نشریه ادبیات پایداری
پیاپی 28 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

One way to gain knowledge on the basics of resistance culture and the ways of teaching these principles is to conduct scientific studies in the field of popular culture and literature. Regarding the components of resistance literature, such as praising the Karbala incident, defending the homeland, praising heroes and martyrs, fighting against oppression, and so on in the Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi epic poems, the present study is aimed towards analyzing resistance patterns as one of the components of resistance literature in the Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi epic poems. There are mythical persona (Ki Khosro, Bahram, Arash Kamangir, etc.), epic characters (Rostam, Siavash, etc.) and historical characters (Ariobarzen and...) in the Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi epic poems that can instantiate the resistance patterns. The data for the present study come from library resources. Also, the researchers employed qualitative method to analyse data.  The analyses suggest that it can be said that the role models to stimulate and encourage the fighters in the battlefields in the epic poems of Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi are mostly mythological and epic characters that are, in one way or another, borrowed from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. In addition, in the majority of poems, there is a deep connection between mythical and historical characters and Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi ethnic heroes. This, in fact, inspires the spirit of victory and role model derived from Iranian mythology

One of the notable topics in mystical texts is the investigation of the relationship between mystics and the rulers of the time and how to deal with them. It seems that mystics are alien to politics, and mysticism, which is from the category of meaning, discovery and intuition, solitude and trance, cannot be collected with politics, which is an external, general, social phenomenon and related to the life and livelihood of humans; there is no relationship between spirituality and mysticism and politics. The examination of mystical texts shows that mystics' interest in the destiny of man and his happiness and misery, which is somehow related to the way of running the country, has made them to react against politics and government. Many of the elders of Mysticism (Erfan) have addressed political resistance in their works and expressed their views on political issues and government leaders. Regarding elements such as recommending rulers to justice and being anti-tyranny, criticizing rulers, telling the truth against tyrannical rulers, resistance against ruling powers, expressing criticism and objection to the behavior of rulers and the political resistance of mystics, the fifth century is considered as one of the eventful and influential centuries. Political developments and social conflicts provided the ground for the activity of mystics and Sufis. The establishment of schools of religious sciences, and the spread of monasteries and mystical writings caused the spread of Sufism. The period between the fifth century and the whole of the sixth century and the beginning of the seventh century is the most important period of activity of mystics in Iran.

The scientific pathology of resistance literature research is one of the necessities of this field, which can be useful in identifying scientific problems and weaknesses and achieving research-oriented solutions and policies in this field.The research method of this study was exploratory. Information was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with eleven professors and experts, and thematic analysis method and MaxQuda software were used to analyze them.The categories extracted from the perspective of the interviewees about problem analysis in resistance literature include: separation of question and problem in scientific researches; The conflict between the mind and the object as the origin of the formation of the problem; Formation of the problem free from bias and resistance; authenticating the scientific method; Updating issues in the field of resistance literature and in-depth insight into them.   Damages in the field of research in two levels of scientific and research damages; And structural and organizational damages were investigated.To solve the problems at both levels, solutions were presented by the interviewees, among which the following can be mentioned:Determining policies, guidelines, and road map; Identifying strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats through fundamental research and situational assessment; Forming an information bank and networking of activists and those interested in this field; Expanding national and international communication by holding a conference.

Beyond the one-sided tenet based on the self-centeredness of totalitarian and fascist regimes, is engraved the elimination of the other from the domain of power and legitimacy, and the deprivation of human rights and citizenship within the framework of the self-written law of considering the other as an inferior race and a hostile enemy in opposition to the integral values of the totalitarian system which defines everything and everyone in the form of a single self-believer in the manifesto of the central totalitarian state, and, by denying the identity of another as an alien, tries to redefine the collective identity in the framework of extreme and fascist racism. Following such an idea, the present age has turned into a hegemonic era of war, violence bloodshed, and genocide, and, the elimination of racial minorities in order to homogenize the belief-ethnic structure of societies under the domination of totalitarian governments shows itself on the injured face of human rights. The result of a hostile attitude towards others and trying to subjugate racial groups is resorting to violence and horrible crimes which has turned the contemporary period into a scene of prehistoric killings and violent behavior and removed the characteristic of civility, coexistence and peaceful human dialogue from its face.

Women's agency has been a key concept and proposition in the history of women's studies and feminism which reveals the sociopolitical status of women in different communities. It is believed that women's agency can serve as a theoretical and analytical framework based on which beliefs and cultural patterns of feminine behavior in societies can be traced. This concept has long been investigated in the world literature based on critical, maternal, educational, equality, and freedom perspectives but some of these studies in social and political dimensions have been affected by an androgenic dominance, or duffers from methodological and epistemological deficiencies and fail to fulfill its goals. Islamic revolution, due to its roots in Islamic ontology and epistemology has provided a realist understanding of woman agency which is manifest in different dimensions of resistance literature but the way this agency is manifested in literary work is not still discussed in the literature.. Taking this problem into account, the present study aimed to employ a systemic functional perspective that serves as a meaning-based theory of language and holds that meaning resides in the systemic patterns of language. The theory maintains that meaning-making is a context-embedded procedure realized in relation to power, socialization, and ideology through the three variables of mode, tenor, and field. Integrating it with the view that, from a socio-linguistic perspective, language and literature are not merely a means of communication but a social action through which attitudes, beliefs, identities, and values are created, the present study was an attempt to decipher ideational meta-functional patterns a corpus randomly selected from Savushun novel and Daa war writing.

Resistance literature serves as a reflection of the embodiment of truth and a wellspring of enlightenment. Resistance poetry can be likened to a poem with two guiding principles: "justice and freedom," while simultaneously acting as a guardian of human dignity (Ismaili, 2003: 79). The literary works of any nation narrate the unfolding events within that nation, and poets and writers bear a profound responsibility in this regard. Their duty is to depict and immortalize the occurrences transpiring in their society. These individuals are conscious of their role in shaping their society's destiny and do not merely stand by as passive observers. Among these dedicated poets is Abbas Moshfegh Kashani. Abbas Keymanesh, born in 1925 and known as "Moshfegh," is a prominent figure in contemporary sonnet composition. His style is influenced by Iraqi traditions, occasionally infused with elements of Indian style. Moshfegh Kashani, for the most part, adheres to the tenets of classical poetry, except for adapting his content to align with religious and revolutionary ideals (Kakaei, 2006: 36). Moshfegh Kashani, alongside other poets who sought innovation within the confines of traditional Persian poetry during this era, maintains the mental framework of their sonnets consistent with conventional sonnet structures. Moshfegh is notably recognized for composing numerous poems after the commencement of the imposed war, focusing on themes such as the holy defense, martyrdom, sacrifice, and the heroic exploits of warriors (Beigi Habibabadi, 2003: 1105). Given that Sirang's poetry collection encompasses Moshfegh Kashani's resolute poetry, featuring verses dedicated to revolution, religious figures, martyrdom, the holy defense, liberated individuals, and veterans, among others, this research centers its analysis on this anthology.

Starting after the Iran-Iraq War, resistance literature is one of the contemporary phenomena and a sub-branch of Islamic Revolution literature. This literature is closely related to the mentioned war and is influenced by it. The psychological effects as well as the mental, intellectual, and physical devastation caused by this issue affected the minds and thoughts of many poets and writers, therefore, war literature has well expressed the psychological and physical complications of the people involved in this sinister event. Violations of human rights and the effects and consequences of war were depicted in Iranian artistic and literary works from the very first days of this sinister war. This study tries to answer the following question: How much has the Iranian resistance literature emphasized the foundations of human rights after the Islamic Revolution?

Critical analysis of discourse goes beyond the level of sentences and words in examining texts and pays attention to the context of the situation in which the text was formed and refers to two social and linguistic approaches. In the social approach, discourse is defined as situational context, and in the linguistic approach, textual context is explained. The memories and events of the Holy Defense era play a prominent role in introducing that era to today's generation and making it an example. The book "Da" is part of the memoirs of the holy defense, which Hosseini discussed the resistance and sacrifices of the Iranian people against the aggression of the Baathist regime in Iraq. The narrator narrates the memories of the war focusing on the role of a woman and her perspective on the war. The purpose of writing this article is to reflect the discourse of resistance in the novel "Da" based on the analysis of Van Dijk's discourse. This book has been analyzed using a qualitative method based on Van Dyaijk's critical discourse analysis. The results of the research show that the book reveals the value, epic, emotional discourse of war and is influenced by various components of the resistance discourse. The main theme of this speech is a call to uphold Islamic values, which shows the author's ideology and shows the extent of the author's adherence to his claims in the axis of the resistance discourse.

Literature has the ability to reflect political, social and cultural thoughts and events of any society (Moosaabadi & colleagues, 2017: 88). One of the characteristics of literature is its activism against various events of human societies (Hasani bagheri & colleagues, 2022: 88). Iranian culture, especially Iranian poetry, has long been a means of expressing love for the homeland and a song for liberation from the yoke of foreigners and aggressors. The glory and greatness of Iran's history and the knowledge of epic and heroic legends among people have played a big role in the patriotism of Iranians. Patriotic poems not only reflect their time, but also excite people and awaken them to defend their motherland and its main elements since language, history, nature, and culture have played a major role (Zabihniya & Najafi: 2019). The word "homeland" has been used in Persian literature in various meanings, and from the 3rd century of the Hijri until today, it is seen in the poems of most Persian-language poets. In the Khorasani style, homeland has more of an ethnic and racial meaning, and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a proof of this claim. In the Iraqi style, homeland has a mystical meaning; it is used in the meaning of the world above and the world of the kingdom, and in the Indian style, this word, in addition to meanings such as birthplace, city, higher world, etc. has also been used in the meaning of beloved or the place where beloved lives (Nadalizade & Rahimi, 2020: 54). Patriotism is one of the key concepts that was considered by poets in different periods of Persian poetry. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sense of patriotism in Persian poetry and literature using meta-composite technique.