فصلنامه روش شناسی علوم انسانی
پیاپی 115 (تابستان 1402)

In recent years, Some Philosophers have pointed out the effective role that humanities can play (not in technological development, but) in control and regulation of technological development to protect the environment and culture. However, no explanation has been provided regarding what specific feature in humanities has realized such a function. The approach requires presupposing an essential distinction between humanities from natural sciences. A criterion for the distinction, is provided by Southwest neo-Kantian philosophers who distinguishes between natural sciences and cultural sciences, based on (not the object, but) the logic and the cognitive requirements through which the world is experienced. In this article, by reading and reconsidering the Neo-Kantian criterion of the distinction, it is argued that in natural sciences and engineering, unlike humanities, only partially conceive the empirical reality and they miss the part that promotes and protects sustainability.To develop this argument, by comparing Heinrich Rickert ideas with some of the contemporary semantic approaches, it will be explained how the type of attitude and “the logic” of conceiving and referring to objects (including conceiving and referring to natural kinds) in humanities will bring a complete and balanced understanding of the world of experience.

The question of what and how voluntary action is one of the important topics of the philosophy of action. Among all the Islamic thinkers, Allameh Tabataba'i has stood out from other wisdom and wisdom with his extensive and special opinions about the process of human activity. This article has examined his point of view on this issue from three angles; What is optional verb and its relationship with volitional verb, division and classification of verbs and bases of issuing verbs.The present article, which has been carried out using the library method and the fundamental analysis of themes, makes it clear that Allameh Tabatabaei defines the optional verb with effective knowledge and will, and with this criterion, he considers the verbs with intent, with premeditation, and with intent as different categories of optional verbs, all of which They are common in acknowledging necessity, passion and will. Allameh's distinguishing point in the discussion about the principles of the formation of action is that, firstly, he considers the science that is the origin of action to be the knowledge of knowledge, which is based on the recognition of perfection. And thirdly, he did not consider science as the true origin of actions, but considered it as a function of the ego and sensual attention of man, and considers science as the only necessary and complementary condition for issuing action.

Whether or not critical realism as an epistemological paradigm in the philosophy of science can help social sciences in the field of methodology, especially research methods. For this purpose, this text believes that Grounded Theory as a research method in interpretative theory can provide critical realism with the necessary tools for research on causality and context. Critical Realism believes that there is a real-world independent of human knowledge. This world has mechanisms that create events and phenomena. Critical Realism is a new paradigm in social science. To understand these mechanisms, realism uses retroductive strategy and abstract concepts and models. This paradigm can provide research designs that apply different research methods. The extensive design uses a quantitative method in the empirical and incidental realm, and the intensive design uses a qualitative method in the real realm combination design uses both research methodologies. Another idea is that critical realism employs certain methods such as the historical method and grounded theory. Critical realism uses grounded theory by presenting a structure/context/mechanism/event model with a short-term scope. The situational matrix of grounded theory includes causal conditions / contextual conditions and interactive strategy/ outcome. If these four elements are more or less present when studying, grounded theory can be a research method of critical realism in studies of short-term domains.

By formulating the theory of biological naturalism, John Searle has tried to provide a convincing explanation for the relationship between mental states and the body (brain) and to solve the old mind-body problem. The main origin of biological naturalism is biological and physical theories, especially two theories of biological and atomic evolution of matter. According to Searle, mental states such as consciousness and intentionality are part of the natural world, and the biological processes of the brain, i.e. the processes of nerve cells, cause awareness and empathy. The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate Searle's concept of biological naturalism based on the issue related to "intentionality". Therefore, first by explaining Searle's theory of biological naturalism, it is shown that the main foundations of this theory are that all mental phenomena, such as feelings and emotions, thoughts and ideas are the result of physical and chemical processes in the brain; And mental phenomena are just the higher level features of the brain. Then, by stating the problems of this theory, it is determined whether it is possible to deal with them (problems) from the position of biological naturalism

Islamic macroeconomics as one of the branches of the Islamic economy is at the beginning of its related studies. In the critical study of Islamic macroeconomics works, we face three basic questions; 1. Does macroeconomics provide new knowledge? 2. Is Islamic macroeconomics independent from conventional macroeconomics or is it considered on its side? 3. Does Islamic macroeconomics model the ideal society or the existing society or both? By examining the most key views of Muslim thinkers about Islamic macroeconomics by using the method of descriptive and analytical library study, this article tries to discover the answers to three questions, and in this regard, examines the views of Kahf, Choudhury, Zarka, AlJarhi, Mirmoezi, Islamluian, and Samsami and then presents his critical point of view. Thus, conventional macroeconomics has an epistemological error (the first question) and Islamic macroeconomics is considered a new knowledge due to the distinction in its goal and methodology (the second question). In addition, Islamic macroeconomics is responsible for modeling the ideal society as well as the current society and designing the path (third question).

The current research aimed to introduce the research method of "qualitative content analysis" and to implement and report an example of its application in "Qur'an-based psychology"; The question of the research was whether the "qualitative content analysis" research method can be used in Quran-based psychology studies or not? To answer this question, first, using specialized methodology texts (books & software), the definition, characteristics, advantages, and concepts related to this method were explained in detail; Then, psychological research was conducted on the topic of "Qur'an-based motivation model" using this method and its different stages; Some of the achievements of the research were that: 1. The method of qualitative content analysis can be used in Quranic studies; 2. The Quran-based motivation model was extracted and introduced in three contents: "causal", "structural" and "consequence". 3. This model has several differences and similarities with the "Motivation Model in Contemporary Psychology".