نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 14 (بهار 1395)

Protection of property, interests and values of the top priorities of every individual and society, And in fact, provide a desirable level of protection can be considered secure. History shows that active action is not sufficient to deal with the threats posed, and hence, passive defense against unnatural or man-made disasters in all spheres of human life can be defined. Given the need for measures of passive defense and security issues, considering the mutual relationship between these two areas is of utmost importance.because ignoring the specific characteristics of security, can lead to different results and even contrary to their primary objectives, and ,consequently result in development of other new threats. The main research question is that "What functions security features have in passive defense actions. "In this study the case - context method was used. Further, to conduct the study library collection method was employed to gather information , and to obtain the views of the elite (Including managers and professionals working in the areas of management, administration and security related research and Passive defense) a questionnaire was used. Findings of the study's hypothesis CONFIRMING mutual respect and sorrow of the main security features (combination of objective and subjective aspects, relative complexity and comprehensiveness) Passive defense actions and often finding of this study was validate the model.

Dealing with the issue of Islam and Muslims Islamophobia in the West is not a new phenomenon. It has roots in history since the advent of Islam, but now, especially after the events of September eleven, has more breadth and depth. Each year, the event coincided with the anniversary of the September eleven, a new wave of Islamophobia and anti-Muslim fills the Advertising atmosphere of western media and non-media. special attention of America and its allies to these advertisments certainly has caused the formation of Islamophobia symbols in the West. The researchers using descriptive research - analysis in this paper, focuses on the nature of the scenarios in the formation of Western Islamophobia, Islamophobia in the West and the need to develop strategies for implementing and passive defense against it as a - the core concern of this research. These findings indicate that: - The nature of the formation of Islamophobia in Western scenarios includes "Islamophobia", "Shia-phobia and" Iran-phobia. - "monitoring different mechanisms of soft war", "taking advantage of cyberspace" and using three tactics "containment doctrine", "media war" and "organizing and supporting civil disobedience" Islamophobia formation strategies are implemented. - "Historical background", "demographic and population issues," "the West need to feud with new features," "Islamic awakening and revival of Muslim identity" and "violence and fanaticism in the name of Islam," the main reason for the spread of Islamophobia the West. - passive defense By using the cultural capacities of religion and society plays role to interact with enemy threats and prevent admission of defeat and weakness among Muslims and Islamophobia threats.

Identifying security-building measures, is one of the main objectives of passive defense for the armed forces in the time of war and crisis, which is considered in spatial planning studies.This applied research, using descriptive qualitative method, was carried out in 1394. The data collection method is a combination of field and library methods and the instruments are observation and in-depth qualitative interviews. The sample consists of 27 experts in military affairs, defense and national security, and passive defense. The data was analyzed via multi-criteria and hierarchical decision making method, using Expert Choice software. The main objective of this study is valuation and weighting the criteria and security-building measures of passive defense, to increase the decision- making ability in the time of war and crisis. The research question is: What is the value and priority of every security-building factors in passive defense mechanism (including; human factor, space and the environment, infrastructure)? The research hypothesis is that: in the security-building measures of passive defense, the "atmospheric factor is of higher value relative to "human resources" and "infrastructure". The results showed that in the security-building measures of passive defense in national security, the "atmospheric factor with 59/0, is of higher value relative to "human resources "with the value of 28/0, and "infrastructure" with the value of 11/0. Furthermore it was concluded that in the land use planning and reducing the vulnerability, the "human resources variable is of higher value relative to "infrastructure" variable.

concurrent with the growth of cities and the complication of internal processes of communities, the number of cricis and complexity is added and for various reasons, the urban vulnerability to natural disasters is increasing. Therefore the Significant issue is how to reduce the impact of these events that Explaining preventive policies in crisis management organization as the main trustee for the management of these types of events forms the main issue of this study. The present study with regard to basic considerations of passive defense and using the examples, known, unique and innovative ways tries to reduce costs and potential vulnerabilities, and protection of its assets against all kinds of natural disasters and threats, attacks In line with strengthening, Structural fortifications, and enhance the safety, security and stability in time of crisis. Therefore, interviews with managers and experts in risk management who have passed necessary training and experience needed in connection with crisis management and passive defense spent and to increase the reliability and data collection in the field section the ststistical society of the study are 55 members including deputy governors, deputies and senior staff of the Interior Ministry, the crisis management organization and the Director General of the crisis management, and passive defense of Governorate. a questionnaire with 28 questions in which the research objectives are established was handed out and using statistical analysis Information and research data have been analyzed. The results showed that obying the rules of hardware and software of passive defense ,which are the same Policies and implementation measures in the four-step crisis management, has Great impact in reducing losses And vulnerabilities caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes.

The purpose of this research is to study the role of Facebook in challenges facing the national identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in the first 6 months of 1393). The research question is that; what are the impacts of Facebook social networks in challenges to Iranian national identity? Moreover, It is hypothesized that the Facebook social network affects the challenges of Iranian national identity in three different aspects, including; religious (beliefs, values, and beliefs), culture (customs, language) and political (historical, social and geographical).In order to gain the purpose and approve the hypothesis, the theories of the effects of media on identity and behavioral patterns were employed. The research is descriptive- Analytical one and data collection instrument is library - documents. To add to the value of the study some interviews were conducted with experts in the field of Facebook social network, and personal observations (experiences) are considered as the strength of this study. In the field study in the period of the first 6-month of 1393, the selective data sampling method was used. The results of the interviews and field studies showed that Facebook social network is correlated with the political, religious and cultural aspects of Iranian national identity. The findings of the study are in line with the ideas of theorists who believe that the modern information and communication technologies pave the way for strengthening international identities and weakening national identities. This led to an identity crisis and highlights the virtually –made identities in this space, and, in a way, affects various aspects of national identity.

Information is considered as the main and vital vein in organizations, advanced institutions and scientific communities. Accessing information and its proper and quick dissemination, has always been marked by organizations in which information has the pivotal role.On the other hand, Controlling access And How to use this information is a major challenge in this field. In in this regard, It is necessary for any organization to be committed to A specific strategy To protect its valuable information and secure it, And accordingly, Implement and run its Security system. Today, due to the increasing importance of information And the willingness of individuals and organizations for more security Especially in computers, old tools like Using password is not responsible and reliable on its own. Therefore the experts seek Ways that are more reliable and one of the most successful ways found is Using Biometrics science and technology. In this paper, considering the main objective of the research in Addition to the introduction of biometric technology and the usual methods, requirements of using this technology In order to improve information security From the perspective of passive defense Extraction and has been stressed.

The target of The Defense Plan aims at reducing the vulnerability of manpower, and the rampart and Critical equipment of the country, despite the hostile and destructive enemy attacks, Continuity of operations and infrastructure services, providing vital needs and the Continuation of administration of the country in crisis. Providing security at various levels is a major concern of Passive defense, a case in point is the safe environment that has various dimensions. In this respect we can point to security against natural and man-made events; here the dimensions of environmental security are examined in three major dimensions. The methodology of the research is descriptive and inferential. after gathering information from library references with a questionnaire of 23 questions, (including 21 close questions and 2 open questions) in the statistical population of research that comprises the expertise of the environment familiar to the category of passive defense. The Validity of the present study is examined in both structural form and content validity and its reliability Assessed using Cronbach's Alpha method. Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods and after analyzing the questions and research hypotheses the results were obtained. He results of this study indicate that 80.3% of respondents in the statistical population believe that passive defense considerations With the continuation of the life cycle and the Environment and Disaster Management play a crucial role in the Environmental Security of Iran. However, the 84.2% of respondents believe that Codification of Macroeconomic policies in order to reduce environmental hazards is In line with environmental considerations in passive defense is the It is suggested Policies in order to sustain life cycles provided regarding passive defense considerations by EPA And the with interaction with the passive defense.