پژوهشنامه نهج البلاغه
پیاپی 41 (بهار 1402)

The purpose of the current research, which was carried out using a cognitive linguistic method, is to evaluate the metaphorical function of business as a source field in the metaphorical conceptualization of concepts such as life, jihad, worldliness, hereafterism, and tendency towards halal or haram so that the real image of these concepts in the Islamic perspective can be better and more deeply understood. The results of this research showed that metaphorical language expressions with the origin of trade in the Qur'an and Nahj al-Balaghah are very wide and diverse, and this conceptualization of imagination and sense in various forms and correspondences has been used to explain and depict concepts such as faith, jihad, the afterlife, and the world, piety, charity, and worship. In addition, in these cases, Alevi's thinking and viewpoint is in accordance with the Quran, but the variety of metaphors and its correspondences in the Holy Quran is wider and more.

Directional and symmetrical opposition are considered two common types of semantic opposition. Semantic opposition is a special topic of semantics. Semantic opposition is one of the most important and frequent semantic relations in Nahj al-Balagha. The variety of semantic opposition in this world and the hereafter creates a variety of semantic implications, which is one of the necessary tools in the semantic analysis of this literary work. The present research is compiled by the descriptive-analytical method. In this research, due to the widespread discussion of the semantic opposition between the attributes of this world and the hereafter in the sermons of Nahj al-Balagha, two common types of opposition between these attributes were investigated. The results showed that, Imam has drawn some features for the world and the hereafter, which represent the opposites of different directions with respect to the reference point and are referred to as directional opposites. These opposites, including 15 cases, are considered one of the most frequent types of opposites between the mutual attributes of this world and the hereafter. Pairs of mutual attributes according to the features of symmetrical opposition, which have the lowest frequency between the attributes of this world and the hereafter, including 3 items, are placed after the directional opposition. Imam has used these attributes to express the features of this world and the hereafter; the occurrence of one of the reciprocal words implies the occurrence of the other word.

The examination of sermons and letters in Nahj al-Balagha indicates that Imam Ali (peace be upon him), in addition to issuing rulings regarding women, utilized various means to depict his mental concepts of the personality of women and their characteristics in the process of conveying meaning. He endeavored in his discourse to substantiate the involvement of women in the realm of origin, making his intended concepts more tangible and believable in the realm of destination, and persuading his audience regarding his ideas and beliefs. In light of women's involvement in the process of meaning-making and literary imagery through that character, this research aims to qualitatively identify, extract, and analyze those fragments of discourse in which the speaker employed them for the visualization of his mental concepts and the depiction of their attributes in his sermons and letters. The findings indicate that the discourse holder, in the aforementioned process, employed the character of women and related qualities to bring about a change in the intellectual and emotional state of the audience. Furthermore, women in the examined samples have been predominantly involved in dark spaces bearing the heavy burden of negative actions by others.

Halliday’s systemic functional theory is one of the most important theories in text linguistics that cateres to formation of language and texture of text and forms. It is based on three meta functions: ideological, interpersonal and textual. This theory is considered a suitable model for the stylistics of text discourse and it can help to understand all aspects of author's discourse style. The present research was investigated with an analytical method and systemic functional linguistics approach on 42th sermon of Nahj al-Balagha based on the ideological and textual meta-functions in order to achieve the imam's discourse style and deeper understanding of the subtleties and hidden values ​​in the sermon. The results showed that the extent to which imam uses all kinds of processes is in harmony with the content of sermon and because of the content of sermon, which is related to mental affairs such as following the passions and long wishes, and knowing the most important differences between this world and the hereafter. Mental processes (0.050) and relational processes (0.031.25) have the biggest role in shaping the discourse of the sermon. From the point of view of textual meta-function, imam has expanded the concepts of sermon using structural factors (composite initiator (0.088), mark (0.075), creating new and old information (0.050) and has created a coherent connection between different clauses of the sermon by applying techniques of non-structural factors, grammatical, relational and vocabulary coherence. In fact, imam has established discourse style of the sermon according to the situational context and his knowledge of the audience to prevent their pride and sense of worldliness after victory.

Following the invasion by the people of al-Sham on Kufa and the indifference of the Iraqis to the looting, Ali (AS) considered the two components of "religion and loyalty" to be the cause of social integration, the lack of which has led to disunity in the Iraqi army. The division of Iraqis is revealed by looking at the united and submissive society of al-Sham. The reason for the obedience of the Shamians has always been discussed and disputed; However, whether religion and humility as a definitive and universal law have caused unity in Umayyad Syria needs to be analyzed and investigated. This research has identified the concept of religion and Hami’at (zeal) through a descriptive-analytical method and investigated the factors involved in the existing harmony in the Levant. The result of the study show that Muawiyah, knowing the pre-Islamic beliefs of the people of al=Sham developed the religion and zeal of the people in line with his goals. Relying on these two components, he formed Ottomanist and urban supremacist streams of thought and took advantage of the power of these two streams of thought.

Among the important and valuable topics reflected in the Quranic teachings and the spoken and written culture of the Commander of the Faithful Hazrat Ali (AS) are the topics related to the environment. Indifference and negligence towards the environment and the destruction of natural resources have a direct and indirect effect on the health of the body and soul of the people of the society. The beauty in nature is one of the manifestations of the power and beauty of God, and attention to and thoughtfulness in them lead to closeness and recognition. It provides the knowledge of the Creator to the members of the society. In such an approach, a God-believing person is someone who is diligent in preserving and protecting the environment by following the teachings of the Holy Quran and the precious words of the Imams (AS). The present study aims to deal with the issue of preserving the environment and its importance and role in the exaltation of the God-believing person by using the holy verses of the Quran and the precious words of Imam Ali (a.s.) in Nahj al-Balaigha. One of the most important approaches of the research is that both in the Quranic teachings and in the promoting words of wisdom by Amir al-Mo’menin, there are many instructions to guide and encourage people to protect the environment as a place for human excellence and growth.