نشریه پژوهه باستان سنجی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 17، بهار و تابستان 1402)

More accurate identification of design details and finding the relationship between mathematical formula and their geometrical shapes are pre-requisites of developing new solutions for drawing various types of Karbandies. Today, development of new solutions for increasing accuracy and speed of drawing complicated geometrical shapes, especially in the field of Karbandies, is felt more than ever due to change in the drawing tools and methods. Finding mathematical relations between central and insert angle dimensions, polygon circumference and number of the Karbandies angles present new strategies based on new formula for fast and easy learning of drawing methods. No complete reference has been obtained in the field of Karbandi until now.  In the field of Karbandi, scholars mostly proceed on drawing methods in a different way. The present research is the first to develop a new and simple solution for drawing Karbandi geometrical shapes based on determined mathematical formula. The data collection method of the present research is investigation of calculation and library resources. The ultimate goal of the present research study is geometrical and arithmetic analysis of different methods of Karbandi drawing in order to achieve a new solution. Findings of the study indicated that having the two parameters of center circle angle dimension and pericycle circumference at hand, we can easily draw different types of Karbandi.

The early Bronze age of the southeastern Iran has been a major topic of discussion among scholars due to the discovery of Bronze Age urban centers in southeastern Iran, such as Shahr e Soukhte, Shahdad and Konar Sandal (Jiroft). Specialization is one of the main characteristics of urban societies. The manufacture and production of stone objects of different types such as chlorite, marble, travertine and lapis lazuli is one of the prominent features of the Southeast civilizations during the Bronze Age. The chlorite stone objects of the Jiroft civilization are considered the most significant archeological findings in the cultural basin of Halilrud. So far, many researches have been done on the iconography, production and distribution patterns of these vessels. Several interdisciplinary researches have been conducted on the origin and structure of some of these stone objects. Based on interdisciplinary studies, this article discusses the chronology of chlorite objects as well as their structure and their possible provenances in the south of Kerman province. Chlorite samples from two production workshops in Jiroft Plain - Konarsandal and Varamin – were analysed using thin section petrography and XRD methods.The different studies conducted on various samples from different sites and mines reveals that they used multiple sources such as the western mountainous areas (Esfandagheh) as well as southern regions.In addition, the results of the analysis on two samples using the Accelerator Mass Spectrometer suggests new dates for the chlorite vessels. it was previously believed that these objects date back to the second half of the third millennium B.C. (2500-2000 BC) but with the recent results it is revealed that the chlorite objects of Jiroft were produced at least in a span of a thousand year from the early third millennium to the early of the second millennium BC.

Paper with any quality turn yellow over time and cellulose oxidation is one of the most important reasons of chain failure. Cellulose oxidation leads to the formation of light-absorbing groups which turns the historical papers to yellow color. In order to eliminate the yellow color of historical paper, washing with pure water might be efficient to remove some color degradation products from the paper structure and make the paper color lighter. Moreover, bleaching with reducing agents might be appliable to diminish the light-absorbing chromophores which make the the paper colorless and increase the brightness and whiteness. Here in this research, the appearance and structural characteristics of historical paper are evaluated after washing with pure water and regenerating agents. For this purpose, sodium borohydride and sodium dithionite are investigated as a reducing agent which are used generally in the paper industry to whiten wood pulp. The effect of reducing agent on historical paper are characterized by colorimetric tests, infrared spectroscopy, pH measurement and X-ray fluorescence. According to the experimental result, applying the reducing agent leads increase in brightness and a decrease in yellowness, the stability of fibers and ink, as well as an increase in the pH of the paper (especially the sample treated with sodium borohydride). In conclusion, the treatment with reducing agents indicated more efficiency in compare with the distilled water.

The description of the magnificent building architecture from the Kerman Qara Khitai period in the travelogues of people such as Marcopolo, Stack, and Sykes has caused that in recent decades, the study of the green dome building should be done in order to discover relics from that period. Since the only remaining effect of this building is a porch decorated with mosaic tiles and also the tiles cast from the building, and contemporary researchers have different opinions about the age of these decorations, In order to clear doubts, this research tries to take into account the dating of tiles of the Green Dome of Kerman. Therefore, in this research, three samples of building tiles from three different places have been studied using the thermoluminescence method. The results showed that the tiles each belong to different periods, so that the A-100 sample tile is less old than the other samples. This sample, which is related to the spiral tile of one of the columns on both sides of the porch, is related to the contemporary (Qajar) period, and the sample of the tile used in the frame on both sides of the gate (A-90) is older than the other two samples and is around the reign Timurian is installed in the building. The sample A-80 was installed in the building during the Safavid period. Therefore, it can be concluded that this building has undergone different restorations during the natural and unnatural events that history shows, and the tiles cannot be attributed to a specific period.

Ancient sites represent the cultural landscape resulting from the interaction between humans and the environment. They are influenced by a set of geographical, natural and socio-cultural factors. In other words, ancient settlements as spatial relics of early human activities conveys information about the initial adaptation of humans and the transformation of the environment. The interpretation and disclosure of environmental information of settlement distribution can provide conditions for a better understanding of the interaction between human and the environment in this era. In this interaction, environmental factors such as height above sea level, slope, water resources, vegetation, degree of slope and land use, are in a way the geographical and natural substrates play an effective role in the distribution of ancient sites. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the geographical foundations of the ancient settlements of the Sassanid period in the highland of Arsanjan. Based on this, six geographical factors were considered as environmental factors or independent variables and the area of ancient sites as dependent variables. To investigate these factors, Arc Gis and SPSS software and quantitative analysis methods of inferential statistics with the Pearson correlation method were used. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of several independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of these analysis determined that Sassanid period sites with a number of natural factors such as moderate to weak dependencies and a number of environmental factors also show a high dependency. It should be noted that the intensity of influence of geographical factors related to the Sassanid period sites of Arsanjān plain using multiple linear regression analysis is equal to 0.629. This number expresses the relatively high and positive correlation between some geographical and environmental factors and the Sassanid era sites of Arsanjān. In the analysis and evaluation of the settlement patterns of Sassanid sites using cluster analysis, four patterns were obtained, and in addition to a large site in the region along with its smaller satellite sites, which are large and small villages with farming and animal husbandry methods, there is another pattern as well. It was found that it is probably related to their function and location in the landscape of the region. These types of sites are reminiscent of military forts or roadside outposts due to their location on steep hills, rocky beds, and almost elevated areas.

The Iron Age cemetery of Masjed-e Kaboud in Tabriz is one of the most sites associated with the Iron Age period in the eastern part of the Urmia Lake Basin and so far 5 seasons of archeological excavation have been conducted in site A preliminary date with the end of the Late Early Iron Age and the Middle Iron Age (1200-800 B.C) based on the pottery assemblage has been proposed for the cemetery by the excavator. In this paper, by using of the Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) method, the samples taken from the human remains were subjected to absolute dating and the results were measured and compared with the result of relative chronology. In order to carry out this analysis, 4 pieces of bones and a single tooth were taken from the available human remains and all 5 samples were analyzed in the radiocarbon laboratory of Poznan, Poland. Confirming the proposed relative dating, the results of this research indicate that the site date backs to the Iron Age I and II. This research can be important from the point of view that the absolute dating of the Masjed-e Kaboud cemetery in Tabriz as a predominant site of the Iron Age in the east side of Urmia Lake will act as chronological references of other sites of the contemporary period in the Urmia Lake Basin.

With the advancement of science and emergence of interdisciplinary science approaches, the use of physical and chemical methods for archaeological investigations of structures and architectural arrays has gained a special place. Dating is one of the main issues discussed in archaeometric studies and can lead to a better understanding of the sequence and accurate dating of historical and cultural monuments and artifacts. Over 50 years have passed since the performance of radiocarbon dating experiments using 14C, and during this time, dating of ancient mortar has been one of the most challenging research issues in this field because the possibility of absolute dating of these artifacts by radiocarbon mainly depends on the sampling and purification of their carbon binder. This article reviews the efforts made in the field of dating ancient mortars, categorizes the types of mortars that can be dated, and examines the guidelines used for carbon binder purification using innovative and efficient methods. Additionally, alternative methods such as mineralogical and petrographical examinations of ancient mortars are discussed as complementary methods for 14C dating. This article can contribute to a more accurate understanding of the sequence and dating of historical and cultural monuments and artifacts.

There are few animal remains collections of Early Chalcolithic or Dalma in northwest Iran, yet a small part of them have been under zooarchaeological studies. Therefore, our knowledge about subsistence mechanisms and their possible patterns in Chalcolithic communities needs to be improved. This study on the vertebrate remains of Early Chalcolithic period in Tepe Silveh, Piranshahr, indicates multiple animal exploitation mechanisms in subsistence activities. The results show that, in the 5th millennium BC in this area, the subsistence economy was based on the exploitation of domesticated species such as Capra hircus, Ovis aries and Bos taurus. The largest set of animal remains found in Early Chalcolithic layers of this area is Ovis aries. A little evidence for the presence of wild animals such as Dama mesopotemica, Gazella subgutturosa, Testudines and Equidae has also been found. The less abundant bone remains of wild animals compared to domesticated animals, can indicate that hunting was probably less preferable than animal husbandry in the area. On the other hand, according to the time of death estimation, the cows were slaughtered in their adulthood and sheep in their pre-adulthood and adulthood. These multiple exploitation mechanisms can represent different ways of animal exploitations (as draft animals, their meat and secondary products), increasing of human skills in adapting to the environment and controlling animals, paleoclimate, as well as how the human population was balanced in the Northern Zagros ecosystem in the 5th millennium BC.

Saqanefar is a wooden structure in the Mazandaran province that serves a religious function. Despite the historical and cultural significance of Mazandaran Saqanefars, they have not been precisely dated using scientific and reliable methods, with research mainly focusing on their inner paintings or architecture. In this method, first of all, the timber and columns of the two-span structure were sampled with a growth age drill and photographs of the sections were taken. Then the prepared wooden samples were measured under the LINTAB measuring device with an accuracy of 0.01 mm and the image samples were measured with ImageJ software. To evaluate thermoluminescence, samples of foundation Saqanefar bricks were prepared and transferred to the laboratory for dating. This study, for the first time, determined the age of two old Saqanefars in Qaemshahr city (Vosta-Kola and Seyd-Abusaleh) using dendrochronology and thermoluminescence methods. In the dendrochronological approach, cross-dating of the oak reference tree-ring width series in the Gorgan region with samples extracted from Saqanefars revealed that these buildings were constructed during the Qajar period (Vosata Kala, in 1856 AD and Seyd Abosaleh, in 1881 AD), with restorations and changes in dimensions occurring in subsequent periods. The results of the thermoluminescence tests conducted on the foundation bricks of Saqanefars with a five-year fluctuation revealed that Seyd-Abusaleh Saqanefar was constructed 140 years ago while the annexed part to Vosta-Kola Saqanefar is approximately 50 years old. Comparison of these two methods confirms that dendrochronology is a more accurate method of determining age of architectural structures, provided that appropriate wooden samples are available.

Undoubtedly, one of the most important alloying elements in the ancient world is arsenic, which played an important role in the handmade alloys of the early Bronze Age. Arsenic copper alloys and arsenic bronzes undoubtedly have a special place among archaeologists and researchers of ancient metallurgy as a man-made alloy. Arsenic as a contaminating element and impurity is scattered throughout the environment and the ancient metallurgist has used it in the production of arsenic copper alloy for ritual and practical purposes. Arsenic appears as a challenging element in the production of these works as well as the special characteristics that it creates on the surface of these works. One of the most important features of this element in casting is the creation of invers segregation on the surface of these works, which creates the phenomenon of arsenic sweat in these alloys. The primary minerals used in making these alloys are Cu2(AsO4)(OH) olivine or Cu3(AsO4)(OH), iron sulfur arsenide FeAsS and Cu3AsS4 enargite, which are obtained either by direct reduction or by co-smelting. have been placed, or that arsenic was consciously used through Speiss, in the production of arsenical copper alloy in the third millennium. The extraction of arsenic metals is done by two methods direct reduction and Co-Smelting. In the direct reduction smelting method, an alloy of copper and arsenic is created from the oxide ore. But due to the fact that most of the primary ores are sulfide ores, metallurgists have used the other way around, i.e. roasting and direct smelting, which regenerates the metal. In the roasting method, oxide ore is produced and sulfur is removed from the composition in the form of sulfur dioxide, and then copper metal is regenerated by direct smelting. From the extraction of these metals, several other products are created along Co-smelting, which include Matt, Speiss and Slag. The main goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of extraction methods, considering the importance of copper-arsenic alloys in the field of archeology and Archaeometallurgy, Providing a comprehensive review on extraction methods, physical characteristics of these alloys and the role of arsenic and its effect as an alloying element in the formation of silver surface as well as other side products as a very important issue in the investigation of early bronze age alloys.