پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 24، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

The industrial revolution, by changing the way of production, left a tremendous impact on the traditional industries of nations. Affected by industrial developments, Iran's textile industry faced a challenge with machine production; These developments gradually changed the taste of Qajar Iranian society, especially the court, nobility and other classes of the society to use machine textiles. In this period, variables such as diversity in design, pattern and color, price reduction compared to handmade products, changing tastes of different classes of society and the development of trade due to the political and economic power of Europe, led to the spread and expansion of the use of machine-made textiles and the reduction of the consumption of domestic products. and as a result stagnation in many domestic textile branches. In this article, with the historical and analytical method and the use of library resources and by adopting the theoretical framework of dependence, the question is answered that what factors have been effective in creating the domestic textile challenge? And what has been the result of domestic textile stagnation? Relying on the dependency theory, the industrial components affected by the political and economic power of Europe, the traditional view governing relations and the inability to change the production method and the dependency of the Qajar government in creating challenges in textile and as a result the gradual decline of many textile branches and the unemployment of artisans. had. These findings indicate that getting rid of this situation depends on changing the production method, breaking dependence on the structure of the capitalist system, and paying attention to the introverted development model.

This article, provides a historical study of the position and role of medieval Maghreb governments in establishing and controlling irrigation systems in the agricultural economy. it seems that in the Middle Ages there was a conscious policy for agricultural development through the development of irrigation networks and new water technologies. The main ambiguity and issue we are interested in is what was the position and role of the Maghreb governments in supplying water and establishing irrigation networks for agricultural lands in the historical period we are considering? Our initial claim is that "medieval Maghreb governments as a whole have played a significant role in establishing water supply networks for agricultural land through the construction of massive irrigation structures. What we ultimately achieved is that medieval Maghreb farming seems to have been the result of a conscious policy in the political, social and economic spheres, Who wanted to encourage the development of arable land . growth irrigation and control of surface water by creating earthen and rock structures, increase government control over irrigation systems and their responsibility for the construction and maintenance of these systems and thus the revitalization and development of arable land and a significant increase in agricultural products in particular, Became important moments of our discussion.

Deadly and infectious diseases can be considered important challenges of pre-modern Iranian society; Such as the lack of proper health infrastructure and the inefficiency of traditional medicine paved the way for the spread of deadly diseases, and inflicted terrible financial and human losses on the Iranian people. These diseases were not limited to humans, but sometimes included animal and livestock diseases, such as one of the most common outbreaks of plague and anthrax among domestic livestock, especially cattle, which occurred during the first years of the 14th century. This article, based on the descriptive-analytical research method and with emphasis on analyzing the data of journals and documents of archival centers, has studied the consequences and results of this phenomenon and it has been dealt with from three social, economic, and political dimensions. Findings indicate that livelihood difficulties for rural areas, threats to public health and the health of people in the community, serious damage to the country's agricultural economy, loss of government tax revenue, damage to the livestock economy, damage to the commercial economy and the export of livestock inputs, Pressure on the government by the National Assembly, serious challenges and disagreements between members of parliament, the provision of support packages to the affected people by the government, and finally the government's efforts to create and expand modern medical and health infrastructure from There were consequences of cattle mortality in Iran at that time.

Following the industrial revolution and developments in America, Iranians began to look for the reason for the growth and progress of this country. One of the topics they followed was the emerging technologies in this country, including the electricity industry. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical approach and interpretation of press texts and unpublished documents, aims to analyze how Qajar period Iranians encountered electricity technology in America and to make it clear that Iranians during the Qajar period entered America for the knowledge and electrical industry. What challenges did the country face? The results of the research show that the intellectuals reflected the progress of the electricity industry in America in their writings within the framework of critical discourse. They realized that in order to compensate for Iran's backwardness in this field, electricity technology should be imported from America to the country. On the other hand, the tourists who had traveled to America, by observing the scientific and technical progress and understanding its fundamental effects on the transformation of this country, on the necessity of modernizing Iran with They emphasized the use of American science and technology, this goal was pursued more seriously by the political elites in order to directly and indirectly provide the way for the introduction of this technology that would lead to the progress of the Iranian society, but in this way there were obstacles that caused the electric technology and New principles did not enter Iran under the teachings of American experts and engineers, and their efforts were only limited to familiarizing Iranians with the importance of the electrical industry and its role in the evolution of America, which of course was considered a very important thing in those times.

The most important part of Iran's economy during the Nasri era was the land economy, because the most important part of the country's per capita income and the government's income were provided from this sector. In this article, land ownership in Lorestan and its changes according to the production methods that dominate the land economy of Lorestan. Nasri means the mode of economic production and capitalist mode of production as well as the conditions of production resulting from them in the land economy of this region have been examined by the method of historical study and an attempt has been made to answer this main question that the conditions of production and what was the ownership of the means of production in the land economy of Lorestan in the Nasrid era in both the mentioned production methods and which exploitation system was the dominant method of product distribution between the owner and the farmer? The results of the research It shows that in this region there were four types of ownership (tribal, private, khalsa and waqfi) in which the predominant method of exploitation was in the case of farm production (shareholding) and this exploitation system is the most important factor in preventing the possibility of The growth and development of production forces has been in the region.

At the beginning of the third century AD, the Sasanians arose from the province of Pars, the birthplace of the Achaemenids, and established a government in which the Zoroastrian clergy and Nejadeh families had a special position. In the Sasanian history, especially when the king was weak, Zoroastrian priests and elders and nobles gained more influence and power in the government system, and of course they occasionally had conflicts with each other. In order to understand the history of the Sassanids, the position of these groups and their relationship with the Sassanid family must be considered, as even the fall of the Sassanids should be viewed from this perspective. One of the clans or clan families whose prominent members gained a lot of political and even economic and religious influence in a period of Sassanid history was the family of Mehrnarseh, the great minister during the period of several Sassanid kings. In this research, in order to have a clearer vision of the history of the Sassanids in this period of time, an attempt will be made to study the position of one of the noble families of the Sassanid period, that is, the Mehrnarse family, in the history of political, religious and economic developments during the reigns of Yazgerd I, Bahram V and Yazgerd II.

Extensive Iran-India trade relations declined on the eve of the constitution but these small relationships were also reflected in Iranian society and were effective in creating new ideas in politics and culture. The main issue of the research is the how new capitalism was born in Iran and the role of merchants in creating a social movement. The purpose of this article is recognizing the status of trade with India and its impact on Iranian society for about twenty years before the start of World War I. This has a qualitative and "descriptive-analytical" approach and has been done with the "documentary" method and based on "library" sources. It is assumed that the developments in Iranian society were influenced by the arrival and departure of merchants to India and Research findings also show: Increased trade activity between the two countries paved the way for social modernization but after the constitution and with the outbreak of civil war and social unrest, trade with India declined and However, these relations helped Iranians become familiar with some of the methods of agricultural and industrial production but with the arrival of the occupying countries in World War I, it faced a deadly challenge

Arrival of Arabs in Iran after the Islamic conquest, their settlement became more important because of the location for migration, also their communication and interaction with the natives Iranian. Arab migration to Iran in 7th and 8th centuries, brought about profound changes in the issue of land ownership and the way of its exploitation and administration, which in some cases was in accordance with the traditions of proprietary relationships in Iran or Islamic jurisprudence standards, but in many cases, it was considered to be in contradiction with these principles. The article focuses on the main question: what were the changes in proprietary relationships and land ownership rights in Iran as a result of the settlement of Arabs? the result of the historical research has been explained that in the first centuries of Islam(7th to 10th AD Centuries), the Arabs made a lot of effort to implement the rules of Islamic Sharia in the Iranian traditions and laws of land ownership, but the challenges Many of them had to face them and these challenges continued until the future centuries.

The purpose of this article is to explain the labor phenomenon of Iranians in Iraq based on lived experience. The main issue is to achieve the laboring reality of Iranian nomads in Iraq based on their lived experience. The current research seeks to answer the question that the collective labor phenomenon was based on what rules and methods? Most of the research data were collected using semi-structured interviews and partly from the National Archives of Documents. The method of data analysis is phenomenology. The findings of the research show that during the Pahlavi period, about 10,000 Iranian workers - a majority of the Kurdish tribes of Ilam - were continuously engaged in labor and porters in Iraq (Basra and Baghdad). The most important factors of workers' migration were poverty, unemployment and World War II. Laboring was a cooperative work based on an organization called "Jokeh". Each Jokeh consisted of one headman, two loaders, two rowers, 8 to 16 porters, and 3 to 5 substitute members. Also, the entry of workers into political-social movements was one of the consequences of the labor phenomenon in Iraq. In the documentary narrative, the phenomenon of Iranian laboring and porters in Iraq is considered a source of shame for the Pahlavi government. In the narration of the lived experience of laboring and porting, based on the requirements of that time, it evoked zeal and physical strength.

The experience of Iranians in different social, political and economic levels in the contemporary era is linked with the concept of development. This concept, which became popular in the 20th century, has had a great impact on the structure and processes and approaches of thought in this century. In Iran, with the establishment of the Pahlavi government, the concept of development based on different theoretical models was used in the process of Iran's transition from a traditional society to an industrial society. But despite the implementation of 5 development programs in Iran before the revolution, the society suffered crises, ruptures and huge gaps, which resulted in the revolution of 1357. In the present research we are willing to know how the development programs implemented in Pahlavi era in Iran were constructed and what its function were in the development process of Iran. Formulation of development plans in this research is implemented with historical sociology approach. In this sense, attention will be paid to both the historical background of the events and the structures and processes formed based on the theoretical model of development. In addition, we will discuss the two-way interaction between actor and structure in this formulation. Based on the study, it can be pointed out that the pre-revolutionary development programs could not achieve a coherent construction due to the contradictions at the theoretical and activist level, and in the historical context, it was not possible to construct the development discourse and stabilize its meaning and concept.

Road construction in the Kurdish regions was one of the first categories to attract the attention of rulers and statesmen from the post-World War I period. A set of factors such as chaos, lack of security, weakness of the central government, lack of budget, etc. were the main obstacles to the construction of road construction projects in this area. With the coming to power of Reza Shah, roads and road construction in these areas received serious attention. The initial view of the road construction project in the first decade of Reza Shah's reign was security-military, but its development and expansion in the second decade of her rule took on commercial-economic goals. Based on unpublished archival documents, newspapers and descriptive-analytical methods of this research intend to study the process of developments and road construction measures in Kurdish areas in the period under review. The results of the research indicate that; During the sixteen years of Reza Shah's rule, most of the important cities and centers of this region were connected to other centers through highways. Despite the quality weaknesses, the development and expansion of road construction played an effective role in developing and consolidating the influence of the central government and trade relations in these areas

Political and social factors of the Qajar period such as Security, some responsibilities that traditionally are on Rulers, Iran’s semi-colonial condition, and its historical context for transforming the historical traditions to Modernity have affected rural landscapes in different ways. Therefore, the main question of this research is how some factors such as security, ruler’s attempts about rural development, Iran’s situation in global markets, and some attempts for modernizing the agriculture affected on rural landscapes? So understanding the quality of the effect of these factors is the goal of this investigation. To achieve this goal, historical analysis is chosen as a methodology and this study is concentrated on the concept of the rural landscape. Results shows, the effects of the absence of the security were observable in destroyed and abandoned villages, the Architectural form of the villages and avoidance villagers from agriculture. Rulers had some activities in rural development that effected rural landscapes slightly.  Iran’s situation in the global market as a producer of Agricultural raw materials changed the nature of Iranian agriculture from subsistence to commercial and finally some attempt of Iranian for transformation of traditional interaction with environment failed.