فصلنامه دانش حسابداری مالی
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 19، زمستان 1397)

Uncertainty and information are the basis of the general information theory. Uncertainty is the core of this theory and information is defined as uncertainty reducing. According to the information view, the accounting function is to provide information and thus reduce uncertainty. So, IIEQ results in tax risk reduction due to it’s reduction in uncertainty about the company's declared tax. In this research, by explaining the difference between the declared and the certain tax amount as the tax risk indicator, the relationship between IIEQ and corporate tax risk was investigated in a multivariable regression method. The research findings, using 136 companies information during 2008-2016, show that environmental uncertainty increases the company's tax risk. Also income quality, income forecast accuracy, financial reporting quality and transparency reduce the tax risk. In addition,corporate governance quality is effective for tax risk reduction. On the other hand, the best path in fuzzy decision tree method indicates the importance of environmental uncertainty, income forecast accuracy, financial reporting quality and transparency in tax risk reduction based on the combination of the most important IIEQ factors. The research findings can be used to assess the companies’ tax risk. It is also suggested to the company’s directors to improve the IIEQ for reducing tax risk.

The purpose of this research is to achieve an optimal model to predict future cash flow in firms accepted on Tehran Stock Exchange. So, the information of 250 companies during 2004 to 2016 were considered. At first, by using exploratory research and an experts survey, effective variables were identified. These variables are divided into two groups, firm operation based (Sale growth rate, Life cycle and financial leverage) and market and economy based (sanctions, business cycles and currency fluctuation) and they added to BCN model and the model estimated with generalized momentsstep by step. By considering these variables, the optimal and final model provided the least predictive error. Then, the effect of life cycle on future cash flow prediction of firms was analyzed and found that mature firms have less future cash flow prediction error than growing or declining ones. This conclusion implies that, considering the effective variables can lead to increase in the accuracy and reduce the forecasting error. In the other hand, the inclusion of companies in different life cycles can be effective in predicting their cash flow. Therefore, considering the heterogeneity of firms can also effective on prediction of future cash flow.

Cash is a vital and crucial element of any economic entities. Various factors can affect the level of cash holding, among which social rust is of paramount importance. Two competing theories have been discussed in the accounting and finance literature with respect to the effect of social trust on the level of corporate cash holding. On the one hand, Precautionary Savings Theory maintains that firms with high level of social trust are less likely to hold cash in comparison to other firms. On the other hand, agency theory predicts a positive association between the level of social trust and cash holdings. Therefore, the current study aims at investigating the relationship between the level of social trust and corporate cash holdings using structural equation modeling approach. To this end, the models developed by Opler et al. (1999) and Ozkan and Ozkan (2004) were employed to calculate the level of cash holding. In addition, Saffarinia and Sharifi’s (2010) questionnaire was used to assess the level of social trust. The questionnaire was sent to the financial managers of 116 firms, among which 82 ones answered it back. Having ensured the goodness-of-fit of the research models, and according to the predictions made by the agency theory, the results reveal that social trust contributes to the rise of corporate cash holding level.

Stock return is an important measure in investors' financial decisions, so the aim of this study is to demonstrate collection of variables which have the most correlation with stock returns and act important role in predicting it. For this end, measures affecting future stock returns was classified into six groups including financial statements, disclosure quality, corporate governance mechanisms, audit quality, stock market qualification and macroeconomic items and the relations between these items and future stock return was tested.
The sample consists of 86 listed companies on Tehran Stock Exchange’s information during 2003 to 2014 and study methods are correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis.
Findings showed that selecting groups through historical studies is done true and there are significant relations between those items and future stock return. In Other Words, net income, operating cash flows, dividend and accruals (from financial statements group), family ownership and public ownership (from corporate governance group), reliability and timeliness score (from disclosure group), auditor tenure and auditor speciality (from audit quality group), firm size and liquidity (from securities market group) and changes in dollar price, gold coin, oil, inflation and mosharekat interest rate (from economic items) have significant relations with future stock return.

The purpose of this paper is to examine queuing theory for investors' behavior facing publication congestion of quarterly announcements of companies' earnings in a day. Accordingly, two measures have been used for queuing of earnings announcements: 1.The visibility of companies; 2. the cost of earnings announcement processing. According to the standard method of the event research, this study has been conducted based on the information released from approved companies in Tehran Stock Exchange, in the period 2010 to 2015, with a selective sample of 202 companies and 4777 earnings announcements. Research hypotheses' test has been performed using generalized panel and regression estimators. The results indicate information content of earnings announcements in Tehran Stock Exchange and the influence of some earnings announcements on the market reaction issued in a specific day. Moreover, the earnings announcements of the companies which issue the quarterly earnings announcements during the day, along with higher rates in four indices including cost of advertising, company size, the volume of exchanges and total accruals rather than other companies in the same day, cause unexpected transfer of earnings due to market's reaction from the earnings announcement window into the period after the earnings announcement. Meanwhile, two indicators, discretionary accrual and the number of income items, have no effects on the queuing of earnings announcements.

Earnings management leads to incorrect judgment of shareholders about the performance of their economic units and their managers, because of the incorrect image of the results of the company's performance, and creates a kind of pessimism among stockholders. Therefore, earnings management is expected to be influenced by the capital structure. Because in the capital structure, financing through debt increases fiscal costs, management can take earnings management to avoid violations of the debt contract. Therefore, the relationship between earnings management and capital structure and the role of institutional environments is very important. Strong institutional environments limit the ability of managers to gain personal interest. Therefore, it reduces the probability of earnings management activities. Companies with strong institutional environments will be supported by investors, in contrast to creditors. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of institutional environments on the relationship between earnings management and capital structure. In order to implement the research, the hypotheses were tested on the basis of a statistical sample of 92 of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2015 using multiple regression models. The results of this study show that companies with a higher level of profit management have a higher financial leverage. Also, institutional environments do not have a significant effect on the relationship between profit management and capital structure.

The companies which getting in to financial crisis, deals with earning decrease and as a result, share value decrease. Company managers' may increase accruals' uses to be able to manage the earning and to prevent the more decrease on company profit. Or maybe managers come to know that using the accruals will not take out the company from crisis conditions and make possible the profit identification. Therefore, in such conditions, managers' motivation to utilize the accruals and earning management will decrease and possibility of fraudulent reporting will decrease. While managers' making various decisions in financial crisis conditions regarding earning management and fraudulent activity. The main purpose of the present research is determining the impact of financial crisis on probability of fraudulent reporting and stock value. The research findings by multivariate regression method and panel data fixed effect approach for 174 stock market listed companies during 1389–1394 indicates that financial crisis has negative and significant effect on all three variables including probability of fraudulent, earning management and stock value.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the use of Extensible Business Reporting Language. the present study seeks to answer whether the use of Extensible Business Reporting Language leads to a reduction in information asymmetry? . in this regard, Extensible Business Reporting Language as a new information technology can improve the process of education and transparency of financial information. the main aim of this research is to study the research that has been conducted so far in iran that qualitative research is conducted and quantitative research is conducted. the results of the study are expected to contribute to understanding the moderating factors of information asymmetry. on this basis, a sample of 158 companies were selected and tested for an eight - year period (2009-2016). the research method is applied in terms of objective purpose and in terms of investigating the variables of variables, and in order to analyze the data from multiple regression based on panel data. the results show that there is a significant negative relationship between the use of Extensible Business Reporting Language and information asymmetry. therefore, it can be claimed that the use of Extensible Business Reporting Language leads to a reduction in information asymmetry.

Corporate executive are motivated to reduce the fluctuation of profits by smoothing the profits and build on the confidence of investors and their expectations and thereby reducing concerns about their replacement. This research seeks to examine the relationship between profit smoothing, idiosyncratic risk and CEO turnover in companies admitted to Tehran Stock Exchange. In order to achieve the purpose of this research, 135 companies which has been accepted on the Tehran Stock Exchange, during 1388 to 1394 selected on the basis of systematic sampling-delecion method and in general, 945 firm-years observation are considered for analyzing. Three hypotheses were developed in this regard. To test the hypotheses, two Fama-French three-factor models were used to calculate idiosyncratic risk and the main model of research. In order to testing the research hypotheses, the logic regression and compound data is used. Considering the three measurement methods for the independent variable of income smoothing, the research findings indicate that there is no significant relationship between income smoothing and CEO's turnover as well as between idiosyncratic risk and CEO turnover variables. However, in examining the hypothesis of the effect of idiosyncratic risk on the relationship between CEO's turnover and income smoothing, there is a positive and significant relationship between earnings smoothing and the method of estimating profit by the method of the IQ and the method of the ratio of the profit - loss ratio to the deviation of the operating cash flow.