نشریه جستارهای اقتصادی ایران
پیاپی 38 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

This article is an extension of the Eslamloueyan (2015). One of the key findings of that research is that the profit doesn't need to belong to only one production factor, but other inputs can also share in the profit. In addition, the economic principle that those who bear the risks are entitled to profit does not contradict Islamic viewpoints. Using a simple model, we compare the distribution system based on fixed payment to the profit-loss sharing system under uncertainty. Additionally, our framework allows us to examine Ayatollah Sadr's theory regarding the share of the Mamluk material owner in production. We argue that there is no difference between the fixed payments and the profit-loss sharing methods to compensate the services of production factors in the equilibrium under the certainty case. However, when there is uncertainty, our results suggest that replacing the fixed payment system with a profit-loss sharing system is more compatible with distributive justice and better maintains human dignity. Hence, to better compensate for the services of different factors of production, governments should take specific measures to promote a profit-loss-sharing system. Our findings might be used to develop a theory of profit for an economic system with an Islamic perspective.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the extent and manner of the impact of political economy factors on the de facto exchange rate regime in developing countries and to extract implications for the political economy of the Iranian exchange rate regime. In this study, using ordered logit and probit models, we examine the impact of trade, financial, and political economy factors on the real exchange rate regime in middle-income developing countries during the period 1996-2012. The results of the research show that in the sample, an increase in the size of the economy increases the likelihood of choosing a floating exchange rate regime, and an increase in institutional quality, government strength, the power of interest groups, the level of democracy, and oil rents increases the likelihood of choosing a fixed exchange rate regime. Another conclusion is that the political economy factors have different effects on the choice of exchange rate regime in developing countries with upper-than-average incomes and developing countries with lower-than-average incomes. As a result, given that in developing countries the political economy factors have a significant impact on the choice of exchange rate regime, and since the influence of political economy factors on the choice of exchange rate regime leads to the adoption of a non-optimal currency system, policymakers in these countries need to reconsider how they choose the currency system. Also, according to the experimental results of this study, developing countries with poor institutional quality such as Iran are not able to maintain a stable exchange rate regime.

The value of recognition is one of the main and important subject matters in epistemology, which directly affects the methodology of knowledge. The key question is how to recognize correct, true and valid cognitions from false, invalid and false ideas? The value of recognition consists of two theories of truth and justification. This article aims to explain and compare the theory of truth and justification in the philosophy of conventional economic knowledge and Islamic economic knowledge and its results and requirements in the methodology of this knowledge. The results of the research show that the main stream of conventional economic knowledge is "empirical compatibilist" in the theory of truth and "empirical fundamentalist" in the theory of justification; ; Although some economic philosophers, following the developments that took place in epistemology in philosophy and philosophy of science in the West, proposed and chose theories such as pragmatism, integrationism, and anarchism as the theory of truth or justification. While the Islamic philosophers are "conformist realist" in the theory of truth and "rationalist fundamentalist" in the theory of justification. Then, based on these two theories in Islamic philosophy, how to evaluate the propositions of Islamic economic knowledge in the four fields of religion, system, system development and Islamic economics has been explained.

The subject of what and how to choose in the last two centuries in the humanities, and especially in economics, has an expanding scope and has affected more areas of social knowledge. In economics, the concept of scarcity has accepted the most impact by the How to define choice. The overall structure and content of the economy in its new intellectual system is completely dependent on the definition of the concept of choice. In other branches of human sciences, concepts such as control of choice and regulation of human behavior have received more and more attention from scientists. This article, after discussing the meaning of choice in conventional economy and its consequent scarcity, examines the meaning of choice in Islamic economy and its impact on the concept of scarcity with the method of document analysis using the content analysis method. The article concludes that human behavior in any intellectual system cannot be separated from the end and purpose of behavior. In the Islamic view, man and the world are created in the direction of perfection and closeness to God, and all the prerequisites and requirements for this movement are embedded in the system of creation. Selection and scarcity, in this context, have a different meaning from the meaning accepted in orthodox economics and in accordance with the view of caliphate and man's representation of God and his responsibility.

Governments need income to be able to perform their main tasks such as providing health, education, and security for society. This income can be provided in different ways, each of which has its effects. One of the ways to earn a stable income for the government is to use the tax capacity. The government can provide its income by designing tax systems in the asset markets, and the capital market will be one of the government's target markets. Therefore, the central question of the research is designed as follows: What is the appropriate mechanism for collecting taxes from the traders of the Tehran Stock Exchange?To answer this question, while examining the historical course of the research topic in Iran and the successful experiences of the target countries, by designing a questionnaire, the opinions of public finance and capital market experts were obtained in the form of separate interviews, and by using the method of thematic analysis of the proposed ideas in the form of the basic themes of the data. It provided the requirements for the design of the tax collection mechanism in the Tehran Stock Exchange. In the end, the research results were categorized into ten domains and formed organizing themes. Then, the mentioned topics were categorized in the form of mandatory considerations for the implementation of the proposed mechanism in 3 sections short-term, medium-term, and long-term measures. In the end, according to the mentioned considerations, the proposed mechanism was explained in 3 separate categories of tax bases.

Although in jurisprudential works, the creation of bank money has been examined from the point of view of titles such as the return of wealth to falsehood, etc., but considering the large volume of money creation of private banks in new economies and its wide-ranging effects on the category of justice, the jurisprudential evaluation of creation of the money of private banks is necessary from the point of view of justice and oppression. The main question is, by what means, the creation of private banks' money is considered oppression, and is the oppression of these funds acceptable from a jurisprudential point of view? The current research, which was carried out with the descriptive-analytical method and the collection of library data, shows that according to the balance sheet analysis, the creation of money of private banks is subject to the rule of sanctity of cruelty in two ways: 1. Generating huge income. Private banks from the place of royalties resulting from money creation with the support of the central bank, 2. Gross losses in the purchasing power of money holders in the assumption of extensive money creation by private banks. Finally, according to these results, the proposal to remove the power of money creation from private banks was proposed.

There have been studies to answer the question of how natural resources affect on economic growth. The answer to this question is very different, some show natural resources have no affect on economic growth, some show a negative impact (resource curse) and others show a positive effect. The purpose of this study is to provide a trendy outcome of the different results of these studies by using a Meta−analysis tool. The hypothesis of this study is that "based on the effect resulting from individual empirical studies, and given the transcription of publishing and heterogeneity, the hypothesis of the natural resource curse is rejected." To this end, we have examined studies by the end of August 2021 according to a specific framework. After studying abstracts, finally 87 single studies, which summarized 1172 regression had a explanatory variable indicating the natural resources, and the text was available, and the results of the regression of these articles carefully selected and addressed the results of these articles. The results of this study show that the natural resources generally have a small negative effect (−0.087) on economic growth. Therefore, the initial hypothesis of this study is rejected, and the size of the total effect shows the resource curse, although its intensity is low according to Cohen's criterion. The present study shows that research has changed the impact of natural resources on economic growth, such as the abundance and dependence of the economy on natural resources, institutional quality, investment, trade freedom, etc in their models.

The Iranian government has traditionally financed its budget deficit through borrowing from the Central Bank. In contrast, many countries rely on bonds as the primary method to finance the budget deficit. The Iranian economy rejects this method based on religious considerations. Islamic Economists in Iran have proposed an alternative financial instrument called the Islamic Treasury Bills, which inherently differ from bonds. This study analyzes and compares how borrowing from the Central Bank, bonds, and Islamic Treasury Bills as budget financing methods affect macroeconomic variables, such as inflation, investment, and gross domestic product. This study uses a Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE) for an open economy by considering various methods of financing budget deficit. Findings suggest that using Islamic Treasury Bills to finance the government's budget deficit is preferable to the two other approaches, i.e., borrowing from the Central Bank and issuing bonds.

Financing is one of the most important challenges of municipalities. The instability of the revenue sources of the municipalities, as well as the extensive tasks, has caused the slowness and prioritization of the tasks and municipal services. The Waqf tradition, which has a rich history, has been the architect of the urban body of its time at any time. In the past, people built many of their urban needs, which may be placed in the less priority categories of urban management, with the help of people and Waqf of property. Waqf in western countries has also had successful achievements, especially in education. This idea was measured using the CVM or conditional valuation technique in Qom. In this research, 384 head of households living in Qom were consulted. The results of the study showed that the willingness to pay per person is equivalent to two hundred and fifty thousand Iranian Tomans on average. The value of Waqf financing is almost 961 billion Rials per month.

Sukuk, which is known as Islamic security, has become one of the important sectors of the Islamic financial industry as an alternative to bonds for more than a decade, and since then, many Islamic and even non-Islamic institutions have entered this sector or have expanded their activities in it. One of the next developments in the Islamic securities market is the issuance of socially responsible investment Sukuk that focuses on environmental, social, and governance issues. Socially responsible investments refer to personal values and social concerns with investment decisions.In the present research, while examining the theoretical origin and the development course of socially responsible investment Sukuk, Factors affecting the development of the Socially Responsible Investment Sukuk market in the capital market of the Islamic Republic of Iran were counted, and through the distribution of the questionnaire, experts' opinions were collected in this regard. The publication of the questionnaire was done to collect the opinions of experts in this regard. In the second stage, the correlation of the components was done. In the end, using the fuzzy cognitive mapping method, the development of the Islamic investment market in the capital market of the Islamic Republic of Iran was designed and the concepts and components affecting the development of this market were presented.

Consumer behavior and their shopping habits can be an important factor in strengthening domestic goods or weakening them against foreign goods. The more consumers enjoy the use of domestic goods, the greater their economic growth, domestic production, and employment. Therefore, it is very important to know the consumer buying styles. By doing so, it is possible to extract the criteria for the decision to buy consumers and based on them, provide practical solutions for buying and supporting Iranian goods against foreign goods. Therefore, in this study, consumer styles and consumer demand are examined. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of each of the purchasing decision styles on the consumption of Iranian goods. The statistical population of the study includes 1260393 people over 18 years old living in Lorestan province, of which 355 people were selected as a sample based on Cochran's formula. This field research was performed using a questionnaire tool. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling method. The results showed that the purchase styles of economic nationalism, quality orientation, price orientation and advertising have a positive relationship and branding and fashion orientation styles have a negative relation with the consumption of Iranian goods. Economic nationalism has the most positive effect and advertising has the least positive effect on the consumption of Iranian goods.

The purpose of this research is to compare the effect of uncertainty of exchange rate and interest rate on the economic growth and development of 20 selected Islamic countries and 20 non−Islamic countries during the period from 2010 to 2021. For this purpose, the simultaneous equation system approach and recurrent neural network were used. The results show that exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations have negative and significant effects of 0.05 and 0.03 percent on economic growth index in Muslim countries, while this effect is equal to 0.21 in non−Muslim countries. and 0.65% was significant. Based on this, it is concluded that the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on economic growth in non−Muslim countries has been more intense than in Muslim countries. Other results show that exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations have negative and significant effects of 0.08 and 0.05 percent on the economic development index in Muslim countries, while this effect is equal to 0.9 in non−Muslim countries. 0.17% and it was significant. Based on this, it is concluded that the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on economic development in non−Muslim countries has been more severe than in Muslim countries