نشریه مشاوره کاربردی
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

This study aimed to analyze the lived experiences of fathers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during the coronavirus pandemic and home quarantine in the first half of 2021. The study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive phenomenology method. At first, 16 participants were selected through purposive and convenience sampling from those who visited a counseling center under the supervision of the Kermanshah Welfare Organization. Data were saturated after semi-structured interviews with 7 participants. Data were analyzed using the seven-step method proposed by Colaizzi. Data analysis led to the identification of 4 main themes, 23 subcategories, and 98 codes. The main themes included mental state, impact on interpersonal relationships, attribution styles, and coping strategies. The findings of the study indicated that fathers of children with ADHD showed different feelings and behaviors during the coronavirus epidemic. These conditions affected different aspects of their quality of life, thinking, and satisfaction. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the development of psychological and counseling interventions and educating parents to enhance the resilience of fathers in situations of crisis

Forming a marriage is an important decision in people's lives. The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors in the formation of official marriage in the majority of a coherent plan and to prepare the preparations for presenting an integrated model for marriage. Qualitative method (grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin) was used to achieve the set goals. In order to collect data, interviews with experts were carried out until theoretical saturation, and finally 10 interviews were conducted. After each interview, the data were recorded, coded and then classified into concepts, sub-categories and main categories. Data analysis led to the identification of 118 secondary codes, 30 concepts, 10 sub-categories and 3 main categories, extra-couple, inter-couple and individual factors. The findings of this research showed that from the point of view of experts, extra-couple factors, individual factors, and intra-couple factors are the most effective in the formation of marriage. In extramarital factors, in the order of family, economic and social factors and culture; In individual factors, individual inhibiting factors, individual facilitators, goals, and in inter-couple factors, cognition, personality, attractiveness, and the way of formation have the greatest effect. It is suggested that the findings of this research be used in counseling, education and macro policies related to marriage. In the continuation of this research, it is suggested to prepare a semi-structured interview based on the findings and model it in the group of people on the verge of marriage.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cognitive insight, sacrifice in the relationship, ambivalence over emotional expression and attitude towards marital infidelity in male and femail married. This is an applied and correlational study. The population included all the married students of Isafahan Universitues in 2021. A total of 310 participants were selected using available sampling method. The data were ghathered using cognitive insight questionnaires (Beck et al., 2004), sacrifice in the relationship (Vanlong et al., 1997) and ambivalence in emotional expression (King & Emmons., 1990) and attitude toward marital infidelity scale (Whatley, 2008) and were analyzed using structural equation modeling via Amos-24, SPSS-26 software. The findings showed that ambivalence in expressing emotion had a significant positive relationship with a positive attitude towards marital infidelity and a significant negative correlation with sacrifice (p<.01). Cognitive insight and sacrifice had a significant negative relationship with the positive attitude towards marital infidelity. Sacrifice in the relationship also had a negative correlation with the positive attitude towards marital infidelity. The results of the path analysis showed that ambivalence in expressing emotion and self-sacrifice in the relationship had a significant mediating role between cognitive insight and sacrifice (P<.01). These findings show that when people achieve cognitive insight, they examine and correct their behavior, attitudes and emotions. Therefore, they express their emotions in the right way and at the right time; for their marital relations, they ignore and sacrifice their desires for the benefit of their spouse, which results in a negative attitude towards infidelity.

The purpose of this study was to comparison of effectiveness of the enrichment model of marital sexual relations based on the emotion-focused therapy approach and the Behavioral-relational approach on sexual self-disclosure of couples. The research methodology was the experimental one in which the semi-experimental design of Pretest-posttest with control group and follow-up were used. In this study the statistical population was all couples referred to counseling centers in district Gharb of Tehran city in year 2022. In the first stage, using convenience sampling method, 30 couples with score lower than 30 in sexual self-disclosure were selected and then randomly divided into two experimental group (each group 10 couples) and one control group (10 couples) were replaced and experimental group underwent enrichment model of marital sexual relations based on the emotion-focused therapy and the Behavioral-relational approach, but the control group received no therapy and remained in the waiting list. To collect data sexual self-disclosure scale (SSDS). Data analysis was performed using analysis of variance repeated measures. The results of the study showed that treatment phase, the participants improved in sexual self-disclosure and this improvement continued until the follow-up. Also, the results of showed that emotion-focused therapy approach is more effective than behavioral- relational approach on sexual self-disclosure. Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that enrichment model of marital sexual relations based on the emotion-focused therapy approach and the Behavioral-relational approach can be used as a treatment methods on sexual self-disclosure of couples in counseling centers.

Awareness of the death of loved ones leads to acute mourning reactions; the length of it can last for weeks to months. The loss of a parent is among the most stress-causing events that a child or an adolescent can experience in life and often cause unpleasant outcomes for them. The purpose of this research was to describe phenomenologically the grief reactions of girls to the death of their fathers in Tabriz. The participants of this research were seven 15-18-year-old girls (until the saturation of the data) who had lost their fathers due to illness in childhood and live with their mother now. Purposive sampling was used for choosing the participants. The data were collected through the individual semi-structured interview was used for gathering the data. The interview texts were analyzed using seven phases of the Colizze analisis method. Based on the findings two main categories of initial reactions (including the subcategories of shock, ejection, and confusion), and constant reactions (including the subcategories of sadness and adjustment) were identified. The grief reactions of girls to the loss of their fathers were described as initial reactions and constant reactions. Paying attention to the dimensions of grief reactions that adolescent girls experience in the face of the death of their fathers was suggested to the psychologists and counselors in evaluation and therapy.

This research aimed to investigate the lived experiences of elderly individuals in relation to the empty nest phenomenon. A combined methodological approach was utilized for this qualitative study, employing a phenomenological method. Participants were purposefully selected using a targeted sampling method until theoretical saturation was reached. Ultimately, 17 elderly individuals residing in empty nests were chosen to undergo in-depth interviews. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological analysis. The empirical exploration of participants' experiences in confronting an empty nest led to the identification of eight main themes and 25 sub-themes: 1) Sobriety and adaptation (self-reflection and reliance on personal capabilities), 2) Self-care (engaging in pleasurable and health-promoting activities, receiving psychological services, and engaging in mindfulness exercises), 3) Attitudinal changes (revising perspectives on separation from children and nurturing hope for future reunions), 4) Emotional regulation strategies (accepting emotions related to separation, reevaluating memories, journaling thoughts and feelings, avoiding cognitive rumination, and learning from peer experiences), 5) Strengthening social bonds (determination to improve communication, perception of network support, utilizing support from family and parents, participating in collective activities, and maintaining connections and obtaining information about children), 6) Purposeful growth experience (resuming scholarly and cultural activities, reinterpreting life's meaning, and enhancing resilience and adaptability), 7) Focusing on self-fulfillment (prioritizing happiness and satisfaction for their children and assisting individuals with similar issues), and 8) Enhancing spiritual connections and engaging in religious activities (expressing gratitude, relying on faith, and participating in religious and spiritual activities).