مجله پژوهش های کاربردی روانشناختی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

The purpose of the present study was to structurally model risky behavior according to cerebral-behavioral systems and the dark triad of personality with the teaching of control thinking skills in secondary high school students. The research was applied and the research method was correlational through structural equation modeling and the research population consisted of all high school students in Shahin Shahr in the academic year 2020-2021, of which 505 individuals (262 boys and 243 girls) were selected through the available sampling method. The research instruments included Brain Behavioral Systems Questionnaire (BBSQ), High Risk Behaviors Questionnaire (HRBQ), Dark Trail of Personality Questionnaire (DTPQ) and Control Thought Ability Questionnaire (CTAQ). Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling via SPSS and Amos-23. The results showed that the scores of behavioral activation and inhibition systems, the dark triad of personality (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and antisocialism) had a significant direct influence on students’ ability to control their thoughts and risky behaviors (p <0.001). moreover, the results showed that mind control ability not only has a direct effect on students’ high-risk behaviors, but also plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between brain-behavior systems and the dark triad of personality and risk behaviors of high school students. Given the significant mediating role of mind control skills, it is suggested that by influencing the cerebral-behavioral systems and the dark aspects of behavior through the teaching of mind control techniques, we can attempt to reduce the occurrence of risk behaviors.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and analyze the experiences of teachers in disadvantaged areas participating in the Creative Instructor Training Workshop, which was held virtually. The study population was all participants in the part-time creativity instructor training courses of the Institute of Free Creative Higher Education in Tehran in 1400. The present sample consisted of 14 participants in the Creative Instructor Training Workshop who were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews in a zoom interactive context and analyzed by content analysis method, and the interviews were continued until data saturation. Validity was assessed using peer review by colleagues and participants and reliability was assessed by coding the text of three interviews by unknown individuals outside the study. Findings in the form of 383 codes, 33 primary sub-themes and finally 16 repetitive sub-themes reflect the dimensions and quality of training of educators in deprived areas in the online creativity workshop. The results showed that the trainers had significant satisfaction with the workshop and their knowledge, attitude and skills in the field of creativity changed significantly after attending the workshop. Training evaluation questions will help the workshop staff to be more effective in designing and implementing future training program such as developing creative curriculum.

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on social adjustment and self-care behaviors in cardiac patients with signs of depression (after open surgery). The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest, a posttest, a control group, and a 2-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included patients who had undergone open heart surgery and were admitted with depressive symptoms to specialized cardiac hospitals (Chamran, Sina, and Milad) in Isfahan in the second half of 2019. Thirty-five cardiac patients with signs of depression were selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (16 patients in the experimental group and 19 patients in the control group). The experimental group received eight seventy-five-minute sessions of mindfulness-based stress reduction interventions for two months. The questionnaires used in this study included the Depression Questionnaire, the Social Adjustment Questionnaire, and the Self-Care Behaviors Questionnaire. The data of the study were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS-23 statistical software. The results showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction training had a significant effect on the social adjustment and self-care behaviors of cardiac patients with signs of depression (p<0.001). The results of the present study suggest that mindfulness-based stress reduction training can be used as an effective intervention to improve social adjustment and self-care behaviors in cardiac patients with signs of depression by using techniques such as mindful attitudes, mindful activities, confronting problematic feelings and emotions, and breathing exercises to manage anger.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the type of feedback and regulatory focus and interaction on the alignment of student achievement goals. This study is an applied study. An experimental research method with a four-group pretest-posttest design was used. The statistical population of this study includes all sixth grade students of schools in district 6 of Mashhad in the academic year 2019-2020. A random cluster sampling method was used. The participants were 128 students and were randomly divided into four groups. Before and after the intervention, they all completed the Elliott and McGregor Achievement Goal Orientation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the factor covariance analysis model and SPSS-24 software. Results showed that self-referential feedback increased approach achievement goal orientation in conditions that served promotion, but did not increase avoidance achievement goal orientation in conditions that served prevention. Normative feedback increased approach-performance goal orientation when it was the promotion focus and avoidance-performance goal orientation when it was the prevention focus. According to the results of this study, it can be said that feedback is one of the most important factors in the formation of student achievement goals. The type of selective orientation leads students to pursue different behaviors and emotional consequences. The practical implications of the results were discussed.

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the mediating role of self-regulation processes in the relationship between perceived stress, depression, shame, and remorse in patients with psoriasis and healthy individuals. This research has a practical orientation and employs a quantitative correlational methodology. It’s statistical demographic included all psoriasis patients and healthy patients referred to the follow-up skin clinic at Tehran’s Razi Hospital in 2016. Available sampling was used to select 168 patients (85 males and 83 females) and 121 healthy patients' companions (22 males and 99 females). The following questionnaires were completed: Integrative Self- Knowledge (ISK), Self-Control (SCS), Consciousness (MAAS), Perceived Stress (PSS), and Depression Scale (MMPI). The data were analyzed using SPSS-22. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient, adjusted hierarchical regression, and the T-test. Integrated self-knowledge and shame were found to be greater in patients’ companions than in psoriasis patients. In contrast, anxiety and depression were more prevalent in psoriasis patients than in their healthy counterparts.Integrated self-knowledge was also found to moderate the relationship between perceived stress, depression, and shame. Therefore, it is essential that mental health professionals, educational institutions, and parents cultivate the process of self-regulation in individuals.Keywords: Depression, Perceived Stress, Psoriasis, Shame, Self-Regulation Process.

The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a therapeutic model based on schema therapy and therapy centered on compassion, as well as to evaluate its efficacy on marital burnout among women with marital conflict and primary incompatible schemas related to the field of cut and rejection. In the qualitative part,the present study employed thematic analysis by comparative method, whereas the quantitative partemployed a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. In the summer of 2019, the statistical population of the present study consisted of women with marital conflict who visited counseling centers in the city of Isfahan. A total of 26 women were selected using a non-random sampling method and assigned to the experimental and control groups at random. During two and a half months, the experimental group received the therapeutic model intervention based on schema therapy and compassion-focused therapyThe applied questionnaires in the current study include marital conflict (MCQ), early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (SQ), and marital burnout questionnaire (MBQ). The data obtained from the research was analyzed by the method of mixed variance analysis by statistical software SPSS-23. According to experts, the results demonstrated that the schema therapy- and compassion-based therapeutic model has sufficient content validity. Using the concepts of schema therapy and therapy focused on compassion, the therapeutic model based on schema therapy and therapy focused on compassion can be an effective therapy to reduce the marital despondency of women with marital conflict and primary incompatible schemas related to the field of cutting and Exclusion, according to the findings of this study.

This paper was to investigate the mediating role of the meaning of life in relation to psychological capital and social capital with types of well-being. The descriptive research method was correlational and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population was made up of all the students of the Islamic Azad University of Qom in the second semester of the academic year 2021-2022, from which available 234 male and female students (with an average age of 24.47 and a standard deviation of 7.189) of various faculties. The tools of the current research included the Onyx and Bullen Social Capital Questionnaire (SCQ), Luthans Psychological Capital (PCQ), Keys Comprehensive Well-being Scale (CSM), and Schnell’s Sources of Meaning in Life (SoMe). The data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that the initial hypothetical model had a good fit with the observed data. The findings of the research demonstrated that psychological capital and social capital had a significant positive relationship through meaningfulness of life with types of well-being, and also psychological capital has a significant negative relationship through meaning crisis with types of well-being, but it was not detected for social capital with types of well-being the mediator of meaning crisis. Considering the importance of constructs such as psychological capital, social capital, meaningfulness of life and crisis of meaning in the types of well-being of people in the society, planning should be done to optimize these dimensions.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on the life quality and resilience of those recuperated from Covid-19. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, control group and three-month follow-up period design. The statistical population of the study included those recuperated from Covid-19 with the record of hospitalization in the city of Bandar Abbas in the winter of 2020. Twenty-seven recovered people from Covid-19 were selected via the snowball method and randomly 13 of them were accommodated into experimental (7 males and 6 females) and 14 of them were accommodated into control groups (6 males and 8 females). The experimental group received ACT during two-and-a-half months (in 10 sessions). The applied questionnaires in this study included resilience questionnaire and life quality scale. The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS-23 statistical software. The results showed that ACT has been effective on the life quality (F=38.75; Eta=0.61; P<0001) and resilience (F=39.90; Eta=0.62; P<0001) of recovered Covid-19 patients with the record of hospitalization in a way that it succeeded in improving their life quality and resilience. According to the findings of the present study, ACT can be used as an efficient method to improve the life quality and resilience of those recovered from Covid-19 through employing six main processes of acceptance, fusion, observer self, relationship with the present time, value and committed action.

This study aimed to examine the efficacy of group training based on rational, emotive, behavioral theory (REBT) on enhancing self-esteem and decreasing occupational burnout in married working men. This research is applied in terms of purpose and the study method is a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design with the control group and one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included married working men in Tehran in the winter of 2020. The research sample consisted of 40 subjects, who met the criteria for entering the research, were selected through convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control group (20 individuals in each group). Group training based on REBT was applied in eight weekly sessions only in the experimental group. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were employed to collect data. The data were analyzed using SPSS-25 software applying ANCOVA, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and Bonferroni post hoc test. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the level of self-esteem in the experimental group, and this effect has remained steady in the follow-up phase (P<0.001). Regarding occupational burnout, the effectiveness of the intervention was significant in two subscales of this variable in the experimental group, and these effects have remained steady in the follow-up phase (P<0.001). In conclusion, group training based on REBT can be an effective intervention for promoting self-esteem, reducing emotional exhaustion, and enhancing personal accomplishment, which are two of the three subscales of occupational burnout.

This study aimed to forcast the differentiation of pornography addiction based on feelings of shame and pathological narcissism in Tehran city in Iran. The research approach had a practical aim and correlational data collecting. The population of the study was all men above 18 in Tehran city in 2020-2021. Among them, 200 samples (100 people addicted to pornography and 100 people did not addict to pornography) were selected voluntarily via the internet. The research tools were Pornography Problem Consumption Scale (PPCS), Fear of Guilt and Shame (GASP) Scale, and Narcissism (MTNS) Scale. The discriminant analysis and SPSS-26 software was used for analyzing data. The results demonstrated that the ability to feel shame and pathological narcissism has a positive relation in predicting pornography addiction. They can predict the group membership of men with pornography addiction and without pornography addiction. Moreover, it can be concluded that with the increase of shame and pathological narcissism of people, their use of pornography increases. It can be advised to therapists and counselors who have clinicians exposed to pornography and, more generally, sexually addictive behaviors, pay special attention to the embarrassment and narcissism experienced and the personality type of these individuals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of social perception as a mediator in the relationship between mother-child interaction and social skills from the viewpoint of mothers with preschool-aged children. This is a correlational investigation conducted using structural equation modeling. In 2020, the statistical population included mothers of preschool-aged children in the city of Naeen; 179 mothers were sampled using the available sampling method. The data was collected using the social skills questionnaire (SSRS), the Mother-Preschool Child Interaction Questionnaire (MPCIS), and the Social Understanding Scale (CSUS) were analyzed using structural equation analysis by AMOS software. The direct path coefficient of mother-child interaction to social skills and social perception, as well as social perception to social skills, was found to be positive and statistically significant (p<0.01). The indirect relationship between mother-child interaction and social skills, as mediated by social perception, is also statistically significant (p<0.05). On the basis of the findings, it can be concluded that the quality of mother-child interaction can not only directly explain the child’s social skills, but also indirectly enhance those skills by enhancing the child's social perception.

This research was conducted to develop a model for predicting social anxiety in male and female adolescents based on perfectionism, social self-efficacy, and cognitive distortions. The research was applied and descriptive-correlational and way analysis was the research method. The statistical population of the present survey consisted of all first- and second-year male and female high school students in 2019-2020. 373 adolescents were selected through clustered random sampling for the statistical sample. Social Anxiety Scale (CAS) (LaGreca, 1998), Perfectionism Scale (PS) (Najjarian, Attari, Zargar, 1999), Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CDQ) (Hamamci, Büyüköztürk, 2004), and social Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) (Gaudiano, Herbert, 2003) were the questionnaires utilized. Path analysis was used to conduct the data analysis. Perfectionism, social self-efficacy, and cognitive distortions were found to have a significant relationship with social anxiety (p0.01). In addition, perfectionism and social self-efficacy have a direct significant impact on cognitive distortions associated with social anxiety (p<0.01). In addition, the results of the Bootstrap and Sobel tests indicated that cognitive distortions play an important mediating role in the relationship between perfectionism and social self-efficacy and social anxiety in male and female adolescents (p<0.01). Ultimately, the model's goodness of fit was satisfactory. Considering the significant mediating role of cognitive distortions, it is necessary for clinical clinicians to use cognitive techniques to reduce adolescents’ cognitive distortions.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the efficacy of group-based acceptance and commitment therapy on cognitive flexibility and self-esteem among women who had experienced the trauma of infidelity. The research method was experimental, and the design was quasi-experimental, utilizing pre- and post-test with a control group. In 2017, the statistical population included women in Tehran, Iran who had experienced the trauma of infidelity and sought help from counseling centers and family courts. On the basis of the study’s criteria, thirty couples were selected using a method of purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The experimental group participated in eight 90-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy, while the control group received no training. The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI; Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) were administered to all participants. SPSS 22 software was used to conduct a multivariate analysis of covariance on the data. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) results indicated that group-based acceptance and commitment therapy significantly increased the average post-test scores of self-esteem and cognitive flexibility in the experimental group (p<0.05). Based on the findings, family counselors and therapists can use acceptance and commitment therapy to enhance self-esteem and cognitive flexibility in women who have experienced the trauma of infidelity.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the narratives of a high school counselor, to investigate the causes of anxiety and its symptoms among high school pupils, and to propose suitable solutions for this field. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach and the method of narrative research. In the present narrative study, the data source is a 42-year-old female participant who has served as a consultant for two girls’ high schools in Bostanabad, East Azerbaijan Province, for the past 17 years. Narrative interview, semi-structured interview, field observation (attending some counseling sessions), and taking notes were used to collect data. Using thematic analysis, the narratives were analyzed. Age, education, and family circumstances were found to be the causes of anxiety in adolescent students. The analysis of student narratives revealed that the symptoms of this disorder manifest in four ways: physical, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive. Adjusting sleep patterns, physical activity, and diet, parental support, focusing on the positive, engaging in enjoyable activities, and talking to an anxious student are all strategies for reducing anxiety in students. The anxiety of adolescent students may not be entirely avoidable, but it can be mitigated by addressing some of their educational and domestic issues. The analysis and interpretation of this narrative have addressed a number of counseling-related obstacles. A review of the country’s educational system, particularly the school evaluation system, as well as the hiring of expert counselors in schools and placing a premium on these educational forces, as well as holding training courses for parents of children with anxiety disorders, will be crucial in reducing student anxiety, according to the research findings.

The purpose of this research was to apply a phenomenological approach to teachers’ perceptions of the performance of Tehran's children. This interpretive and phenomenological method was employed in the field of public-school study for females at the 17 Shahrivar school, located in the District 13 of Tehran in 2020, for the purpose of this study. The teachers’ field of study in Tehran’s District 13, from which 20 persons were randomly selected. Using the Colleizi method, a review of notes is set up to analyze review interviews. In this study, there are nine themes and forty-four subthemes titled emotion regulation, learning skills, family, child’s nature, environmental factor, intellectual maturity disorder, communication skill training, and playing, and 44 sub-themes. The research findings addressed the perceptions and perceptions of teachers regarding the concept of resilience in children, the main factors and components of creating resilience in children, the reasons for the lack of resilience in children, the effects and consequences of the lack of resilience in children, and finally the most effective methods for enhancing resilience in children. In light of the present research, it is suggested that parent training programs should also aim to modify educational strategies and behavior patterns and enhance relationships in the structure of equations and connections. Given that environmental and interpersonal conditions play a significant role in children’s lack of resilience and that this study was conducted on a specific statistical population, it is recommended that future research include children of divorce or children with addicted parents.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion-focused therapy on the emotional experiences of male adolescents resulting from parental divorce. The research method was quasi-experimental and included a pre-test, a post-test, a follow-up test, and a control group. In 2020-2021, the statistical population of the present survey comprised all male adolescents aged 15 to 18 who had experienced parental divorce in Bandar Abbas. The cohort consisted of 47 male adolescents who were chosen through a process of purposive sampling. Data was collected using the Emotional Experiences of Parental Divorce Scale (EEPD). SPSS-23 was used to conduct an analysis of variance with repeated measures on the data. Emotion-focused therapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy significantly decreased simple painful emotions, complex painful emotions, and emotional needs in comparison to the control group (p˂0.01) and significantly increased adolescents’ emotional development (p˂0.01). Comparison of emotion-focused therapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy revealed that emotion-focused therapy was more effective in reducing simple painful emotions (p˂0.02), complex painful emotions (p˂0.04), and increasing emotional development (p˂0.02) in the post-test stage; however, no significant differences were found in the follow-up stage. In general, therapists and counselors can utilize both approaches to reduce agonizing emotions and promote the emotional development of adolescents.

This study was conducted to codify a psychological model based on positivist psychology and assess its effect on the resilience of individuals with COVID-19 anxiety. In the qualitative portion of the study, the researchers employed an inductive method for theme analysis and a quasi-experimental design with a pretest, posttest, control group, and two-month follow-up period for the quantitative portion. The statistical population of the present investigation comprised COVID-19 anxiety sufferers in Tehran during the spring and summer of 2021. Using a method of purposive sampling, 35 individuals with COVID-19 anxiety were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the related interventions (10 sessions) over the course of one and a half months. In this study, the applied questionnaires included the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) and the Resilience Questionnaire (RQ). The data were analyzed using the mixed ANOVA procedure and SPSS-23 statistical software. The results demonstrated that the positivist psychological model has sufficient content validity. In addition, this intervention has a positive effect on the resilience of individuals with Covid-19 anxiety (P<0001). According to the present study, the model of psychological coping based on positive psychology can be considered an effective method for enhancing the resilience of people with COVID-19 anxiety by emphasizing their strengths and positive traits, fostering altruism and devotion, being thankful and appreciative, and developing hope and optimism.

Development of a psychological capital training program and evaluation of its effectiveness on the impulsivity and psychological flexibility of students engaged in parents’ divorce with externalized behavior disorder was the purpose of the present study. In the qualitative portion of this study, the researchers employed a comparative method of thematic analysis, and in the quantitative portion, a quasi-experimental design with a pretest, posttest, control group, and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the present research consisted of divorced students with externalized behavior disorder attending the first high school in Isfahan during the academic year 2020-21. Forty students involved in a divorce and diagnosed with externalized behavior disorder were chosen using a purposive sampling technique and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received ten 75-minute psychological capital training sessions over the course of two and a half months. Three participants from the experimental group and three participants from the control group withdrew from the study. This investigation employed the Impulsivity Questionnaire (IQ), the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire (PFQ), and the Children and Adolescents Behavioral Inventory (CABI). The study’s data were analyzed using repeated measurement ANOVA and the SPSS-23 statistical software. According to the results, the psychological empowerment packagehas sufficient content validity from the perspective of experts. In addition, this program had an impact on the impulsivity (F=62.07, Eta= 0.66, P≤0.001) and psychological flexibility (F=100.88, Eta= 0.74, P≤0.001) of students with externalized behavior disorder who were going through their paernts’ divorce. According to the findings of the present study, psychological capital training can be used effectively to reduce impulsivity and increase psychological flexibility in students with externalized behavior disorder who are going through a divorce.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive thinking training on the acceptance and social interaction of female adolescents aged 15 to 19 in the city of Sar-e-Pol-e-Zahab. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, control group, and follow-up period. In the first six months of 2020, the statistical population of the study comprised 285 female adolescents who received assistance from the Organization of Wellbeing in the town of Sar-e-Pol-e Zahab. Forty adolescents were selected using a systematic sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 adolescents in the experimental group and 20 in the control group). Over the course of two and a half months, the adolescents in the experimental group received positive thinking training (11 sessions). This study applied the Social Acceptance Questionnaire (SAQ) and the Social Interaction Questionnaire (SIQ). The study’s data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA and the SPSS-23 statistical software. Positive thinking training had a significant impact on female adolescents’ social acceptance (F=63.82; Eta=0.64, P<0001) and social interaction (F=68.80; Eta=0.66, p<0001), indicating that this intervention was successful in improving the adolescents’ social acceptant and interaction. Positive thinking training can be an effective method for improving adolescents' social acceptance and interaction, according to the findings of this study, by employing meditation, mindfulness, using one’s strengths, confirming the self, and stating one’s values.