نشریه مطالعات مهندسی انتظامی
پیاپی 25 (بهار 1394)

In general, in flexural strengthened of beam’s reinforced concrete with FRP failure modes can be mention into failure in the compression zone, failure in the tension zone of the sheet tearing, splitting sheet of surface beam or separating beam’s concrete cover shooting range. The variety of Strengthening and applying methods of these materials should complies the technical demands, preventing from a sudden failure and brittle. In This paper examines several cases of putting CFRP sheets and used to change the sheets, trying with the optimal level of consumption of materials tested , the capacity of taking improve beams. To run this test, overall 14 beams with the same condition were made of concrete and reinforcement. The Concrete was made for these beams was SCC of Leca and the beams were fabricated with dimensions 100×160×1200mm. two beams as a control beams kept without strengthening and other 12 beams strengthened in 6 position by NSM technique of CFRP sheets. The beams tested with 4 point static loading system, and also to measure the fluctuations with analog strain gages. Also the remedy for pressure zone’s bust problem, 1 bar’s steel is applied by the NSM method. Bearing capacity of the beams in the best posture in rather to control beam has increased 68%.

Green space historical review of different styles of garden shaped plateau regions of ancient Babel started in the era BC moved to Europe as the gardens of ancient Babel and Egypt Meanwhile there. Holy Quran, trees and plants, sometimes referred to as the "comfort" of human life and sometimes referred to as "subsistence", which considers the needs of human beings and their dignity and accorded special status. Camp life as the center of focus and task forces and personnel to be able to set their own sustainable choice but are affected to accept the structure and function of natural systems. The green spaces as an essential component and unacceptable figure they inhale the only camp in the basic metabolism is capable deficiency can lead to serious disorders in the activity staff. The study of the importance of green spaces in the barracks is important primarily in terms of environmental issues and the use of military personnel and veterans in the leisure of these spaces is of secondary importance.

Nowadays a significant part of the population are inhabiting in regions with a big risk of earthquakes. Since our country rests on the Alpine-Himalayanseismic belt, it is considered as one of the regions with a high seismic risk. Among buildings , military stations , crisis management centers and fire stations have created a big challenge for civil engineers regarding the aforementioned factors. These buildings have a vital role after the earthquakes especially in first responding affairs therefore engineers have attempted to use strategies to provide the stability of these structures in order to maintain their performance during earthquakes. Generally there are two strategies for retrofitting structures against dynamical vibrations. The first strategy is design according to the strength , stiffness and deformation of the structure. The second strategy is the application of structural vibrational control systems (energy dissipation systems). Nowadays considering the defects of the first strategy , engineers have focused on absorbing the structural energy and reducing the vibrational responses rather than increasing the structure’s capacity. In these strategies, the goalis to reach to the highest level of the structure’s performance in which the structuraland nonstructural damages become minimal and the need to evacuate the building during or after the earthquake vanishes. Among these, using interior-structural dampers have received much attention. These systems are able to provide the stability and safety of the building compared to the similar regular buildings by absorbing and dissipating a high amount of structural energy. These days using these dampers as an economical and functional way of retrofitting important structures especially military buildings have received a lot of attention. In this article, after discussing various methods of structural retrofitting and rehabilitation, different types of dampers for reducing the structural energy are introduced.

The increasing use of urban approach tunnels and tunnels due to a direct effect on the earth's surface subsidence, surface subsidence control measures has become crucial for the design of the tunnel. Overburden depth at least they are characteristic of urban tunnels, urban construction land, large openings of these spaces and buildings, noted that all control surface settlement and maintaining stability in the underground spaces more difficult [1]. Since most studies in the context of a single tunnel, and requires numerical studies of the parameters affecting the earth's surface by digging tunnels meeting room felt. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of twin tunnels are horizontal and vertical centers, as well as various drilling conditions by numerical studies is the meeting ground. Another objective of this study was to compare the results of different conditions and determine the mode in which drilling occurs at ground level meeting. In this regard, a single tunnel Plksys software using three-dimensional numerical simulation and the result of numerical simulation using the results of the experimental verification is valid. The numerical modeling of single tunnel, digging tunnels twin synchronous and asynchronous, how are horizontal and vertical drilling of the horizontal and vertical centers in three states and would be reviewed at the end of the meeting the Earth's surface, it can be concluded after comparing the results of modeling Landscape mode with three diameters and drilling horizontal distance asynchronous lowest level meetings among the states surveyed in the Earth.

Earthquake is known as a natural phenomenon that has affects peoples' lives for a long time and has caused many damages and severe injuries. According to the national building codes chapter 6, military buildings belong to the groups of structures with a very high level of importance and any trouble in using them during earthquake or after that can result in an increase in the damages and fatalities. Thus, stability and resistance of these buildings against lateral loads especially earthquake is vital. Serious attempts in order to develop the concept of energy dissipation as an innovative functional technology for structural rehabilitation and retrofitting. Using passive energy dissipating systems such as steel dampers is a way of controlling structural vibrations and has received so much attention these days. Dampers lead to the higher level of structural stability and reduction of damages against external excitations by mitigating the earthquake's energy. In facts dampers reduce the loads subjected to structural members by mitigating the external loads. Hence by reducing the structural sections, a more economical and optimum design for the buildings against earthquake excitations can be achieved and it will also result in an increase in the safety of structures and a decrease in the construction costs compared to regular design strategies. In this study in order to investigate the retrofitting and seismic design of structural buildings by using dampers, a 4200 square meters military building equipped with PVD steel-yielding dampers is considered as the numerical example. The results obtained from the structural seismic performance against external loads using controlled dampers are compared to the condition without dampers.