predators and have important role in biological control of agricultural pests. The fauna of these beneficial insects was studied in fruit orchards and rice fields of Mazandaran province during 2015-2016. In total, 22 species within 16 genera and 10 subfamilies were identified in different regions of Mazandaran. The samplings indicated that the highest species diversity was observed in Amol and Qaemshahr, and the lowest species diversity in Babolsar; also the highest population density was observed in Qaemshahr and Behshahr, and the lowest one in Babolsar and Noor regions. Among the studied species, Harpalus griseus (Panzer, 1797) had the highest distribution and Acinopus megacephalus (Rossi, 1794), Bembidion menetriesi Kolenati, 1845, Carabus roseni Reitter, 1897, Chlaenius steveni Quensel, 1806 and Calosoma maderae dsungaricum Gebler, 1833 the lowest one. Also, the highest population density was obtained for H. griseus and Harpalus fuscicornis Menetries, 1832 and the lowest one for A. megacephalus, B. menetriesi, C. steveni, Cicindela rhodoterena Tschitschherine, 1903, C. maderae dsungaricum and Zabrus spectabilis Hampe, 1852, respectively. The results indicate that Harpalus griseus and Harpalus fuscicornis are the dominant species in the most sampled regions of Mazandaran province.

In order to evaluate the biometry of chub (Squalius namak, Khaefi et al., 2016) populations in Khaznagh, Ghinercheh, Gharechae, Jajrud and Ghomrud rivers of Lake Namak Basin, 129 specimens were captured by a seine nets in 2010-2011. After anesthetizing in 1% clove oil solution and fixing in 10% neutralized formalin, specimens were transferred to the laboratory for further studies. Some 14 meristic characters were counted under a stereomicroscope. To extract data for morphometric characteristics, 19 distances were measured on images in ImageJ software. To reduce the effects of allometric growth, morphometric data were standardized. To analyze the differences among the populations, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA, Duncan test, PCA, CVA and Cluster analyses were used. The morphometric characteristics separated Gharachai population from Khaznagh and Qomrud in PCA and CVA Analyses. But meristics were overlapping with each other in the studied populations, and there was no significant differences among them. The result showed that some morphometric characteristics are well able to distinguish some populations of S. namak.

Orexin A and orexin B are hypothalamic neuropeptides that have critical roles in the regulation of physiological responses such as pain. C-fos is neural activity markers in painful situations. This study was designed to evaluate the role of trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) orexin 1 receptor on capsaicin-induced orofacial pain and c-fos expression in TNC. In this experimental study, 70 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly allocated into 10 groups: control, pain, sham surgery, sham capsaicin, surgery and pain, sham orexin A and pain, orexin A (50 pM/rat) and pain, sham SB-334867 and pain, SB-334867 (40 nM/rat) as antagonist and pain, orexin A plus SB-334867 and pain. Following cannula implantation and recovery period, the drugs were administration 20 min before capsaicin injection. C-fos expression in TNC was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The capsaicin-injected rats showed a significant pain behavior and expression c-fos (p<0.001). Orexin A significantly inhibited capsaicin-induced pain and decreased c-fos expression (p<0.001). Pretreatment with SB-334867 could prevent the effects of orexin A. SB-334867 alone exaggerated capsaicin-induced pain responses. The level of c-fos was high in SB-334867–treated rats some as capsaicin group. SB-334867 could partially inhibit the effect of orexin A on c-fos orexin A expression.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of theophylline consumption on the electrocardiography indicators and performance traits of Japanese quails. The experimental diets including control (basal diet), and experimental diets containing of theophylline in levels of: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 percentage of basal diet that supply almost amount 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of the body weight, respectively. The result showed that the feed conversion ratio in quails fed by theophylline was significant (p<0.05) while average feed intake was greatly significant (p<0.01). Although, the width of the heart in male quails was significant (p<0.05). Also, average comparison wave QRS in interval three lead bipolar standard in quails male and female in interval leads was a significant decreasing (p<0.05). The results obtained of voltage leads showed indicate average comparison P waves in III lead in females were decreased (p<0.05). The voltage of the T waves in III lead of males was decreased (p<0.05). The voltage of P and T waves in males was decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the theophylline consumption, changes some ECG intervals. But did not show a significant change in heart rate and cardiac axis angle. Due to the lack of effect of theophylline on the viscera organs weight and good feed conversion in low level of theophylline, it could be used in the diet.