مجله کاشان شناسی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 30، بهار و تابستان 1402)

Among researchers majored in luster works, many have focused on the methodology of making glaze, the origins of its production, the implications behind motifs, or its style and form; few paid attention to the production and the actual physical features of these tiles.The diversity of different styles, whether using the pottery wheel or the mold method, is evident in the varieties of different tiles having been remained. The discovery of several molds both for making dishes and for creating embossed tiles, especially the in above-mentioned styles observed in tiles with embossed inscriptions, has put forward the idea that they were done using molds.The purpose of this article is to re-examine the methods used for writing inscriptions; it also undertakes a technical review and analysis of the shortcomings of this method using molds for creating patterns for the decorations of lusterinscription tiles of the 7th and the 8th centuries Hijri.In this way, this research seeks to answer the following questions: a) how can the execution method of writing inscriptions in the golden altars of the 7th and the 8th centuries of Hijri in Arais al-Javahir be explained? b) how can it all be feasible using scientific steps and experiments according to the laboratory standards? According to the current theory, each of the tiles with inscriptions had a separate mold. Thus, if there were no mold, the method used for the repeated inscriptions would remain a mystery.

Small dishes, tiles, and seals made of stone paste can be found in large and small civilizations. The quality of the pigmentation that the glaze gets in this mixture, in terms of the brightness, transparency, as well as the strength of the glaze-coating both on the surface and on the body has a noticeable superiority compared with the red clay constructions. With the advancement of civilization in Iran, one can witness the decreased use of earthenware dishes (including glazed tiles, stone paste crockery, and clay pottery dishes) and their replacement with metal and terracotta, plaster, and stoneitems.In the palace Darius the Great, the walls were decorated with glazed tiles. The archeological findings of Bukan and Ghalichi, asKambakhshFardnotes, also show the extensive use of glazed clay in the Mana and Median civilizations. Throughout the time, however, these stone-relief decorations of the Achaemenid era and the plaster version common in the Sassanid era all changed.With the arrival of Muslim Arabs in the lands under the Sassanid rule and with the import of pottery from the eastern neighbors with perfect glass-like glazing, instilling elegance like precious metals, and including delicate motifs, a movement in these lands was developed, which embodied in the early luster works and the molded pottery of the central Iran. Then, it eventually became a worthy substitute for various artefacts leading to the creation of the refined and luxurious enamelware in KambakhshFard’s view. The pottery artefacts that were produced and offered in Nishapur, Shush, and Samarra in the first centuries had prominent high relief works. They were designed with colorful paintings on them and were delicately elegant.These qualities were due to the combination of a thin white film that was like glazing in terms of composition; in terms of hardness, they could be placed somewhere in between the toughness of glass and its body’s malleability. In the following centuries, this method with updated techniques provided the ability to produce the surface with the ability that offered the possibility to be worked on and to be shaped in large size molds.At that time, in pottery industry, it was possible for artists to create large pieces of pottery with resistance like a stone, flexibility like a plaster, transparency like a mirror/glass, and metallic polish like gold. It was time to build many altars, tombstones, and inscriptions with these material, which was confirmed by the remaining works. The research method in the theoretical part is descriptive/analytical, and in the laboratory and workshop part, it is experimental; data collection undertook using library study and available historical documents.

The use of stone paste brought about a great transformation in the pottery of Islamic civilization. This method, based on archeological findings, was used in Iran in the 5th century and provided plenty of opportunities to the artisans to the extent that they were able to make large and thick pieces from great alters to fine dishes.In this article, an attempt was made to test an alternative hypothesis by combining both the accepted mold method while creating patterns on the tiles in the free hand. To achieve this, the tile pieces were made in the workshop in practice and step by step.In the first step,the types of earthenware mixtures in Iran and different types of patterns shaping and creating with these mixtures werescrutinized. In the second step, by examining the written documents of the 8th century (Arais al-Jawahar), the findings in those documents wereanalyzed and compared; an attempt was made to understand and compare those writings with the evidential works of that era. In the third step, the remaining works from that era wereanalyzed to clarify the findings put forth by previous researchers. For this purpose, the procedure was subjected to a detailed, technical investigation and was applied methodically.For the accuracy of this experiment and to test the findings, following the mentioned methods, tiles with prominent inscriptions were reproduced with the proposed method, and was decorated as they would have been historically.Finally, the research method shared in this article embodied practical connotations in its nature, using laboratory process and scientific steps. Also, it is historical in terms of the use of broad and analytical approach, to set it within its period.The term ‘historical’ is emphasized since it is a topic that is subject to various historical biases that need clarification. According to the findings of the researcher, accurate historical facts have notbeen raised until now, and in this way new findings will be introduced.

This research can be concluded as follows: tiles with raised inscriptions are organically made and, in many cases, improvised using the skill set of the artist and a special type of stone paste. This was used on the tiles already made using a special mold with the repeating parts already baked on them.An old premise classified ceramic works with embossed inscriptions as molded tiles. Researchers have also expressed that every piece of tile with an inscription must have a separate mold. In this article, by focusing on archaeological and written evidences, an attempt has been made to find the real production method of this type of tiles.To test this new hypothesis in a practical and scientific way, using the available historical and theoretical documents, the tiles were reproduced using the new proposed methods; the results can confirm that the findings can replace the old theories to a large extent.

The woven silk of Kashan is a part of the identity of Iranian exquisite handmade artifacts. The prosperity of these products dates back to the Safavid era and the development of textile and carpet weaving workshops. Kashan, with its ancient silk civilization, weavers, and geographical position, plays an important role in the textile trades. The ability of Kashani weavers to weave textiles and produce delicate silk carpets is a tangible heritage of culture and art. Investigation of the silk fabrics of Art Institute of Chicago and of Iranian textiles in Metropolitan Museum shows abundant Kashan silk handwoven products. Cheap substitute products and expensive raw materials for weaving silk textiles led to the recession of the traditional silk-weaving culture. To solve this problem, identifying weaving techniques and the fabrics produced in the past will emphasize the importance of indigenous knowledge of woven carpets. The aim of the present research was to study the characteristics of Kashan’s silk fabrics at Art Institute of Chicago and at the Metropolitan Museum.

In Art Institute of Chicago, there is a collection of donated silk fabrics and silk Zari weavings, which comprise nearly half of the Iranian silk fabrics woven in Kashan. Metropolitan Museum also houses hand-woven silk textiles in the form of carpets and fabrics from Kashan, which is noteworthy. Therefore, to identify and examine the characteristics of Kashan silk textiles through the samples available in Chicago Art Institute’s website and Metropolitan Museum of Art, the research seeks to address the following two questions: a) What are the characteristics of Kashan silk textile patterns in Art Institute of Chicago and Metropolitan Museum of Art? b) What are the structural features of silk textiles belonging to Chicago Art Institute and Metropolitan Museum of Art? Twenty-four silk textile samples from Kashan were examined. The research data was collected through the library study and digital sources. The method deployed in this study is a descriptive-analytical one.

In Art Institute of Chicago, there are twelve pieces of silk or zari cloth known as Kashan. These remaining pieces that were donated to the institute are kept in Islamic Art Department and in Textile Department of the Art Institute of Chicago. In Metropolitan Museum of New York, which includes a treasure of Iranian handwovens, there are Kashan carpets and some fabrics. The textiles in Art Institute of Chicago are made of silk as their primary material and have been produced in velvet, Zari weaving, and embossed patterns. This is also true for the weaving method of fabrics in Metropolitan Museum. The woven designs in the fabrics of the Art Institute of Chicago are all botanical, while the worked designs in the silk weavings of Metropolitan Museum include botanical, human, and animal motifs. In addition to fabrics, Metropolitan Museum houses Iranian carpets in the Islamic Art section. These carpets are woven entirely of silk or have silk pile and cotton weft with curved line patterns in a quarter and overall form. The carpet weaving technique is double-knotted and uses asymmetrical knots; the method of weaving silk threads is either simple or compound diagonal weaving with the use of expensive gold and black threads on a silk background.

The study on twenty-four samples of Kashan’s silk textiles showed that the woven textiles of Art Institute of Chicago are made of silk, gold, and silver. Vagireh designs, affected by nature, were also applied. The silk textiles of Metropolitan Museum contained carpet and cloth. These carpets were up to 6 m2 in area with Animal Combat, Corner, and Medallion design belonging to the Safavid period. The fabric patterns were woven in human, animal, and plant forms with silk threads. Various designs and weaving techniques were found in the textiles as a model for the survival of Kashan handwoven products. The research findings were consistent with the results of other studies such as Khosravi, Bezhayam, and Dadras (2015), conducted on Iranian carpets in Metropolitan Museum. It is suggested to continue this research by studying hand-woven textiles in historical periods in museums worldwide or conducting comparative studies of Iranian textiles with those of other countries.

The choice of color as an important physical element in the executive space of residential architecture in Iran does not follow scientifically researched models. The issue of color in architecture can be researched from different perspectives; However, this article focuses onHekmateTabieiatand its theoretical foundations. The principles and teachings of HekmateTabieiat in traditional Iranian medicine, especially those in the works of Avicenna, deal with issues such as the characteristics of the environment and its body.From this perspective, it can be used as a practical theoretical basis for the characteristics of the physical elements of the environment such as the selction of colors. The purpose of this article is to propose a practical model for color selection in in the present-day home spaces in Iran, because little research has been done based on HekmateTabieiat. The main question in this research is:what characteristics have been considered in the selection of colors in traditional residential spaces based on the theoretical foundations of HekmateTabieiat? 

The study employed a basic qualitative research design following content analysis of texts related to HekmateTabieiat in traditional medicine. It sought color selection indicators in residential architectural spaces in general and their sleeping space in particular.In order to provide theoretical foundations, it looked for these color characteristics in a number of historical houses of Kashan as examples. First, a content analysis was performed on the theme of sleeping to determine the temperament of this activity as reflected in the relevant texts. Then, temperament interactions between the temperament of this activity, the temperament of the natural place, and the temperament of the color were explored. The findings of the study revealed how the temperament of color interacts with others in creating a relative balance between the temperament of the activities and the temperament of the place. It should be mentioned that because the natural process of creation and property of the living space is a direct function of the activities of that space, by studying and balancing the activities, a balanced living space can be created. Besides, it is possible through manipulating the characteristics of the elements that make up the space, one of which is the color of space.

The results of conceptual analysis of the effect of color temperament on creating a balance between the act of sleeping and its space with the temperament of a natural place are summarized and presented in the table below. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be seen that color has temperament and through the temperament of color, relative balance can be established between the temperament of residential functions and the temperament of their natural place. This balance will lead to relative health or balance of all phenomena, including human body and architecture based on temperaments in traditional medicine. It should be mentioned that since little research has so far been carried out from this prespective, and since the point of view is novel, the topic was explored only considering the act of sleep and the three-door rooms of the historical houses in Kashan. Otherfactors related to the balance between the temperaments of natural place and that of color were not considered to allow a simpler and more comprehensible analysis in this research. It is very clear that parameters such as equipment and furniture,proportions and geometry of functions, materials used for different functions, spatial organization and proximity, climatic placement of functions, and several other factors in the structure of architectural spaces and environmental characteristics of temperament such as the temperament of seasons, the temperament of time, and the temperament of the people are the relevant intervening factors mentioned in traditional medicine as creators of balance. These factors require further specialized research. The findings of the current analysis are evidenced by examples in the hot and dry city of Kashan, where a meaningful relationship was observed between color selections in spaces in the architecture of the three-door space of the historical houses. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the temperament of the place and the selection of color of the spaces in the traditional architecture of Iran. Architects and designers can decide to choose the color of residential architectural spaces by recognizing the temperament of their project location knowing the temperament of colors. Color selection is to be based on the causal paradigm in temperament theory, attepting to bring the spaces to a ‘relative alance’. This was described in the current study by the concepts of act and anti-act, used in traditional medicine.

Considering the requirements of each residential function, architects and designers balance the space through the physical element of color. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: first, to create quality residential functions, it is necessary to pay attention to the spatial characteristics of those functions, and in this research, these characteristics were considered from the perspective of temperament theory, notably the temperament of the natural place. Second, the mechanism of interaction between the temperament of the place and the functions is the method of bringing the functions to relative moderation, mentioned in the theory of temperament through the action of the opposite temperament. In other words, with the theory of temperament, through the temperament of spatial elements such as color, the relationship between the temperament of the activities of each residential function and the temperament of the location of those spaces can be brought to balance and harmony; hence, the health of that space, which can be a model for color selection in residential architectural functions beyond taste,customs, norms, mercantilism, fashion, and so on at the disposal of architects and designers who define architecture in a more humane and wiser way.

Fayz Kashani lived and wrote his works during the Safavid era, which was one of the most prominent and valuable periods of Shiite history when Shiite narrative books were written. One of his works is Wafi, which he wrote about the collection of four books in 273 chapters, incuding 50,000 hadiths. The foundations of Fiqh al-Hadith included the following issues: an explanation of hadiths by using other hadiths, the use of the context of hadiths, the use of the reason and space for issuing hadiths, the insistence on the emergence, an emphasis on the literal meaning, a reference to Tabadur, the use of different literary sciences, sticking to the Qur'an and interpretation, resolving conflicts from narrative contradictory, the use of document and text preferences. These foundations occurred in philosophical, mystical, theological, literary, ethical, social, and jurisprudential methods. Fayz, with his good command of summarizing books, summarized this book in 1082 AH and called it Shafi. 

The research method in this treatise is a library method, through the sources that dealt with Fayz's life and education were examined. At first glance, the foundations of Fayz's hadith jurisprudence in Shafi and its use by him in examining hadiths seemed to be the same as the foundations of Fiqh al-Hadith in Wafi. Now, it seems that these principles and their application in Shafi are transformed. As Fayz himself mentioned these changes were in the introduction of Shafi. In this article, the foundations of Fayz's Fiqh al-Hadith in Shafi's book were examined, which has not been studied so far. This research is necessary because Fayz is one of those writers who have been influential. His various writings in different fields of studies can be a testimony to this claim. Examining the foundations of Fayz's Fiqh al-Hadith in Shafi can clarify this influence.

Fayz collected four precious books of Shia narratives from Kolaini, Sadouq, and Tusi for himself. The selected principles and methods which he has more or less revealed to everyone in the three prefaces of Wafi included the explanation of the narration with verses and other narrations, the grasp of the context of the narration, a focus on the space of issuing the narration and approaching the Arab history and culture at the time of issuing the hadith and so on . In summary of Wafi, Shafi has more or less adhered to the same principles in most cases. If there was a change in the summary, it was in cases that he had changed the names of books and chapters. The mental map based on which Fayz had taken a step towards summarizing Al-Wafi is very insightful and meticulous, and the value and excellence of this work becomes evident especially when he summarizes approximately 50,000 hadiths of Al-Wafi in 6,024 hadiths. A large share of narrations in the book belongs to the book Kafi by Kolaini; Fayz's quotations from Kolaini are so many that the author has come to believe that he has summarized Kafi and in addition to that, he has benefited from other Arba books to further complete the topics of his book. Most of the explanations and statements in Shafi are the same as those in Wafi's, and in very few cases, he adds some material to Wafi's writings compared to Wafi's show that there has been no change and he has maintained his adherence to Wafi's principles after fourteen years in Shafi. These basics are summarized through the following headings: the method of document reporting, the method of text reporting and the naming of books and chapters, the basics of Faiz Hadith research, the basics of Fayz in evaluating narrations, the basics of Fayz's Fiqh al-Hadith, the use of verses in the description of narrations, the use of narrations in the description of narrations, the use of reason in the description of narrations, pointing to the polysemy of hadith, resolving conflict from narrations, using literary knowledge in the description of narration, interpretationism, approaches to Arabic culture in understanding hadith.

According to the information found about Fayz's life, it became clear that Fayz's thoughts and beliefs changed during his lifetime. For example, when Fayz wrote the book of Mu'tasim al-Shia and when he wrote Al-Kalamat al-Makhzuna, there was a great difference in the foundations of thinking and the methods of dealing with verses and hadiths. The fact that Fayz's scholarly personality is multi-faceted prompted an examination of his two books named Wafi and Shafi, written about 14 years apart to find the changes in his principles and methods in understanding of hadith. After a lot of research in Shafi, the obtained result was contrary to the hypothesis:  that is, the principles and methods of his hadith jurisprudence have not changed.

The tradition of translating and commenting on authentic religious texts has been common since ancient times. Commentary on Nahj al-Balagha has also had a special place. Researchers have considered the 6th century as the period of Shi’te scientific stagnation. But in the same century, commentaries on Nahj al-Balagha increased due to these goals: a) the protection of Shi’te heritage, b) an explation of difficult words, c) the description of theological and philosophical foundations, d) the explanation of historical events, e)  an emphasis on literary and rhetorical points, f) the expansion of spirituality, g) a criticism of previous commentators, h) a documentary review of narrations. From the sixth to the tenth centuries, the region of Kashan was an important area in the development and promotion of Nahj al-Balagha education. Scholars such as Seyed Abu al-Reza Ziauddin, Fazlullah Hosseini Ravandi, Qutb al-Din Ravandi, and Mullah Fatahullah Kashani were of among them. Seyed Fazlullah Rawandi and Qutb al-Din Rawandi were among the first people who became well-know for their first translations of Nahj al-Balagha. Abu al-Reza  Ravandi's commentary on Nahj al-Balagha in the sixth century is the first commentary on Nahj al-Balagha. Qutb Ravandi's book, Minhaj al-Bara'ah, from the same century and Mullah Fathollah Kashani's book from the 10th century were other documents explaining Nahj al-Balagha in other centuries. Qutb Rawandi's Minhaj al-Bara'ah was used by other commentators in the transmission of Shi’te theological ideas and in the development and promotion of wisdom. Mullah Fathullah Kashani also wrote the first Persian commentary on Nahj al-Balagha, which played a great role in the flourishing of Islamic civilization.

This article examines the works and biographies of the translators and commentators of Nahj al-Balagha with a descriptive and analytical approach. A comparative study was done with the a descriptive method focusing on works from the 6th to the 10th centuries of Hijri with an emphasis on commentators from Kashan. For this purpose, the sources and old manuscripts available in the library of Ayatollah Murashi Najafi were used. Also, manuscript sources included two books from Ibn Belko from Astan Quds Razavi library. A copy from Ibn Nazwayh Qomi who wrote a copy of Sheikh Tusi's al-Istbasar in 569 was also used. The second version of Nahj al-Balagha by Abu al-Reza, which contained additional different parts was also used. The works of famous scholars, considered among the pioneers and wrote commentaries on Nahj al-Balagha in the 6th to 10th centuries of Hijri were used. The Qazi Abdul Jabbar Mu'tazili (415-359 AH), Seyed Fazlullah Rawandi (570 AH), Qutb al-Din Ravandi (573 AH), Ibn Abi Al-Hadid (586-656 AH), Ibn Maithamse books included those by Bahrani (636 - 699 AH) , Alama Hali (648-726 AH), and Mullah Fathullah Kashani (988 AH). It also used books by the later writers who wrote descriptions or lists on Nahj al-Balagha such  as: Seyed Habib-Allah Khoi (1324 AH), Mullasaleh Qazvini (1271 AH), Muhammad Abdo (1323 AH), and Muhammad Hassan Nael Mirsafi (1935 AH). By analyzing and comparing these sources, the method to validate the first Nahj al-Balagha by scholars in Kashan from the sixth the to tenth centuries was obtained.

The results and findings of this article were: a) the first description of Nahj al-Balaghah [according to the brief descriptions on the lines] belonged to Ab al-Reza Fazlullah Kashani; b) commentaries of Qutb Rawandi and Mullah Fathullah Kashani had significant role in the development and promotion of religious, literary, and rhetorical doctrines from the sixth to the tenth centuries.

Commentary has always played a great role in the flourishing of Islamic civilization. Kashan has played a significant role in Nahj al-Balagheh due to great scholars such as Seyyed Abu al-Reza Fazlullah Rawandi, Qutb al-Din Ravandi, and Mullah Fatehullah Kashani. From the 6th to the 10th centuries, despite the political restrictions, the city of Kashan was an important domain in the development and promotion of Nahj al-Balagha education. Abu al-Reza Ravandi's description of Nahj al-Balagha in the sixth century is the first description of Nahj al-Balagha because his short explanations at the end of the lines were descriptions. Qutb al-Din Ravandi’s Minhaj al-Bara'ah was the focus of other commentaries in the transmission of Shi’te theological ideas in the sixth century. Seyed Fazlullah Rawandi and Qutb Rawandi are known as the first translators of Nahj al-Balagha. The foundations of commentary were laid by Seyed Fazlullah Rawandi and Qutb Rawandi in the sixth century. In the 6th century, there were prominent commentators of Nahj al-Balagha. Beyhaqi Kidari, Webari Khwarazmi, Fakhr al-Din Razi, Saghani, Ibn Abi Al Hadid, Ibn Maitham Bahrani; the commentors in the seventh century included Allameh Hali, Taftazani, Ibn Ataqi, Elahi Ardabili. In the 10th century, the valuable book Tanbiyyah al-Ghaflin wa Tazkirah al-Arifin was written by Mullah Fatullah Kashani as the first Persian explanation of Nahj al-Balagha. Mullah Fathullah Kashani tried not only to spread the knowledge of Nahj al-Balagha in his description but also to develop it using the political conditions of his time.

The increasing globalization of the tourism industry and the rapid pace of technological advancements have made competitiveness a critical factor for destinations. Competitive destinations must be able to adapt to changing market trends and technological innovations to remain relevant and attractive to tourists. The study of this issue becomes more important due to the direct relationship between the tourism experience and the issue of competitivenessMeasuring tourism competitiveness enables policy makers to develop strategies that promote sustainable tourism development and improve the overall performance of the tourism sector. To achieve this goal, operational goals should be established to accurately measure the competitiveness of tourism. Operational objectives are practical objectives that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of policies and strategies.For this purpose, the current research measures and analyzes the level of perceived competitiveness of tourist destinations and seeks to answer the following two questions:Is the perceived competitiveness of the studied tourist destinations at a satisfactory level?Which of the four measured dimensions (attractiveness of the destination, infrastructural factors, influential mental and psychological factors, support factors) have the greatest impact on the perceived competitiveness of tourism destinations?

The present research is practical in terms of its purpose, and in terms of method, it has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method. In this research, to explain and justify the reasons, there was a need for a strong argumentative support, this support was provided by searching in theoretical topics. Due to the fact that questions were raised at first and then the researcher tried to answer them by sampling, the qualitative method was used. The method of collecting information in the present research has been considered in both library and field forms (through questionnaire, interview and observation), in order to determine the formal and content validity of the questionnaire, after preparing it, an initial control on the questions of the questionnaire. , it was done by professors and related experts and meaningless and irrelevant questions were removed. In the following, by conducting a pre-test and distributing 30 questionnaires among tourists and then checking them again, the questions that were directional, unclear, unanswered or associated with few tourists were removed and corrected. Also, in order to determine the reliability of the questionnaires, the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was taken into consideration, and its calculation showed an acceptable value of 0.79, thus stating that the questionnaires have the necessary reliability and the answers of the tourists have convergence and they are internal correlation.The statistical population of this research is foreign tourists who traveled to Kashan from 21 February 1401 to 30 May 1402. Since the population size of this research is unlimited, Cochran's formula is used to determine the sample size. Based on the preliminary sampling of 25 people, the standard deviation of 0.372 has been obtained; Therefore, at the detection level of 0.05 and the error of 0.05, the sample size of the research was calculated as 213, and 230 questionnaires were distributed to ensure the response of tourists.

Summarizing the responses provided by the tourists in the one-sample T-test, shows that in all three components of the attraction of the destination, i.e. historical heritage, natural heritage and man-made resources, The calculated averages are equal to 2.88, 2.72 and 2.63, at a significance level of 0.01, it is less than the numerical desirability of the test subject, i.e., an average of 3, and in total, at the confidence level of 99% Considering the negativity of the T-statistics and the upper and lower limits and the calculated average of 2.74, it can be said that the attractiveness of the destination in the studied tourist destinations of Kashan city is not at a satisfactory level. In terms of infrastructural factors, as the results show, it is only in the index or component of health infrastructure that the calculated average equal to 3.01 at the significance level of 0.01 is greater than the numerical desirability of the test and therefore It can be said that the city of Kashan has a satisfactory level of health infrastructure for tourists. But in the other components of this dimension, as can be seen, the value of T statistic is negative and the averages calculated at a significance level of 0.01 are less than the numerical desirability of the test, as in the component the software infrastructure is calculated as 2.56. In total, according to the calculated average equal to 2.69 at a significance level of 0.01, it can be said with a confidence level of 99% that tourists are not in a satisfactory situation in terms of infrastructure factors. Examining the state of the mental and psychological influencing components shows that according to the average calculation of 2.64 at a significance level of 0.01 and 99% confidence, they are not satisfactory. By examining the situation of the fourth dimension of the studied tourist destinations, i.e. the dimension of support, we find that in the price competition variable, the average value equal to 3.17 is more than the expected average value (3) and it is calculated according to the value of the significance level. equal to 0.01, it is possible to know with 99% confidence the appropriate price of tourism in Kashan city. In the other index and component investigated in this dimension, i.e. the status of access to the destination, the average is calculated as 2.91, so that according to the positive value of the T statistic and the calculated significance level, which is less than alpha 0.01, it can be Realization that the average and relative level of access to the destination is satisfactory. Finally, by summarizing all the answers, the result was obtained that the average perceived competitiveness of tourist destinations equal to 2.77 at a significance level of 0.01 was lower than the expected numerical average (3), so it was stated that the city of Kashan It is not in a satisfactory and favorable condition.

This research, which was conducted with the aim of measuring and analyzing the level of perceived competitiveness of tourists in Kashan city, sought to answer two main questions, and the following results were obtained:First question: Is the state of perceived competitiveness of tourists at a satisfactory level?In order to answer this research question, one-sample t-test was used, and the results showed that according to the average of 2.77 and the significant value of 0.01, it can be The confidence level of 95% stated that the state of perceived competitiveness of the study is not at a satisfactory level. Meanwhile, the average level of attractiveness of the destination was calculated with an average of 2.74, infrastructure factors with an average of 2.69, mental influencing factors with an average of 2.64, and support factors with an average of 3.04. As can be seen, the subjective impact dimension with the lowest average result has the most unfavorable situation in terms of perceived competitiveness, but the perceived competitiveness situation in the dimension of support factors is evaluated with a satisfactory averagemore than the average level so that it can be said which is relatively satisfactory in terms of support, this result is in line with the research of Javan Amani (1400).Second question: Which of the four measured dimensions (destination attractiveness, support, infrastructure, and subjective influencing factors) have the greatest impact on the perceived competitiveness of tourists?In order to answer this question, the path analysis test was used, the results of which showed that this dimension of the attractiveness of the destination has the greatest impact on the formation of the current situation of the level of perceived competitiveness. In addition to directly influencing this situation, the attractiveness dimension of the destination has indirectly increased the intensity of the perceived competitiveness of the study by influencing the performance of support and infrastructure dimensions. Among the reasons for explaining this situation, we can mention the importance of the attractiveness of the destination and the desirability of its indicators in infrastructure and support factors. Another significant and indirect effect of the dimension of support on perceived competitiveness is the effect of this dimension on the status of the infrastructural dimension of perceived competitiveness under study. In this connection, we can point out the dependence of the support status on the status of infrastructure factors in tourism destinations.

Introduction :

 Since 1990s, management science researchers have proposed alternative approaches to achieve and maintain sustainable competitiveness which considers organizational adaptability as a continuous and sustainable process. However, organizations are able to form capabilities in their operational processes that form flexibility, change, and adaptation to changing conditions without any need for permanent, mandatory, and fundamental changes. This approach is known as ‘organizational agility’. One of the fundamental components of organizational agility is the agility of human resources of organizations. The expression ‘human resource agility’ means the scientific readiness of the forces to enforcing fundamental changes in the processes, structures, and organizational culture along greater satisfaction achievement and integration of all processes. Therefore, regarding the significance of this issue, the present research was conducted with the aim of presenting a paradigmatic model of manpower agility in industrial companies based on data base theory in industrial companies of Aran and Bidgol region.

In terms of purpose, the present research is fundamental, and regarding its method  it is qualitative, focusing on the database approach. The statistical population of this research included all academic experts, whose area of expertise was management, including faculty members of universities in Isfahan province (more than 150 people) as well as the vice-presidents and managers of industrial companies in Aran and Bidgol industrial towns. Besides, qualified experts acquainted with the category of organizational agility were included in the study. The sample size included 15 academic experts, faculty members, and 15 vice presidents as well as the managers of great and lower industrial companies, selected by purposeful and judgmental sampling. The sampling process continued to achieve theoretical saturation. Sampling criterion was based on knowledge and expertise related to human resource agility. The selection of managers, assistants, and experts were carried out by academic degrees related to the management fields. These included those with occupational experience (10 years and above), career success (size of workforce, size of work space), high production and sales rate with export essentiality, and operational experience in the organizational field. The data collection tool was a semi-focused interview. The data was analyzed using qualitative data analysis software (MAXQDA) and applying coding procedures. For measuring the credibility of the research, the study used Lincoln and Goba criteria, including researcher’s immersion in data, composition (data and researcher), external revise, verifiability (keeping data for later analysis), transferability (providing rich and maximal descriptions), and credibility (repeated contacts with research environment and peers). Reliability was confirmed by using structured procedures of convergent interview, structured processes of recording, and compiling and interpreting data using two interviewers to perform interviews separately and in parallel. The analysis of the interview texts provided 443 open codes that were placed in the form of the pillars of the paradigm model of human resource agility in medium and large companies.

The findings displayed that the central phenomenon of the research, ‘agile human forces’, consists of eleven components: knowledge and learning, intelligence and competence, innovation and creativity, speed, adaptability, responsiveness, flexibility, resilience, precaution, foresight, and changeability. Causal conditions and determination of human resource agility in medium and great industrial companies included: training and learning agile, the perception of inefficiency and malfunctioning, the benefiting of sustenance and support, occupation turnover and enrichment, responsibility and continuous preparation, agile leadership, benefiting authority and occupation and professional independence, skill enhancement and organizational access. At the same time, the background conditions and platforms for creating human resource agility consisted of personality traits and characteristics, values and occupation platforms, work tendencies, structural factors, open communication, the existence of an environment for cooperation and interaction, the extension of culture of collaboration, and change in the organization. Meanwhile, some intervening factors such as enhancement of welfare indicators, simplicity, variety, and the redesigning of work, the adaptation of performance management, knowledge-based organization of service compensation system and virtualization or organization-based technology in the process of human resource agility in medium and large companies had positive or negative intervention. In this situation, human resources agile action strategies included positive activism, coherent and integrated performance, and group and collective activities. Eventually, the realization of human resource agility in medium and large companies of Aran and Bidgol industrial town conveyed consequences and effects in both inter-organizational and extra-organizational realms. In the inter-organizational field, the agility of employees and the equipping of them with speed, flexibility, adaptation, and optimal response in the organization led to the reduction of organizational costs as a result of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of human resources. However, among the other consequences of agility were  the development of organizational synergy resulted from collaboration among agile employees; the production of required organizational knowledge and experiences; the improvement of the internal quality of the goods and services provided; the external quality (providing the demands and needs of customers and stakeholders) of products and services with content value-added and high quality of product endurance; increased job satisfaction and improved quality of occupational life of human resources; the expansion and development of agility drives to other organizational levels; the reduction of service delivery time and market supply as a result of high speed of service delivery and ease of replacement of forces and job diversity in the aforementioned organizations and companies. In extra-organizational areas, it also increased the satisfaction of the organization's stakeholders and customers; it also expanded the organization's competitive capabilities while it increased the amount of economic savings maximizing profit and competitive advantages in the financial markets.

The results of this research showed that human resource agility in medium and large industries cannot be considered as a single-factor phenomenon isolated from continuous and complementary processes and flows. The agility of human resources in medium and large companies of industrial towns depends on various factors enabling the bases, causal conditions, strategies, and intervening factors of the agility of the forces in industrial organizations. It also conveyed many internal and external effects. The foundation-data model, obtained in this research, confirms the components of human resources agility models by Meredith and Francis (2000), Chan and Tong (2009), Quinn et al, Shrihai and Karosky (2014) and others. It theoretically provides the causal and background conditions and facilitating factors that prepare the organizational environment of medium and large companies in Aran and Bidgol industrial towns to achieve the agility of human resources.