فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی
پیاپی 55 (پاییز 1402)

 The importance of sharing economy in changing the behavior of consumers and business models and especially the emergence of platform businesses has caused new concepts such as platform economy, decentralization of platforms and its relationship with user perceptions and behaviors to be noticed by researchers. Fully centralized management of digital platforms has forced users - on both supply and demand sides – to circumvent reactions such as system resistance by circumventing the system, play the system or select alternative options– to reduce the effect of platform control and achieving their desired results. Despite the fact that the main claim of the businesses of the sharing economy has been the elimination of intermediaries on the demand side and the creation of free spaces on the supply side, we see it every day new intermediation and the comprehensive domination of platforms in the form of algorithmic management and Gig economics. It seems that using the power of users in proportion to their level of readiness to implement the affordances of the platform and their participation in decisions related to their requested service, not only can lead to increased use, but also it can be as a competitive advantage for digital age businesses. In this article, with the help of Theory of Planned Behavior, the effect of platform decentralized organizing on the performance of such businesses is investigated. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of decentralization of platform affordances on the willingness to use internet taxi and to identify the behavioral pattern of internet taxi passengers in decentralized conditions.   This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection, correlation type and based on structural equation model. The target population of the research was internet taxi users and the non-random sampling method was available and A statistical sample of 481 ride-hailing users in Iran was used to test the hypotheses; Questionnaires were used to collect data The method of data analysis is structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach and using SmartPLS6/2 and SPSS software. Validity (content and structure) and reliability (factor load coefficients, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability) of the research questionnaire were confirmed. And the general model of this research has a very strong fit and is approved.   According to the research results, The findings of this research showed that mental norms, perceived behavioral control and attitude have a positive and significant effect on the intention to use a decentralized internet taxi and it was confirmed that the decentralization of affordances of an internet taxi increases the positive attitude of users and the intention to use. . In other words, the relationships among main structs (: attitud, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control) were positive and meaningful, which was anticipated according to the theory of planned behavior. It has also been shown that the intention to use decentralized internet taxi among passengers is different based on gender, occupation, number of times of use per month and duration of using internet taxi. In addition, it was found that marital status, age, income and level of education do not affect the intention to use. In addition, it was found that marital status, age, income and level of education did not affect the intention to use significantly; it means Women tend to decentralize more than men. Among different occupational groups, housewives had the highest intention and the unemployed had the lowest intention. Platform business owners can prevent the occurrence of sometimes destructive behaviors of users, such as resisting the system or choosing alternative platforms, by decentralizing the organization of affordances, and increase the intentions to use ride-hailing application. It is also necessary for travelers to feel more empowered to make decisions about proposed travel options based on their demographic characteristics. For example, they can design and develop applications in such a way that female employee users feel that their power of choice is higher and they can choose the desired option with the knowledge of the data required for a desirable trip. With this approach, the users' attitude towards It is developed to applications and control their perception on applications. In addition, Internet taxi application service providers, if they wish to experience an increase in Internet taxi travel, need to understand the importance of subjective norms in the preliminary stage of adoption of decentralized Internet taxi applications, and need to know how to promote positive word-of-mouth with the help of strategies. Consider effective marketing.

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceived impact of labor diversity factors on the effective implementation of strategy in Allameh Tabatabai University. This research provides guidance for increasing attention to workforce diversity factors on strategy implementation at Allameh Tabatabai University. On the other hand, the present study examines cultural diversity, job opportunities for different ethnicities in the university, equal access to virtual networks for different ethnicities, the impartiality of the human resources systems of the university regarding the selection of employees from different ethnicities, the impact of conflicts between different ethnicities in the university. In terms of the purpose, the current research is of the type of applied research, and in terms of the method of data collection, it is descriptive of the correlation type, in which the structural equation modeling method with the partial least squares approach is used to test the assumptions and fit the model. In order to test the hypotheses and estimate the model, SPSS and smart PLS software have been used. The target population for research and analysis includes vice presidents and responsible and senior staff of Allameh Tabatabai University faculties (10 faculties), including the head of education of the faculty, managers and senior executive staff and senior administrative staff who had knowledge or experience in the subject under study, as well as the head of recruitment and he was the head of the self-governing campus. The sampling frame was obtained from the Website of Allameh Tabatabai University. The total number of the statistical population is 80 people, based on Morgan's table, 66 people were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Construct validity was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. Due to the use of structural equation modeling, in the first step, confirmatory factor analysis of the variables was performed. This method is done using Amos software. Convergent validity was also tested with SMART PLS software. In order to determine the reliability of the test, Cronbach's alpha method was used, along with Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability was used. According to results Acculturation, degree of structural integration and intergroup conflict have a significant effect on strategy implementation; But the degree of informal integration and organizational bias do not have a significant effect on the implementation of the strategy. In general, the fit of the model showed that the quality of the structural model is suitable. The results of this study show that workforce diversity has a statistically significant effect on the implementation of strategy in the institution. Diversity refers to the difference in characteristics among people and how these differences are understood and acted upon, and strategy implementation refers to the successful achievement of strategic goals. Therefore, the findings indicate that the differences between the employees of the institution have an effect on the successful achievement of strategic goals in Allameh Tabatabai University. The findings of this study are similar to the empirical evidence of Des et al. (2016) who argued that as organizations become more diverse, effective management of diversity leads to better implementation of strategies. But this finding is contrary to the experimental evidence of Stridem and Fleury (2018). The findings from the analysis of the research data showed that intergroup conflict has an impact on strategy implementation. Cox (2001) warned of two possible challenges to the relationship of diversity with strategy. The first challenge is to successfully integrate diversity with the organization's strategy. The second challenge is to ensure that diversity management becomes an integral part of the overall strategy of the institution.The results of this study show that organizational bias does not affect strategy implementation. That is, creating obstacles for the full participation of members of different cultures and ethnicities has no effect on the implementation of the strategy in Allameh Tabatabai University. This finding confirms the study of Stridem and Fury (2018). Also, the understanding of the management and senior employees about the acculturation process has a positive and significant effect on the implementation of the strategy. That is, as much as there is a common set of values ​​and beliefs in the university, the better the strategy is implemented. The more employees have a sense of belonging in terms of shared values ​​and goals, the higher their motivation and productivity levels will be, and this will have a positive effect on strategy implementation. Also, the degree of structural integrity has a positive effect on the implementation of the strategy. That is, if there are equal job opportunities for all ethnic, religious, and gender groups, the strategy will be implemented better in the university. But the results of this study show that informal integration does not affect strategy implementation. That is, the access of different groups to social networks has no effect on the implementation of strategy in Allameh Tabatabai University. Previous studies found that diversity management in a higher education institution can only be properly implemented if it forms part of the organization's strategic management process. Therefore, it is understood that diversity should be integrated with the strategy and should be aligned with the strategy. The second challenge is to ensure that diversity management becomes an integral part of the overall strategy of the institution.

 The importance of successful integration has been emphasized in prior literature. In fact, it has been shown that internal integration of different departments in an organization can remove duplication among different activities, improve efficiencies, and consequently enhance firm performance. If proper integration is going to happen, different departments should focus on the key objectives of organizations and work together to share information, prioritize activities, and plan for achieving these objectives. However, previous literature has revealed that the successful integration of two departments that are well established and might be pursuing apparently different goals will be challenging. In fact, some studies have revealed that the integration of two different departments will usually fail.In this research, we focus on the integration of two departments at a university. The context of the university has been selected as universities are also faced with uncertainties and in order to survive and be successful, they have to deploy solutions to enhance their efficiencies. Prior studies have demonstrated that any attempts to better integrate the skills and knowledge of employees can support organizations to better utilize their resources, benefit from competitive advantage and, consequently, enhance their efficiency and performance. On the other hand, universities play a pivotal role in training students, the progress of research, and consequently, economic development. As a result, the enhancement of efficiencies can be important in these organizations. Integration in organizations is a very complicated phenomenon that can be impacted by several factors such as culture, structure, formal or informal relationships, as well as cross-functional relationships. Considering the unique characteristics of universities such as their culture, stakeholders, leadership, and structure, conducting research in these contexts can offer new insights into the integration literature. Prior research has also corroborated that there is limited understanding of the factors supporting or inhibiting the successful integration of departments in an organization, especially in specific contexts.In this research, we focus on the integration of two departments, Support Services and Human Resources. Previous studies have shown that several universities in Iran have merged these two departments. As a result, learning about the key factors that might contribute to or prevent successful integration would be valuable. The research question of this study can be thus stated: "What are the key factors that impact the successfulintegration of the two departments of Support Services and Human Resources in a university?" Due to the nature of the research and our goal to provide an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon, qualitative research was adopted. To better understand the context of a university, we adopted a single case study approach. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and observations from a university in Iran. Based on the reviewed literature, an interview guideline was designed. 23 interviews were conducted with senior executives, middle managers, and other knowledgeable individuals, such as former senior and middle managers. Snowball sampling was used to choose interviewees. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Interviews were recorded and then transcribed. Thematic analysis was employed to evaluate semi-structured interviews. Several factors impacting the integration of Support Services and Human Resources departments were extracted in the first step, then classified into categories and subcategories, and finally, themes were determined. The data of the interviews were classified into five main themes. The identified factors influencing the successful integration of the two departments of Support Services and Human Resources in a university environment were identified as follows: "cooperation of managers at different levels for the implementation of the integration plan", "existing culture and values", "university administrative rules and procedures", "structure", and "consensus on integration". The findings of this research contribute to the integration literature by highlighting the key factors that impact the successful integration of the two departments of Support Services and Human Resources in a university. Our findings also add to the higher education literature by shedding light on the factors that should be taken into account in the integration procedure in a university, which can enhance the efficiency of a university. The findings of this research also have valuable practical implications for the top managers of universities who may want to integrate two departments, particularly Support Services and Human Resources.

 Coopetition strategy has attracted substantial attention in the last 30 years and the previous ten years in Iran. A survey of the history of this topic finds two gaps; one is that no research has been done on Iran in airlines. While the Sky Team, One World, and Star Alliance strategic alliances, a form of coopetition in the aviation industry, have more than 50% share of the global aviation market, and the largest airlines in the world are members of one of these alliances, in Iran there are 19 airlines. Moreover, some of these airlines have only two or three airplanes. In order to perform better and improve the satisfaction and experience of customers and other stakeholders, it is necessary to analyze the competitive strategy of the country's airlines. The second gap discovered in the local and global context was that if industry policymakers adopt a coopetition strategy, how can we allocate activities in this industry to competition and cooperation? This research tries to answer and fill the second gap in the research. This paper aims to determine with the fuzzy Delphi method in which activities companies should compete.   According to Saunders' research onion, this research is of the positivist type. The research approach is comparative. The type of research is single-method and quantitative. Furthermore, the research strategy is to conduct a survey. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The data are descriptive, given that we had no part in their creation. Research is practical in terms of purpose. The research is cross-sectional in terms of time horizon. The data was collected in the spring of 2022. The quantitative technique used in this research is fuzzy Delphi. Dalkey and Helmer first presented the Delphi method in 1963. Delphi is a method to reach a consensus of opinions of a group, especially an expert group. In the first stage of Delphi, 36 activities were presented to 16 experts, and they were asked, based on their knowledge and experience, to state their opinion on whether companies should cooperate or compete with each other in each of the activities. The answer was in the range of 1 to 5. The closer the answer is to 1, it means that in the expert's opinion, competition in the activity in question is more appropriate. The closer to 5, the expert's opinion is on cooperation in that activity between airlines. According to the threshold number of 0.65 and more for cooperation and the threshold number of 0.35 and less to detect the competitiveness of the activity in the first phase of fuzzy Delphi, 21 activities were assigned, 15 of which were cooperation activities and 6 were competition activities, and there was no consensus among experts about 15 activities. which led to the second round of fuzzy Delphi. In the second phase questionnaire, 15 activities where there was no consensus among the experts regarding cooperation or competition in the first phase were again presented to them to get the opinions of the experts. It should be noted that in the second round, the information of the first round results of all the respondents and their first-round answers were presented to them to make a better decision. The statistical population includes six people with a doctorate and ten with a master's degree, all of whom have more than 15 years of experience and knowledge in the aviation industry.   According to the results of the research based on fuzzy Delphi, the highest agreement of experts is to cooperate in the following activities. The research findings of domestic airline companies suggest that experts are most in agreement regarding cooperation in handling, research and development, equipment and maintenance, and storage of parts. At the same time, they are most in accord regarding competition between airlines in marketing activities, frequent passenger programs, in-flight entertainment, and crew flight. According to the two rounds of fuzzy Delphi in the activities of CIP, airport launch, preparation of uniforms, and information technology systems, there was no consensus of experts regarding cooperation or competition in these activities between airlines, and these activities need further investigation. Coopetition is a win-win strategy for airlines, which, based on its application in international airlines, should be implemented by establishing a culture among airline policymakers. During the implementation phase of this plan, it should be indicated in which activities collaboration and rivalry amongst airlines should be encouraged. The fuzzy Delphi method creates the consensus of experts about cooperation and competition in each airline company's activities. In order to improve their performance and the satisfaction of customers and other stakeholders, we suggest that domestic airlines cooperate with domestic companies in the first stage and make strategic alliances next. Considering the changes in the ecosystem of the aviation industry, we recommend that the business model of the airline companies should be revised to meet the needs of the changing external environment and the ecosystem of this industry.

 Succession planning is a fundamental and vital factor that should be related to the strategic goals of the organization and must be taken from this strategy and directly involves the line managers. Today, the emphasis on training and developing individual skills in successful organizations worldwide to meet future challenges and find suitable successors and achieve the organization's goals and missions is an important topic that is addressed in modern management theories. The succession planning system in organizations is a factor to increase the level of motivation of individuals, because employees, after being selected as future successors, strive with great motivation to achieve the best results. Since the managers of organizations are constantly changing and shifting in different situations and at different levels of the organization, once their position is vacant, the question usually arises as to who has the capacity to fill their position. Considering the various theories of human resources thinkers, especially in the field of succession planning, their emphasis on the necessity and importance of the issue, the upward trend of outflow of valuable technical and experienced capital from Iran Insurance Company in the retirement period, and concerns about the recruitment and employment of key employees by competing companies, which is currently one of the most important and serious challenges in the company,  facing this phenomenon and the need to address it requires immediate attention.This research has been done in Iran Insurance Company and seeks to find the answer to the question of what factors affect succession planning in Iran Insurance Company and what the consequences of succession planning are. The present study, based on purpose, is an applied and exploratory mixed-method and it consists of two parts qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population in the qualitative sector includes senior managers in the field of human resource management as well as specialists, experts, and veterans of the insurance industry. The non-probability sampling technique was snowball sampling and the number of samples was 21 based on the theoretical saturation. In this study, after conducting a semi-structured interview with managers and experts in the insurance industry, the qualitative data of the interviews were analyzed using Clark and Brown’s six-step thematic analysis.The collected data was first coded with an exploratory approach to thematic analysis and then the initial model was extracted. In the quantitative part, the statistical population of the research includes employed specialists, staff, managers, and experts as well as experts in the field of human resources of Iran Insurance Company. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used for a limited population and 458 samples were selected. The data collection tool in this section was a researcher-made questionnaire that was designed based on the conceptual model obtained from the interviews. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine its reliability. Content and construct validity were also used to fit the validity of the assessment tool. Confirmatory factor loadings had appropriate values. Structural equation modeling and Amos24 software were used to analyze the data. Finally, the pattern of model fit indices was compared to standard values and tested and, finally, it was confirmed. In this study, individual, organizational, and environmental factors affecting succession planning were identified in Iran Insurance Company. Individual factors include the individual's emotional connection to the organization and the need to be seen and useful, organizational factors include ensuring the future management of the organization and upgrading and improving the organization, environmental factors are the requirements of the competitive environment and the risk of the organization's talents hunt, and mediating factors include continuing education and reward mechanisms affecting succession planning. The results also showed that the establishment of a succession model in Iran Insurance Company, in terms of individual consequences, affects increasing motivation for growth and excellence, psychological maturity and personal competence, and potential growth of ideas. In addition, in terms of organizational consequences, it is effective in reforming traditional structures, and in terms of environmental consequences, it is effective in differentiating from insurance competitors, creating a formal platform for transferring experiences and achievements, and reducing the organization's future concerns. In terms of the need to be seen and useful and emotional connection of the individual to the organization, it is suggested that the achievements of the individual efforts of employees be recorded in their own name and properly appreciated and reflected in the scoreboard. In the process of recruitment and retention, the risk of talent hunt by competitors can be reduced by increasing organizational attractiveness such as paying special attention to employee welfare, setting flexible working hours, increasing elite benefits, and creating study and skills opportunities at the international level, and creating special facilities for families of talented employees. The organization can also develop multiple successors with appropriate specializations at different levels and educate the selected group on an ongoing basis through leadership, decision-making, and management training. If the organization formulates its strategy to strengthen the succession programs, the positive and useful results and consequences of the succession program will be seen in the organization. To increase the level of psychological maturity and competence of employees, specialized psychological training appropriate to the type of work, environmental challenges, and stress levels should be held regularly. To develop ideation, a specific mechanism should be designed and implemented and a suitable platform for the growth of new ideas and the establishment of succession should be provided.

 The concept of "speed" becomes very important in internationalization literature. Internationalization is a time-based process of entrepreneurial behavior. Hence, entrepreneurs who turn to effective logic tend to develop a new network that helps them quickly enter the international market. Internationalization is one of the methods through which companies can enjoy the benefits of operating in the international market. In other words, Firms using causal logic tend to learn faster about international markets than firms using effective logic. The internationalization process of Export companies is determined by the factors relevant to the entrepreneur’s internal decision-making dynamic as well as by external environment-specific factors. International entrepreneurs’ selection of effectuation decision-making logic may impact the speed at which he makes foreign market entry outside the domestic market. Moreover, the uncertainty in the environment causes entrepreneurs to adopt effectuation logic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of effectuation decision-making on internationalization speed with the moderating effect of environmental uncertainty. In the present study, the survey method was used to collect data, and the correlation method was used for data analysis. The statistical population of this research was all active export companies in Urmia city, the number of which was 349 companies. According to the sample size from the Morgan table, 185 companies were selected by simple random sampling. The research is a descriptive survey in terms of research method and in the category of correlation research and in terms of data collection method is field method (questionnaire). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 and SMART-PLS version 2 software. First, the normality of the variables was checked through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. Considering that some variables were non-normal, the PLS method was used to model structural equations. It should be noted that the questionnaire of this research consists of two parts. The first part includes demographic questions and the second part includes the main questions of the questionnaire. Also, the sample of the current research was 185 export companies, and 1 questionnaire was completed and collected in each company by its managers. The results indicate that effectuation decision-making has a positive and significant effect on internationalization speed and also environmental uncertainty has a positive and significant moderating effect on the relationship between effectuation decision-making and internationalization speed. Also, the results of the descriptive analysis of the respondents' data show that among the 185 respondents, 168 (91%) are men and 17 (9%) are women. Also, the frequency distributions of the respondents according to their age, people under 30 years were 21%, 30 to 40 years 38%, 41 to 50 years 22% and 51 years and above 17%. On the other hand, considering that the appropriate criterion for Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability is 0.7 and for convergent validity is 0.5, according to the findings, all these criteria about endogenous variables have obtained the appropriate value, so it can be it confirmed the appropriateness of the reliability and convergent validity of the present study. It shown that effective decision-making has an effect on the speed of internationalization in export companies. Effectiveness is a thriving concept in decision logic and has recently been increasingly used to develop frameworks to explain internationalization. The findings have shown the positive role of decision-making logic in accelerating or increasing the speed of entering international markets. Introducing internationalization speed into the effectiveness literature is a valuable and enlightening addition to the literature, as very few studies have dealt with such perspectives. Previous studies have mainly been conducted with qualitative studies and case study methods, as well as conceptual papers focusing on effectiveness in the context of internationalization. The faster the managers of exporting companies can adapt their organizational structures and processes according to international standards, the faster they can enter international markets. Therefore, the degree of uncertainty about international markets is an important moderator for the realization of the initial entry process. Therefore, it can be claimed that uncertainty in interaction with effective decision making logic helps the rapid internationalization of the company. In fact, an entrepreneur can adapt to these risks and uncertainties through effectiveness decisions. The faster the entrepreneur can adapt his organizational structures and processes according to international standards, the faster the entrepreneur can enter the international market. Therefore, the level of uncertainty about foreign markets is an important moderating factor in the entrepreneur's tendency to allocate resources to fulfill the initial entry process. Therefore, it can be said that uncertainty in interaction with effective decision-making logic helps the rapid internationalization of export companies.

 In the third millennium, political, economic, geographical, and technological changes have had a profound effect on organizations. The speed of these changes, along with the increase in global competition, has forced organizations to reorganize their activities by rethinking new marketing methods (Veynberg et al, 2018). In this regard, sports organizations to increase their competitiveness, need to use various tools to be able to facilitate the achievement of predetermined goals and results (Hautbois, 2019). Among these sports organizations are federations, which play an important role in developing and developed countries. Sports federations operate in a competitive and dynamic environment; An environment in which internal and external variables are constantly changing and it is very difficult to predict these changes (Shamounian et al, 2019). Due to the high sensitivity in the current sports industry and in order to achieve effectiveness in marketing programs, recognizing the dimensions of managerial competencies has become a vital factor in sports success. In fact, strong managerial competencies in contemporary sports management can be a source of significant competitive advantage (Frawley et al, 2018). On the other hand, another component that provides the necessary context for the emergence of managerial competencies is structural capital (Matos et al, 2017). In this regard Swanson et al (2020) in their research, they concluded that managerial competencies have a significant positive effect on knowledge sharing and job performance of employees. Neumeyer & Liu (2021) also concluded that the adoption of new (digital) technologies can significantly contribute to a company's short-term and long-term competitive advantages. In the new era, the professionalization of sports and the performance of sports organizations, along with the increase in organizational and non-organizational areas of sports, has forced managers and employees of sports organizations to seek new processes in their field of performance beyond traditional concepts (Dellitalia, 2018). In addition, sports federations, especially the Karate Federation, have faced many problems in purchasing equipment and supplies, sending their teams to international competitions, holding training camps, holding training competitions, and so on. Given the above, the researcher seeks to answer this question: Is there a relationship between managerial competencies and structural capital with the effectiveness of marketing programs of the Karate Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran?
The research is an applied one and in terms of data collection method is a correlational research based on structural equation modeling which was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study includes all members of the Karate Federation (president, vice president, vice president of women, secretary of the federation, staff of the federation (various committees and staff of other departments) (43 people), members of provincial karate boards (presidents, vice president, finance officer, teachers The provincial karate boards (124 people) and experts in the field of karate included first-class coaches, judges, and national athletes (56 people). All members of the community were identified as a total of 223 people. In this study, the Cutler and Keller (2006) marketing program effectiveness questionnaire, Nwokah, & Ahiauzu (2008) and Shakarian (2013) structural capital questionnaires were used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors and the construct validity was confirmed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
According to the results of Pearson correlation test, it is observed that between managerial competencies and structural capital (Sig = 0.001, r = 0.873), between managerial competencies and the effectiveness of marketing programs (Sig = 0.001, 0.778). r) And there is a significant positive relationship between structural capital and the effectiveness of marketing programs (Sig = 0.001, r = 0.894). After examining the relationship between research variables, the research model was designed in AMOS software version 24.
The results of structural equation modeling showed that managerial competencies have a significant positive effect on the effectiveness of Karate Federation marketing programs. Also, based on the findings of the structural equation model, it was observed that structural capital has a significant positive effect on the effectiveness of the marketing programs of the Karate Federation. The research findings are in line with the results of Neumeyer & Liu (2021) research. In addition, based on the findings of the research model, it was observed that managerial competencies have a significant positive effect on the structural assets of the Karate Federation. This research finding is in line with the results of Swanson et al (2020) research. Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that the marketing director of the Karate Federation coordinate with the director of research, production, procurement, physical and financial distribution, etc., so that different marketing opportunities serve the needs of important marketing departments, territories and presentation. Design services. In addition, it is recommended that the unit manager in the Karate Sports Federation have the appropriate information to plan and properly allocate resources in different markets, products, domains and marketing tools to create effective marketing.

 This research is aimed at identifying the pattern of antecedents and results of leadership self-development in organizations. Most organizations believe that a well-trained workforce is the key to success. Over the past century, training and development has evolved under the influence of changes in the nature of work, and professionals have made increasing demands on their ability to deal with uncertainty, adapt quickly to new information, and solve increasingly complex problems. The future requires a culture of continuous learning. 21st century learners must learn intrapersonal skills such as learning strategies to be able to determine and direct their own learning content. Formal learning programs are not only costly but also time-consuming, while informal learning programs reduce costs and save time. Also, it seems that employees who voluntarily participate in training activities have more learning than mandatory trainings, as a result, the focus on self-development as an alternative to formal trainings is increasing. Leaders as the tip of the arrow in the advancement of organizations must be able to quickly adapt to the rapid changes that occur in the demands of customers and the global economy. One of the approaches that today has many fans among various organizations and researches for the development of leadership capacity is leadership self-development.
In the present research, the method of Meta-synthesis has been used. Therefore, the research approach is qualitative and its method is Meta-synthesis research. n this research, it was done through its various stages, namely setting the research question, systematic study of literature, selection of suitable researches, extracting information from researches, analysis and combination of findings, quality control of findings and presentation of findings. In this research, the statistical population of the research includes researches and studies conducted in the period of 1970 to 2021 in the field of  leadership self-development with the keywords self-development / self-directed learning / leadership development / leadership self-improvement / leadership self-help / distance learning / self-leadership development /Self-directed development/Self-directed leadership in databases (SID; Noormags; Magiran; Ganj; CIVILICA; Sciencedirect; DOAJ; scopus; ProQuest; Jstore; EBSCOhost; sage; Wiley; Springer; Emerald; PubMed; ERIC; Semantic Scholar & Google Scholar) were collected and a total of 2995 studies were selected and analyzed. Among the examined studies, after several stages of screening, 131 study units were selected and examined based on the review of the title, abstract and content of the research respectively. In conducting this screening, CASP helped a lot to check the quality of researches. . Related sources were coded by open, central and selective three-step coding. In order to check the quality of coding, reliability, verifiability and reliability were used for the findings, and Cohen's kappa coefficient for agreement between evaluators was obtained as 0.72.
  The identified antecedents for leadership self-development were classified into three categories: 1. Individual factors (including 19 components), 2. Organizational factors (including 5 components) and 3. Environmental factors (including 2 components). Also, the results and consequences identified for leadership self-development include two categories: 1. Individual results (including 8 components) and 2. Organizational results (including 7 components).
Despite the studies that have been conducted in the field of leadership self-development, there is still no comprehensive model of the antecedents that are required for the implementation of leadership self-development and the results obtained from this implementation. For this reason, it was decided to review and combine past studies in a systematic review and provide a model that is more comprehensive and complete than the models presented for the antecedents and results of leadership self-development. By knowing the results obtained from this research, various organizations can get acquainted with the factors that are needed for leadership self-development in addition to recognizing the benefits of leadership self-development; When recruiting and promoting leaders, organizations can consider the individual factors required for leadership self-development as one of the criteria for recruitment and promotion, and the environmental and organizational factors required for leadership self-development in order to achieve results. They provided leadership self-development for the individual and the organization.

 Participatory economics is an economic idea based on the view that most people tend to borrow consumer goods instead of buying and owning them. This will lead to increase employment, economic efficiency, access to valuable assets, and increase social relationships. Aims’paper is to promote participatory housing in the territory as a solution to strengthen intergenerational solidarity, and more broadly to participate in the construction of a more resilient territory. Also, another purpose of article is to develop and increase people's awareness about participatory housing.
  

The present research is based on the purpose of Applied Research, and according to the nature of subject and objectives of the research and executive facilities, we have used the field and survey method. We also used the questionnaire method of data collection, because the questionnaire is the main instrument for collecting data in survey research. The designed questionnaire has 31 questions and to answer the questions, number 1 is completely agreeable and number 5 is completely disagreeable. The questions about each variable to measure that variable for the desire to participatory housing.The technique of sampling and determination of sample size have crucial role in survey-based research problems in applied statistics. Similarly, if the sample size is inappropriate it may lead to erroneous conclusions. One of the equations for calculating the required Sample sizes based on the size of the Cohen d effect provided by Mead. In this article, the sample saize considered to 65 people by Mead equation. Accordingly, the statistical sample of the study consisted of 65 residents of Yazd by random sampling method, and aiming to measure the willingness of individuals to participatory economics in the use of participatory housing. The main variable of the research includes the tendency to participatory housing, and Variables affecting it include economic benefits, sustainability, entertainment (pleasure), social relationships, Internet network effects, and attitudes. Finally, the effect of variables was examined using path analysis. According to information that we have received from the review of experimental research and the researcher’s observations, the research hypotheses are:-Economic benefits have a significant effect on the attitudes of consumers and suppliers in the use of participatory housing.
- Sustainability has a significant effect on the attitudes of consumers and suppliers in the use of participatory housing.
- Entertainment (pleasure and happiness) has a significant effect on the attitudes of consumers and suppliers in the use of participatory housing.
- Social relationships have a significant effect on the attitudes of consumers and suppliers in the use of participatory housing.
- Internet networks have a significant effect on the attitude of consumers and suppliers in the use of shared housing.
- Consumer's and supplier's attitudes have a significant effect on their willingness to use participatory housing.
- Gender has a significant effect on the attitudes of consumers and suppliers to use participatory housing.
- Gender has a significant effect on the willingness of consumers and suppliers to use participatory housing.
  

This studies aimed at investigating the effective factors on the tendency to participatory economics in Participatory housing. In this regard, the present study examined the relationships between attitude-related subscales including economic benefits, environmental sustainability, entertainment (pleasure and happiness), social relationships and the development of Internet networks towards the tendency to use participatory housing. In addition, the relationship between the attitude towards participatory settlements and the tendency to participatory housing was considered.
The Outcome of path analysis showed that the variable of happiness had the greatest effect on behavioral tendency and then the variables of Internet networks, attitude, social relationships and gender were recognized as effective variables. Among all the influential variables, only the social relations variable had the opposite effect.

Variables had related to attitudes toward participatory housing, but the entertainment (pleasure and happiness) of use participatory housing and the development of Internet networks have a positive effect on attitudes. The charm and curiosity gained from this kind of lifestyle and the  relationship network created through the development of Internet networks, lead to more opportunities for individuals. In many ways, relationship networking, leading to creation and development of business opportunities. Because, that creates more options of accommodation and diversity in choosing the place and facing different prices and a better attitude towards the participatory housing. Also, the type of attitude has affects on desire of individuals to use participatory housing. Then, the effect of gender was examined on the variables of attitude and willingness of people to use of participatory housing. Findings showed that the gender of respondents had no effect on their attitude. And only, the gender had affect on stability. As a result, people have a better attitude and a greater desire for participatory housing due to lack of social relationships and access to more pleasant times.

 In today's world, change and dynamism of organizations is one of the basic principles that managers according to the principle must modify the systems in such a way as to be compatible with environmental conditions. Process automation and the use of standard methodologies for process design in large organizations lead to the achievement of strategic business goals such as reducing total costs, controlling risk and protecting intellectual property. The business process management system is presented with the aim of automating the workflow of organizational processes and the possibility of creating monitoring and management of processes. These systems try to manage the entire life cycle of processes from definition and modeling to execution and optimization under IT-based tools. The risky nature of business process management requires a careful examination of the key factors of success and failure. As the name implies, the goal of any key success approach is to identify the set of factors that the manager has considered for his or her success. The key success factors identified for business process management are often specific. The key to the success of a country's or an industry's operating companies is seldom acknowledged by other countries. Organizations have many potential technologies and operational factors that can play an important role in the success and failure of business process management projects. Limiting this set of factors, which are crucial, is necessary to reduce the complexities of decision-making and management. Given these complexities, organizations need to focus on key success factors, especially to implement business process management. By better understanding the key success factors of the business process, an organization can easily identify similar solutions to eliminate or prevent the most common causes of implementation failure. According to what was stated, in this study, we tried to identify the key factors of success in the process of sports businesses in Iran and then provide a model for classifying these factors so that Iranian sports businesses can use it specifically to implement the process management system. Evaluate the business in your organization and in addition, due to the lack of extensive and correct use of this system in organizations, this model can be a guide for suppliers and users in the country. 

This research is applied in terms of purpose and due to the combination of qualitative and quantitative research is part of mixed research. The interviewees in the study included managers, marketing professors, business owners, startups, and sports entrepreneurs across the country. The statistical population was a small part of the same people in addition to graduate students in the field of physical education and the final questionnaire was given to them. 275 questionnaires were answered correctly. In this research, grounded theory was used. Data analysis was performed in two sections: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using Smart PLS and SPSS software. 

The data were divided into 10 concepts by examining open codes and analyzing them. These concepts include infrastructure and supportive (5 codes), business plan (7 codes), access to capital (4 codes), legality (5 codes), branding (3 codes), networking (5 codes), entrepreneurship readiness (3 codes), technology (4 codes), demanding (5 codes) and advertising and marketing (5 codes). The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the research model has a good fit and its validity and reliability were confirmed and the key factors of success in sports businesses derive from the identified components. Finally, the results of Friedman ranking test showed that there is a significant difference among the components of key factors of success of sports businesses, and the highest average and 1st rank is related to access to capital and the lowest average and 10th rank is related to technology.

From the research sample point of view, the existence of capital is the most important factor for the development and success of a sports business; This result also seems logical because despite the initial and large capital, the development of businesses is accelerating, and on the other hand, many sports businesses require high initial costs that are beyond the ability of everyone. So this finding is justified. The second priority is related to the business plan. In all the findings, it was directly stated that a sports startup without a preliminary plan is a useless and already failed task, because despite today's volatile market, one cannot succeed without planning and business plan. So it is not surprising that the second priority from the perspective of the research sample is related to this factor. The third priority is related to the component of legality. As in the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, legitimacy was highly correlated with the success of sports businesses; it is also a priority here. Legality specifically refers to sports business owners making sure that they have the right to own their idea, that the rules are not rigid, that they prevent corruption, and that they contribute to success in general. The fourth priority was the networking component, which ensures the long-term success of a sports business. Networking must be embedded in all the principles of a sports business in order to envision operational plans for the future and lead to the development of the sports business. Therefore, this component should be one of the most important priorities. The fifth priority is related to the advertising and marketing component. It is obvious that many of the products and services consumed are due to modern advertising and marketing practices. Therefore, advertising and marketing for any sports business should be one of their main programs that can be successful in its shadow. Next, the priority was related to the components of demanding, entrepreneurship readiness, infrastructure and supportive, branding and technology, each of which in turn has a great impact on the success of sports businesses.

 In the current era, companies are facing challenges and intense pressures of the competitive market, including globalization, competition and cooperation, diversity of customer needs, and a short product life cycle. Marketers are also faced with a complex mix of technology-driven channels. At one time, the way to enter the market was done linearly and directly in the form of sales to distributors, retailers, or by using the sales force, while today, managers are faced with multiple ways to do sales and distribution and the opportunity to compete. Innovation in distribution channel strategies and innovation in products has arisen more than before. With technological advances and increasing the level of competition and the importance of access to the market, reducing the cost of serving customers, creating a distinctive experience for customers, and creating loyalty in them by providing faster and better-quality services than competitors, the need to review the current strategies of the distribution channel and move to Soy has made the combined distribution structure even more important.
  The main goal of the current research is to design a pattern for changing the distribution channel strategy from the experts' point of view. This research was conducted using a qualitative method using the data-based theory approach. The statistical population of this research is executive managers involved in the issue of distribution and sales channels in the fields of clothing, food, and electronic consumer goods. In this research, 16 experts were interviewed, and from the 13th interview onwards, the data was repeated and theoretically sufficient. In this research, the purposeful theoretical sampling method was used. The interview started with questions about the reasons, factors, and signs affecting the need to change the distribution channel strategy, and according to the answers of the interviewees, other questions were also designed and raised.
  The results of open and axial coding showed that 140 open codes, 36 concepts, and 10 categories can be extracted. In axial coding, the primary codes and categories created in open coding are compared, and similar codes are merged. At this stage, the coding paradigm is formed and placed in six categories: causal conditions, central category, intervening conditions, background factors, strategy, and consequence. The theorems that can be extracted from the paradigmatic model were shown as follows:Theorem 1: Factors and prerequisites for changing the distribution channel strategy, including accessibility to customers, customer experience, customer service cost, customer relationship with the organization, and proactive and forward-looking actions of the company.
Theorem 2: The factors and prerequisites for changing the distribution channel strategy through changing the composition of the distribution channel strategy, the availability of infrastructure and resources, the type and nature of the industry, the core competence and view of company managers, and the review and redesign of distribution channels lead to results and achievements. It becomes functional.
Theorem 3: The availability of infrastructure and resources (financial, human, and technological), as well as the type and nature of the industry, moderates the relationship between the category of changing the distribution strategy and its results and achievements.
Theorem 4: The core competency and the view of the company managers, the facilitator, and the foundation for the review and redesign of the distribution channels lead to the achievement of performance results and achievements.
Theorem 5: Changing the distribution channel strategy through reviewing and redesigning the distribution channels leads to performance results and achievements.
The results of the research show that the factors and signs of the necessity of change in the channel strategy can be classified into 10 main categories, which include: accessibility to customers, customer experience, customer service cost, customer relationship with the organization, proactive measures, the future of the company, the availability of infrastructure and resources, the type and nature of the industry, the core competency and the view of the company's managers, and the review and redesign of distribution channels, results, and performance achievements.
According to the results of this research, it is suggested that the managers and officials of the companies get rid of the pressures caused by the daily activities and also based on the expectations of the customers, not being satisfied with the acquired value from the current approach of the distribution channel. Evaluate and accept the logical risk of adopting new distribution channel approaches. Investment in infrastructure and customer life cycle management and including them in the design and revision of the distribution channel strategy should be prioritized. Focus on improving the customer experience through the design and management of new combined channels, despite the cost. In the organization of the support staff and their coordination and integration, plan for extensive training and the use of advanced systems, as well as review the achievable flexible capacity.

 The stock market is one of the most important and influential segments of the financial market in any economy [1]. This market reflects the economic situation of countries because one of its functions is to collect capital and transfer it to individuals and companies seeking investment. In addition, the capital market is one of the most important pillars for financing. The stock returns of listed companies can be affected by various factors. Changes in oil prices can be considered as one of the important factors affecting the stock market. Oil-exporting countries, of which oil is an important source of income, are affected by the fluctuation of the price of this black gold, their economy is affected more than other countries, and also their budgets, which often rely on oil prices, are affected in this regard. In countries such as Iran, where their main source of income comes from oil sales and whose budgets rely heavily on oil, the impact of oil price fluctuations on various sectors of the economy has been a concern for policymakers and economists. One of the most important sectors is the stock market, where economic developments and oil prices are increasingly being considered by researchers to make the relationship between the two more obvious over time. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the herding of the crude oil market and the Tehran Stock Exchange. In the study of herding behavior, financial literature is divided into two main branches: The first branch of measures of herding behavior based on efficiency dispersion [2]. The second proposal is a statistical criterion based on analysts' transactions [3]. In this study, based on the approaches of Christie and Huang (1995), the herding behavior between the stock market (with the index of the top 50 companies of the Tehran Stock Exchange) and the crude oil market has been investigated.Christie and Huang (1995) presented the standard deviation of the CSSD cross-sectional study as a model of herding behavior. Their model is as follows: where N is equal to the number of securities that make up the market index,  is equal to the return on securities i in period t,  is equal to the average yield of N securities from the market portfolio for day t. If there is herding behavior in securities, then the dispersion will be low. In fact, because herding behavior tends to follow market trends (ascending or descending), securities follow market trends and thus dispersion decreases. Christie and Huang (1995) model believes that herding behavior occurs more during intense market movements (ups and downs). The results show that the regression coefficient of the square market return is negative and statistically significant. The existence of a negative coefficient for the stock market and crude oil market returns indicates the reduction of deviations of companies' returns from market returns during the market turmoil (increasing or decreasing). Reducing the deviations of companies' returns from market returns means the existence of herding behavior in the market.Also, in examining the existence of herding behavior in a reciprocal manner, the results of examining the hypothesis of the existence of reciprocal herding behavior in the stock market and crude oil market in the stock market are confirmed. The existence of a negative square coefficient for the variable market return indicates a decrease in the deviations of companies' returns from market returns, when the cross-market, i.e. oil or stock market, is fluctuating. Thus, the hypothesis of the existence of reciprocal herding behavior in the stock market is confirmed. The results of this section are similar to the research of Balcilar, Demirer [4], Gong and Dai [5], and Mabrouk [6]. This study investigates the reciprocal herding behavior between the stock market and the crude oil market in Iran. The results of the herding behavior indicate the existence of herding behavior among the top 50 companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange and the OPEC oil market between 2011 and 2019. The results of the study based on two criteria explaining herding behavior, confirmed the existence of herding behavior between the top 50 listed companies and the OPEC crude oil market. The results also show that the relationship between the herding behavior of investors is reciprocal between these two markets.

Energy is among the most influential components of economic, social, and political development of every country, and influences the political stability of countries alongside its significant role in supplying economic and financial resources. Compilation of energy market strategy considering critical conditions is thus of special significance. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify and prioritize energy market strategies under critical conditions (a case study of gas exportation from Iran to Turkey). For this purpose, a questionnaire was first handed to the statistical population including nine experts in the field of energy. A SWOT matrix was used in data analysis to discover the internal and external factors and the strategic position of energy in the country. BWM was then used to identify and prioritize the indices influencing the exportation of gas from Iran to Turkey considering critical conditions. The selected planning matrix was eventually formed, and the strategies were prioritized based on the total score of each strategy in the respective index. The present study compared 49 strategies derived from 10 indices, the results of which indicated the selection of 29 strategies as the priorities of gas exportation from Iran. Moreover, the five strategies of “investment in the field of energy and strategies to optimize its consumption through the private sector and formation of think tanks”, “prediction of the establishment of regional and international offices to develop gas exportation and enhance economic-political interaction with neighboring countries, especially those owning gas resources in the Caspian Sea based on energy interaction and development with these countries”, “integration of the supply chain and planning in gas extraction to exportation sectors in a complex operating under the National Gas Company to make decisions more agile", and “increasing the country’s gas production capacity and investment to develop oil and gas fields” which were the primary selected strategies can be used as a macro-level decision-making roadmap to establish Iran’s position in the energy market and provide the grounds for its improvement. Energy is among the most influential components of economic, social, and political development of every country, and influences the political stability of countries alongside its significant role in supplying economic and financial resources. Compilation of energy market strategy considering critical conditions is thus of special significance. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify and prioritize energy market strategies under critical conditions (a case study of gas exportation from Iran to Turkey). For this purpose, a questionnaire was first handed to the statistical population including nine experts in the field of energy. A SWOT matrix was used in data analysis to discover the internal and external factors and the strategic position of energy in the country. BWM was then used to identify and prioritize the indices influencing the exportation of gas from Iran to Turkey considering critical conditions. The selected planning matrix was eventually formed, and the strategies were prioritized based on the total score of each strategy in the respective index. The present study compared 49 strategies derived from 10 indices, the results of which indicated the selection of 29 strategies as the priorities of gas exportation from Iran. Moreover, the five strategies of “investment in the field of energy and strategies to optimize its consumption through the private sector and formation of think tanks”, “prediction of the establishment of regional and international offices to develop gas exportation and enhance economic-political interaction with neighboring countries, especially those owning gas resources in the Caspian Sea based on energy interaction and development with these countries”, “integration of the supply chain and planning in gas extraction to exportation sectors in a complex operating under the National Gas Company to make decisions more agile", and “increasing the country’s gas production capacity and investment to develop oil and gas fields” which were the primary selected strategies can be used as a macro-level decision-making roadmap to establish Iran’s position in the energy market and provide the grounds for its improvement.

Knowledge-based companies, due to having capacities such as economy based on indigenous knowledge and relying on internal scientific and research capabilities, are among the pillars of development in the framework of the economy, but still identify and use the capacities of knowledge-based companies. Especially in the commercialization of technological projects is still neglected. The purpose of this study is to explain the pattern of commercialization of technological projects in start-up knowledge-based companies and try to identify the factors affecting it. Thus, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods has been used. In the first step, important criteria by reviewing the literature, reviewing documents and interviewing experts consisting of 20 senior managers of the new knowledge-based company located in the growth center of Shiraz University Science and Technology Park and consulting 2 university professors were identified and using factor analysis method. , Very important criteria have been set in the commercialization of technological designs and BWM techniques. The research results show that paying attention to 5 criteria of technology, skills, knowledge, market and policy and law for commercialization of technological projects in the new knowledge-based hub company are effective.

Managers of organizations in today's completely turbulent environment have to identify the environmental factors that will cause competition in an uncertain environment due to the existence of numerous competitors and its rapid changes, therefore, strategic planning is a useful and powerful tool to achieve It is related to organizational goals.The purpose of the current research is to identify and explain the factors affecting strategic positioning with a competitive approach in Iran's garment industry. The research method is a combination (qualitative-quantitative). Delphi technique is used in the qualitative part. The panel of experts of this research consists of 15 people who are experts in the garment industry in Tehran province, who have been consciously selected. In the quantitative part, the statistical population consisted of all business owners and clothing sellers in Tehran province, according to Morgan's table, 385 people were randomly selected as the sample size. Quantitative data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire and quantitative data analysis was done using the structural equation modeling method (PLS software 2.0) and SPSS 26 statistical software. The final model was formed from the categories of organizational factors, customer factors, competitiveness, contextual factors, facilitating factors, strategies and consequences. The results indicate that by using the correct policies of positioning while improving the position in the market and in case of adopting strategies of differentiation, cost leadership and concentration, consequences such as strategic positioning, increase in relative market share and growth and profitability are possible.Managers of organizations in today's completely turbulent environment have to identify the environmental factors that will cause competition in an uncertain environment due to the existence of numerous competitors and its rapid changes, therefore, strategic planning is a useful and powerful tool to achieve It is related to organizational goals.The purpose of the current research is to identify and explain the factors affecting strategic positioning with a competitive approach in Iran's garment industry. The research method is a combination (qualitative-quantitative). Delphi technique is used in the qualitative part. The panel of experts of this research consists of 15 people who are experts in the garment industry in Tehran province, who have been consciously selected. In the quantitative part, the statistical population consisted of all business owners and clothing sellers in Tehran province, according to Morgan's table, 385 people were randomly selected as the sample size. Quantitative data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire and quantitative data analysis was done using the structural equation modeling method (PLS software 2.0) and SPSS 26 statistical software. The final model was formed from the categories of organizational factors, customer factors, competitiveness, contextual factors, facilitating factors, strategies and consequences. The results indicate that by using the correct policies of positioning while improving the position in the market and in case of adopting strategies of differentiation, cost leadership and concentration, consequences such as strategic positioning, increase in relative market share and growth and profitability are possible.Managers of organizations in today's completely turbulent environment have to identify the environmental factors that will cause competition in an uncertain environment due to the existence of numerous competitors and its rapid changes, therefore, strategic planning is a useful and powerful tool to achieve It is related to organizational goals.The purpose of the current research is to identify and explain the factors affecting strategic positioning with a competitive approach in Iran's garment industry. The research method is a combination (qualitative-quantitative). Delphi technique is used in the qualitative part. The panel of experts of this research consists of 15 people who are experts in the garment industry in Tehran province, who have been consciously selected. In the quantitative part, the statistical population consisted of all business owners and clothing sellers in Tehran province, according to Morgan's table, 385 people were randomly selected as the sample size. Quantitative data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire and quantitative data analysis was done using the structural equation modeling method (PLS software 2.0) and SPSS 26 statistical software. The final model was formed from the categories of organizational factors, customer factors, competitiveness, contextual factors, facilitating factors, strategies and consequences. The results indicate that by using the correct policies of positioning while improving the position in the market and in case of adopting strategies of differentiation, cost leadership and concentration, consequences such as strategic positioning, increase in relative market share and growth and profitability are possible