نشریه اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

Introduction Tourism has become one of the growing sectors in the world today and its effect goes far beyond the economic and business aspects. With the ever-increasing demand for travel and the tourism industry becoming one of the largest industries in the world, every country needs to strive for social economic development and infrastructure growth to attract potential tourists. In this regard, the expansion of communication techniques along with the transfer of medical knowledge has led to the emergence of a new form of tourism called health tourism. In other words, the combination of medicine and tourism is considered a new form of tourism today [1]. Familiarity with medical medicine and the transfer of medical knowledge from different regions of the world to each other has led to the emergence of a branch of the tourism industry called health tourism. Factors such as changes in consumer values, structural changes, aging of the population, and the requirements of the health service system can be considered as the main factors of the emergence of health tourism. Among the most important factors affecting the development of the health tourism industry, we can mention social security, having international standards in medical centers, issuing treatment visas, developing public infrastructure strategy, human resource development strategy, information and marketing system development strategy, and product development strategy [21]. Therefore, considering the importance of marketing in tourism, especially health tourism, no research shows a scientific model in this field. Based on this, the main problem of the current research is to investigate the impact of marketing on the development of health tourism and to present a marketing model for the development of health tourism in Tehran.Materials and MethodsIn this research, the marketing model of health tourism development in Tehran has been presented. According to the purpose, the research method is applied and in terms of approach, it is exploratory and explanatory, and the research method is also qualitative. The statistical population of the research includes experts in the tourism and health industry. Due to the qualitative nature of the research, first pluralism was used in library resources. For this purpose, domestic and foreign article databases and human databases were used to obtain resources, and then the interview method was used to collect data. For this reason, the purposeful snowball sampling method was used. Thus, first, an interview was conducted with people who had the necessary expertise in the field of the research subject, and at the end, they were asked to introduce others who could help the researcher in the research. For this purpose, by referring to a number of tourism and health industry experts, the prototype was selected and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. At this stage, by asking the interview questions and taking into account the expertise of the people, the interview space was initiated and promoted. Accordingly, in this research, data collection was carried out until the theoretical saturation of information on the subject and where the new data collected did not differ from the previously collected data. Finally, 12 people were selected as research samples in this phase in the qualitative section. The interview was conducted face-to-face, without bias, and mainly at the workplace of the participants, alone and using their voice recordings (with coordination).FindingsIn the current research, the steps of foundation’s data theory is in 4 steps: studying and collecting primary data; conducting semi-structured interviews with tourism and health industry experts; coding data to obtain concepts, components, and dimensions; and finally, identifying new components and establishing relationships between components and dimensions. Based on this, three types of coding (open, central,and selective) were done. Next, after open coding, 160 concepts, totaling 760 words, were extracted from the data. After open coding, axial coding was done and research categories (components) were determined. Based on this, 22 components were determined in the form of 7 dimensions. After extracting the components, in the selective coding stage, the components were categorized in the form of themes (dimensions). After open coding, axial coding is done. Categories (components) can be obtained through axial coding. After determining the dimensions, components, and concepts, to determine the relationships between the identified components and dimensions, the framework prescribed by the Foundation Data Theory was applied for modeling.ConclusionThe development of health tourism infrastructure in the tourism industry will be extremely vital and sensitive in this era and will create a new direction and perspective in the development of research in the field of the tourism industry. The tourism industry, like other industries, must accept the requirement that it must adapt its business to the required infrastructural transformations and carefully monitor the future prospects of this field to be able to meet the needs of the market according to the new conditions. In the qualitative part, the results showed that the health tourism model has 5 causal, contextual, interventional, strategy, and consequences components. By analyzing and interpreting the conducted interviews, a set of mixed elements of marketing were also identified as causal factors that affect the central factor which is the intention of health tourism. Therefore, it can be claimed that the first factor that affects the intention of health tourism and causes the behavioral control of tourists is the mixed elements of marketing like medical services (product), treatment cost (price), location, promotion (promotion), preventive processes, and natural factors.The central action of the research was the intention of health tourism. Therefore, during the analysis of the conducted interviews, tourism intention was determined as the basis of attracting health tourists to tourist destinations, especially in Tehran. In most of the interviews conducted, the interviewees emphasized that the attraction of health tourists requires the intention of tourism. In other words, tourists’ learning and their evaluation of travel and destination conditions have led to acceptance and belief in travel, internal motivation, and accurate choice of tourist destination, which further compels tourists to plan for travel, use opportunities and resources, coordinate with travel agents prepare tickets, hotel reservations, and travel plans. Environmental and organizational factors have been the intervening factors of the current research model. The analysis of conducted interviews showed that environmental factors including political security factors, economic factors, and cultural factors of tourism are among the most important intervening factors that can influence the attraction of health tourists in tourism destinations. The results showed that the political and security factors of the region, especially the tourist destinations, which are heavily affected by terrorist acts, kidnapping of tourists, regional wars, internal and regional disturbances, and the conditions of sanctions, cause political instability and security threats. This issue affects the economic recession, currency fluctuations, unemployment rate, excessive price growth, and hinders the attraction of tourists. The improvement of infrastructure has been one of the underlying factors of the present research model and has a significant effect on the attraction of health tourists. To attract health tourists effectively, a suitable platform should be adopted. The results of this research showed that the infrastructure provides a platform for attracting health tourists in Tehran and the destinations should use these criteria to improve empowerment, especially in the human and environmental fields, and adopt a targeted strategy according to their strengths and weaknesses. The results also showed that the development of infrastructure including transportation systems, accommodation and health services, hospitality services (food and restaurants), and information and communication systems are effective in attracting health tourists to Tehran. Attracting health tourists has been the strategic factor of the current research model. The analysis of the conducted interviews showed that the attraction of health tourists through the satisfaction of therapeutic travel, revisiting if needed, and introducing the tourist destination to friends and acquaintances with similar intentions, causes economic, cultural, social, political, and environmental development in tourism destinations. Therefore, the tourism industry as the largest social mobility has numerous cultural, economic, and political consequences.

Introduction Proper access to urban parks and green spaces is an important criterion for measuring livability in cities. Urban green spaces and consequently urban parks have a great contribution to the health and well-being of citizens. Parks and urban green spaces are some of the most important elements of urban green infrastructure that help to increase the quality of life of citizens and improve the urban environment by purifying the air, controlling noise pollution, reducing the heat island effect, and preserving biodiversity. Urban parks provide ecological and cultural services such as sightseeing, aesthetics, recreation and entertainment, education and culture, sports, and social communication for urban residents and thus improve their quality of life. Urban parks and green spaces as a center for social interactions in today’s cities play a key role in urban renewal and sustainable urban and regional development. Proper access to urban parks and green spaces is related to the happiness of citizens. Considering the important functions of urban parks and green spaces and their role in achieving sustainable urban and regional development, the design and organization of these spaces in cities, especially in the metropolises of Iran, as a strategy to solve acute urban problems and rapid and indiscriminate urbanization and to increase the level of urban livability.
Materials and MethodsThe present study was carried out with the aim of statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in the metropolises of Iran. For this reason, the spatial distribution of parks and urban green spaces in selected Iranian metropolises has been analyzed in this quantitative research using Critic and Cocoso techniques. The metropolises studied in this research were official and unofficial metropolises of Iran such as Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, Tabriz, Ahvaz, Kermanshah, Rasht, Zahedan, Hamedan, and Kerman. The data needed to conduct the research has been collected from the statistics of the studied metropolises. The indicators used are the total area of urban green space in square meters, the area of green space covered by the municipality, the total number of parks, the total area of parks in square meters, the number of urban parks, the area of urban parks, the number of forest parks, and the area of forest parks and per capita green space in the studied metropolises of Iran. The weight of these indicators was calculated using the Critic technique and was used in the Cocoso technique. In the Cocoso technique, three strategies and the value of the final score (K) have been investigated and analyzed. FindingsIn the first strategy (Ka), the Cocoso technique of Tehran metropolis has the highest score (0/114). In this strategy, the cities of Rasht (0/016) and Hamedan (0/071) have the lowest scores. In the second strategy (Kb), the Cocoso technique of Tehran metropolis obtained the highest score (426/23). In this strategy, the cities of Rasht with a score of (2), Zahedan with a score of (49/76), and Hamadan with a score of (61/47) obtained the lowest scores. In the third strategy (Kc), the Kokosu technique of Tehran metropolis has the highest score by scoring (1). In this strategy, the cities of Rasht with a score of (0/140) and Hamedan with a score of (0/619) have the lowest scores. The mean of the closest neighborhood of the spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in Shiraz metropolis is 0/721049, the Z score is -4/713088, and the PValue is 0/000002. Based on the average of the nearest neighborhood, the pattern of spatial distribution of urban parks and green spaces in Shiraz metropolis was clustered. Multi-distance spatial cluster analysis shows that the pattern of spatial distribution of parks and urban green spaces in Shiraz metropolis is clustered.
ConclusionThe results of the research show that Tehran metropolis had the highest number of parks and urban green spaces. Despite the fact that this national metropolis has obtained the highest number of parks and urban green spaces among the studied cities; considering the amount of population concentrated in this metropolis, this city is far from the ideal state. It is not possible to check the amount and level of urban livability only by using indicators related to the number of urban parks and green spaces, and many other factors influence the level of livability. After Tehran metropolis, Shiraz and Mashhad metropolises have many advantages in terms of parks and urban green spaces. Among the studied metropolises, Rasht city has obtained the weakest and lowest score and this city needs special attention in the field of studied indicators.

Introduction Urban development plans create added value through urban planning and investment in infrastructure. Many urban planners, considering the changes in the value of real estate and land in urban development plans, have tried to regulate and implement methods that benefit the beneficiaries of urban development in the process of developing cities. require to pay at least a part of this added value to the city administration. In this regard, paying attention to the components of spatial justice to reduce inequalities is emphasized by urban planners. In this research, different approaches for obtaining added value resulting from the implementation of urban development plans and compensating owners from the point of view of spatial justice and methods of redistributing private benefits resulting from guiding the development of cities have been investigated. To achieve correct planning in urban development plans, one must have sufficient knowledge of the dimensions and number of factors affecting the added value resulting from the implementation of development plans. The analysis of the added value of urban lands indicates the multiplicity and complexity of factors affecting the value of real estate and city lands, such as macro-financial and monetary policies, urban management policies, inflationary trends, and the amount of supply and inventory of housing and urban services. In this research, the factors affecting the value of land and urban properties have been divided into internal and external variables. The internal variables of the added value of real estate and urban land include issues like the size of the plots, the location of the land, the condition of the property, and the owner’s investment. The added value is caused by public measures including various urban development projects, and the creation of urban infrastructure. It is only possible to study the effect of urban development plans on the value of urban land and real estate if the effect of other factors on the value of urban land is removed. So, in this research, the land price situation of the studied city (Golpayegan city in Isfahan province), in the year of preparation of the city development plan, was weighted and assigned a number between zero and one. In this method, land prices compared to other parts of the city were determined relatively. The same operation took place after the implementation of the development and urban planning of the city and in the year of preparation of the detailed plan. According to the standardized maps, at this stage, it was possible to analyze the changes in the value of urban land through GIS software.Materials and MethodsThis article is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and content. On the other hand, this research is practical in terms of its purpose, because it can be applied to solve practical and real problems and has a practical application. In terms of time, it is also cross-sectional. In this research, the increase in the value of land and real estate due to urban development and development plans and different approaches to obtaining the added value of land in development plans have been investigated. Also, the changes in the value of urban land in Golpayegan city over 10 years (in 1390 during the preparation of the development and urban plan of the city and in 1400 after the implementation of the plan and the preparation of the detailed plan of the city) were investigated. Also, the amount of changes made in different uses and their distribution in the city was determined from the perspective of spatial justice. First, spatial justice criteria were identified in comprehensive plans and these criteria were evaluated from the point of view of urban planning experts and the urban planning experts who were involved in the preparation of urban comprehensive plans. Furthermore, 100 sample questionnaires were completed. The components of spatial justice were selected by evaluating more than 100 scientific sources that were most suitable for the topic. Finally, using the coding technique and semantic units, categories were compiled in the form of principles and criteria of social and spatial justice. According to the criteria of spatial justice, a questionnaire was completed in the form of 20 items corresponding to the criteria and metrics of spatial justice. The adequacy of the sample size according to the number of variables and using KMO data tests for factor analysis is equal to 0.773 which is an acceptable number. The analysis of the findings was done using the exploratory factor analysis technique. Spatial justice criteria have been examined using secondary analysis in the components of spatial diversity and equality and non-discrimination, attention to the needs of citizens and differences in favor of the deprived, participation and observance of citizenship rights, and transparency and agreement.FindingsAfter the implementation of the Golpayegan development plan, many things have influenced the changes in the added value of urban properties, including the determination of urban land use, the determination of the city limits and the creation of a road network, construction rules, and regulations and the zoning of the use of different uses. In the studied sample, determining and changing the use of urban land for profit and non-profit has directly affected the added value of urban land. In the parts of Golpayegan city where the density of commercial uses has been suggested, the changes in land value are positive and more than in other parts. From the comparison of the relative changes in the value of land compared to commercial uses, it seems that after the implementation of the plan, the increase in the price of land and real estate in the main axes of the city has grown more than in other parts. Of course, due to wear and tear and lack of attention to renovation, we see a decrease in added value compared to other sectors in the old commercial axes. Urban development plans within the framework of comprehensive and detailed plans, through the application of construction rules, determining the minimum or maximum area of land plots, and determining the ratio of the building to the land area, ground floor coverage, and density can help to achieve spatial justice. 
ConclusionThe results of the plan review and analysis show that the criteria of spatial justice in urban development plans are at a low level, and to understand the results of the increase in land value, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between planning approaches and spatial justice criteria.

IntroductionNowadays, due to population growth, uncontrolled migration, horizontal urban development, and the intense demand for increased construction of residential units, there has been a disregard for the qualitative aspect of housing. The most significant issue observed in various areas of Tehran is that some neighborhoods have become the residence of high socioeconomic classes, while others are inhabited by the poor and low-income segments of society. The research aims to evaluate urban livability based on the different conditions of neighborhoods from the perspective of the residents in Tehran. In this regard, the quality of life and urban livability are considered one of the most important areas of urban studies in different countries, encompassing various social, environmental, and economic factors. Attention to these indicators in cities has gained significance as an effective tool for urban management and planning, ultimately determining the level of livability in cities. A quality living environment supports various human activities. The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades has led to the decline of the values of these living environments in the old inner city areas, rendering them no longer capable of meeting human needs or providing suitable platforms for their activities. Some urban areas face significant challenges in terms of physical and environmental degradation, social deprivation, insecurity, unemployment, economic inequality, housing shortages, and traffic congestion, all of which severely reduce the quality of urban life. Nevertheless, policymakers and planners at international and national levels emphasize the capacity of cities to improve the quality of human life.Materials and MethodsThe present research is practical and falls under the descriptive-analytical type. The theoretical framework section of the study has been developed through information from existing statistics and documents in the library. The indicators and variables affecting the quality of the living environment in the current research, based on the study of foundations and research literature, are presented in Table 3. On the other hand, the data collection was conducted through field studies and the use of a questionnaire tool, which was designed based on the research indicators and variables. For data analysis, the SPSS 22 software was used. Descriptive statistics (frequencies) and inferential statistics (t-tests, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression analysis, and path analysis) were employed. The t-test and F-test were used to examine differences and path analysis was used to determine the impact of factors influencing the quality of the residential environment from the perspective of residents at the neighborhood level (Tajrish, North Narmak, and South Salsabil) in Tehran. Lastly, for spatial analysis, interpolation, and neighborhood classification, the ArcGIS 10.3 software was utilized.FindingsResearch findings have shown that there is a positive and direct relationship between the age of residents and their level of satisfaction. As their age increases, their satisfaction with living in the neighborhood also increases. There is a significant relationship between gender and the quality of the residential environment. Path analysis of factors influencing the quality of the residential environment from the perspective of citizens in three neighborhoods (Tajrish, Northern Narmak, and Southern Salsabil) in Tehran city reveals that social, economic, access to urban services and facilities, quality of public transportation, physical quality of neighborhoods, and environmental hygiene have the most influential effects, with the highest impact being 0.43 (social index) and the lowest impact being 0.06 (environmental hygiene index). Based on the results of the questionnaire distribution among residents of the three neighborhoods, the descriptive statistics of respondents are as follows: 41.9% of the sample population were women and 58.1% were men in response to gender questions. In terms of marital status, 23.7% of respondents were single and 73.3% were married. In terms of age, 6.6% of respondents were under 20 years old, 73.4% were between 21 and 40 years old, 14.9% were between 41 and 60 years old, and 5% were in the age group of 61 to 80 years old. Regarding education level, 1.2% were literate, 10.8% had elementary education, 31.9% had a diploma or pre-university education, 26.1% had post-secondary education, and 27.8% had a bachelor’s degree or higher education. In terms of occupation, 31.5% had government jobs and 68.5% were self-employment. According to the questionnaire results, 6.24% of the respondents had a monthly income of less than 3 million Tomans, 28.33% had an income between 3 and 6 million Tomans, 31.12% had an income between 6 and 10 million Tomans, 16.46% had an income between 10 and 13 million Tomans, and 10.95% had an income between 13 and 16 million Tomans, while 6.90% had an income above 13 million Tomans per month. In terms of duration of residence in the residential neighborhood, 18% had less than 10 years, 24% had between 10-15 years, and the rest had more than 15 years of residence history in the neighborhood. In terms of the economic index, the highest average is related to land prices, and the lowest average is related to neighborhood income. In the social index, the highest average is related to social participation, and the lowest average is related to social security. Among the variables related to the quality index of neighborhoods, the variable of building quality has the highest average and the variable of residential unit quality has the lowest average. In terms of access to urban services and facilities, the variable of access to services has the highest average and the variable of access to recreational facilities has the lowest average. In terms of quality of traffic and public transportation at the neighborhood level, the variable of access to public transportation has the highest average and the variable of street and alley quality has the lowest average. In the environmental hygiene index, satisfaction with waste collection has the highest average and sewage disposal has the lowest average.ConclusionThe increase in population and extensive migration to cities has led to a quantitative approach to housing, ultimately resulting in a decline in attention to the quality of the residential environment. This has created various social, economic, and political issues in our country. Therefore, this research aims to define the effective indicators in the residential environment (environmental, economic, social-cultural, physical, and managerial) to assess the mental dimension of citizens through a survey. The assessment of the quality of the residential environment from different dimensions shows that in some cases, there are differences between what residents perceive about their living environment and the results obtained from objective measurements of the environment. The evaluation criteria for the residential environment largely reflect the citizens’ perception of space based on the indicators used in urban planning. In general, the research findings show that women are more satisfied with their residential neighborhoods than men. There is a significant relationship between the duration of residence in the neighborhood and the level of satisfaction with the neighborhood’s quality. As the duration of residence increases, the level of satisfaction with the neighborhood also increases. The determinants of the quality of the residential environment are not only physical and architectural criteria but also includes creating sustainable and innovative structures that align with social, cultural, environmental, and economic characteristics that can significantly improve residents’ satisfaction with the quality of their residential environment. Ultimately, aligning the mental and objective quality of the residential environment is a key solution to improving the overall quality of the residential environment.

Introduction With the increase in population and the rapid expansion of urbanization and the physical development of cities, especially in metropolises, the issue of environmental security, especially in urban areas, has received much attention. Public urban spaces within metropolitan areas are also among the spaces that potentially cause some crimes and social damages like theft, conflict, and addiction, especially if the principles of environmental design are not observed in the design of such spaces. In the metropolis of Tehran, there is also a problem of lack and weakness of security in urban spaces in some of its neighborhoods. Dilapidated physical structures, dilapidated or under-construction houses, many narrow and dead-end and covered passages in the neighborhood on the one hand, and low population concentration, especially after the closing of the market, and low public supervision in some neighborhoods of Tehran, on the other hand, has created the basis for social problems and unsafe places. Many theories and approaches have been proposed by urban theorists to face this problem and create a safe urban space. One of the most important ideas presented in this regard is crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). This approach, which considers social factors in its designs along with physical factors, provides grounds for removing or adjusting criminal and blind spots and by increasing the level of social support and supervision, it helps to increase the level of security in the neighborhood. The current research has been carried out to redesign unsafe urban public spaces, emphasizing the environmental design approach in neighborhoods with low security.Materials and MethodsThe present research is considered quantitative-qualitative research. Based on the type, it is considered as applied research, and based on the method, it is considered as descriptive-analytical research. In this research, six dimensions (supervision, management and maintenance, activity support, structure, access and movement, and sense of ownership) have been measured in the form of 11 indicators at the neighborhood level. The method of data collection was document-field. The tools of data collection were a researcher-made questionnaire, in-depth field observations, interviews, and photography of the desired urban spaces. The statistical population of the research was a combination of residents (384 people based on Cochran’s formula) and specialists in the field of urban planning (30 people). The analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method has been used to weight research criteria and classify localities. After identifying the unsafe neighborhood using the qualitative method, unsafe urban spaces have been identified, and based on the features of environmental design through the method of analysis and morphology (morphological analysis), unsafe spaces have been redesigned.FindingsFrom the perspective of the research expert community, the criterion of supporting activities with a score of 0.266 has the highest score and the criterion of sense of ownership with a score of 0.085 is the least important. Also, the criteria of neighborhood structure, access and movement, supervision and management, and maintenance have received scores of 0.207, 0.168, 0.145, and 0.130 respectively. The analysis of the data collected at the sample neighborhood level determined that the Narmak neighborhood was ranked 0.543, 0.469, 0.493, and 0.450 respectively in the four dimensions of neighborhood structure, supervision, sense of ownership, and management and maintenance. It has won first place in the issue of environmental security of urban spaces. In the body of Narmak Squares, there is no sign of extraneous corners, and the short and readable dead-ends have given the bodies of these spaces good visibility. According to what was obtained from the model, Narmak, North Kargar, Bagh Shater, and Sangalj neighborhoods are ranked first to fourth with scores of 0.393, 0.330, 0.221, and 0.056 respectively. Therefore, Narmak neighborhood has been evaluated as the safest neighborhood, and the Sangalaj neighborhood in the central part of Tehran as the most unsafe neighborhood. The walls of the Sangalj neighborhood are very active due to their proximity to the market, and this neighborhood has caused much non-local traffic to the neighborhood during the day, and this point reduces the security of the neighborhood. To better identify the alleys and unsafe spaces in the Sangalj neighborhood, the designed area was divided into three zones: East, North-West, and South-West. In the eastern zone, features such as the lack of supervision on the alleys, the presence of warehouses, the absence of residents, and the lack of sense of belonging and responsibility of the residents towards the presence of vulnerable groups can be seen. In the northwest area, there have been features like a lack of light lighting, unsafe corners, and indentations caused by the setback of buildings in the alleys. Also, in the southwest zone, features like the increase in the presence of drug dealers in the Tarkhani market at night (when it is closed), the use of drugs openly at the beginning of alleys, and other similar cases can be seen. Khals Alley in area number two of the eastern zone and Hamami Alley in area number one of the northwest zones have been chosen for the design and implementation of ideas due to their location and insecurity. Keeping the old entrance as the entrance to the bathroom alley, turning the corners and hangouts of drug addicts into craft stalls and cultural stalls, and improving the entrances and walls of the shops on Shishegaran Street are some of the design ideas of this unsafe urban space. Repairing the walls and arranging the facades of the buildings, removing visual excesses in the walls to eliminate the confusion of the facades in the space, demolishing the dilapidated building to create openness, and designing the carpet gallery cafe due to its proximity to the carpet shops, installing a security kiosk (to strengthen the observer’s eye) at the entrance Gallery cafe and... are some of the points that can be seen in the proposed designs to improve the environmental security of Khals alley.ConclusionThe results of the comparative comparison of the studied neighborhoods showed that the Narmak neighborhood in the east of Tehran (District 8) was the safest neighborhood and the Sangalaj neighborhood in the central part of Tehran (District 12) was evaluated as the most unsafe neighborhood in the eyes of the residents. This comparison allows us to review and compare the principles of CPTED in all neighborhoods, use the positive points in safe neighborhoods, and provide lessons to make Sangalj neighborhood safer. The results showed that there are about 20 unsafe situations or spaces in the Sangalj neighborhood, the most important features of which are open alleys and the easy possibility of criminals to escape, unsafe corners caused by the setback of buildings, lack of light and lamp-pointed out, the lack of retail or any related use that seeks greater presence and security, the presence of cardboard sleeping quarters and groups of criminals and drug addicts in some routes. Finally, the current research confirms the results of previous studies regarding the existence of unsafe urban spaces in some localities and the effective use of crime prevention approach criteria in the redesign of unsafe urban spaces. In addition, it is important to mention that securing urban areas, especially in the central part of cities, is not possible only with physical measures and design, but also requires social, policy, and management measures.

ntroduction The individual and social requirements of humans, which the designers of urban spaces should consider, include factors such as emotional connection with the place and the feeling of belonging. Moreover, considering the importance of knowing the factors affecting the creation of a sense of place belonging in the design of urban spaces, this research aims to study the factors influencing the outcome of a sense of belonging in a metropolitan area, mainly urban sidewalks. Sense of place, however, is a multidimensional and complex structure that describes the relationship between citizens and urban spaces. Furthermore, the users of those spaces perceive this feature, ultimately leading to a place that is special and unique. This paper aims to review the factors and criteria that influence the creation and increase of the sense of belonging in the urban space, particularly in the urban sidewalks as one of the urban spaces used in today’s cities; accordingly, considering the potential of Shahid Chamran pedestrian walkway in Shiraz City, in the vicinity of Chamran Blvd., as a study example, the paper seeks to realize an integrated analysis of the range and a set of location-based and micro-scale strategies to increase the sense of belonging of the users to this urban space, which ultimately leads to the creation of collective memories in the area.Materials and MethodsThe paper is applied research and uses descriptive-analytical approaches. A mixed quantitative-qualitative method is utilized accordingly. Moreover, the data-collecting techniques are divided into four categories: library information, field information, and quantitative strategic planning matrix analysis. Ultimately, the questionnaire from Chamran sidewalk users was used, and it was studied utilizing a t-test in SPSS. Regarding information collection, library information and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) method are applied to collect information to recognize and measure the context in terms of the criteria of the sense of belonging in the Shahid Chamran sidewalk of Shiraz. The main instruments applied in the field method include semi-structured interviews with local society, completing the questionnaire according to the indicators obtained from theoretical studies, photography, and observation. In this paper, however, at two different times (morning and evening) when more users were present in the research area, interviews and questionnaires were answered with the help of 90 pedestrian users, residents of the site, and workers around it. FindingsThe paper, however, aims to measure the sense of belonging in the Shahid Chamran sidewalk and provide spatial strategies to increase the variable on this basis based on the criteria and sub-criteria measured in this range and based on the macro dimensions of the principles of creating a sense of place belonging in urban sidewalks resulting from the theoretical framework, after identifying the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as the SWAT shows, they were inserted in the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors. As the results show, Shahid Chamran pedestrian street is currently not in a suitable and acceptable condition due to internal factors, and the weak aspects of this street outweigh its strengths. On the other hand, according to the ultimate score of the matrix of external factors, this sidewalk organizes a relatively suitable and acceptable condition. Also, the opportunities in this area hold more points than possible threats. Furthermore, conservative strategies were selected, and using the quantitative strategic planning matrix method, the priority and score of each of the proposed designs were suggested with this approach in the Chamran pedestrian walkway. Moreover, the most attractive strategies for compensating weaknesses and exploiting opportunities were: “redefining the application of existing spaces along the pedestrian route to strengthen social activities”; “combination of spatial elements and vegetation to balance the spatial proportions of the environment”; “strengthening the lighting and improving its condition on the footpath”;  “improving pedestrian accessibility along the route and strengthening inclusiveness along it”; “redefining the entrance of spaces and also strengthening the spatial determination along the pedestrian route” and “strengthening legibility along the pedestrian route.” Ultimately, the priority of spatial strategies in the Shahid Chamran sidewalk was determined.ConclusionOne factor affecting citizens on urban sidewalks as a new space in today’s cities is the sense of belonging. As a result, it is essential to adopt location-based strategies to increase this urban space’s environmental quality. This paper aims to study the criteria and sub-criteria affecting citizens’ sense of belonging in urban sidewalks and their evaluation of the Shahid Chamran sidewalk in Shiraz to measure its condition in terms of the intention of belonging of the citizens to this urban space and to provide strategies to increase the sense of belonging in it to answer the questions raised in the research. For this purpose, however, the criteria and sub-criteria of the meaning of belonging in an urban sidewalk are analyzed and evaluated following reviewing the existing theoretical bases related to the research topic and extracting the theoretical framework. Accordingly, the condition of this sidewalk was assessed by field observations at various hours of the day based on the number of visitors to this urban sidewalk. Semi-structured interviews and conversations with the users of this space and completing a questionnaire based on the theoretical foundations of the subject, and subsequently, the type of strategies required to improve the condition of this sidewalk is determined by internal and external factors evaluation matrix. Moreover, the approach adopted by the quantitative strategic planning matrix, QSPM, in this urban space is based on conservative analyses aimed at taking advantage of potential opportunities in this area to overcome existing weaknesses. Additionally, using the various spaces available on the sidewalk to define temporary or permanent activities on the sidewalk has gained the highest level of attractiveness among other proposed methods.Considering that the Shahid Chamran pedestrian area is located in the vicinity of various uses, however, defining flexible and diverse spaces to encourage individuals to be present in this urban space and perform multiple cultural and social activities may increase the level of communication of users with this space and lead to the revival of their sense of belonging to this environment in addition to creating collective memories. Among the other solutions that were finally chosen to improve the current condition of the Chamran sidewalk, we may mention the combination of spatial elements and vegetation, lighting enhancement, and improving access. Furthermore, as is evident, the mentioned solutions have a minor and location-oriented nature and are looking for small reforms in the current state of the area; according to the results of the questionnaire, interviews, and observations present the relative satisfaction of the users of the said space and additionally the successful performance of this space as an urban sidewalk. In this way, the sense of belonging to the place of life is an essential topic in urban studies. Therefore, the high importance of belonging to the citizens increases their spirit of participation and expands the communication and interaction of the individual with the environment. However, the results of this study may apply to the design of urban sidewalks, and there is a way to increase the sense of belonging in urban sidewalks. Thanks to the proposed framework, planning and designing in all physical, functional, socio-economic, environmental, and managerial dimensions makes it possible to create an urban space with the most excellent sense of public belonging.

Introduction Since its formation, urban management in Iran, which has been backed for more than a hundred years, has always faced fluctuations both in its concept and position. Moreover, the ambiguity in its structure and the way of communication with its internal and external environment has always been a problem for the urban management system of the country. Therefore, a large body of today’s urban management problems, including its inefficiency and low effectiveness, are caused by these historical fluctuations. Meanwhile, one of the important foundations of the urban management system, the city Islamic councils, is one of the best hopes for creating citizen participation capacities in the urban management system and strengthening local self-governance. This basic principle of urban management has played an important role in the transition from non-participatory and authoritarian urban management to good urban governance and has appropriate legal capacities to make the urban management system transparent, accountable, and reliable. However, although city councils have been added to Iran’s urban management system as an important principle and advisory and supervisory layer in the last 20 years, the result of their performance in terms of efficiency and effectiveness on the quality of the urban management system and its improvement has not been positive and significant. The main purpose of this study is the pathology of the organizations, duties, and elections of the country’s Islamic councils and the election of mayors’ law (approved in 1996 and its subsequent amendments).Materials and MethodsThe legal research approach has been deployed as the main methodology of the current article to identify the critical bottlenecks in this law, its inefficiencies, and inadequacies from the perspective of the efficiency and effectiveness of the Islamic city of Tehran (placement and duties). Moreover, using this semi-structural method (in-person interview) the role of the council in Tehran’s urban management system has been recognized and analyzed, and then required legal reforms and policy recommendations are proposed.FindingsThe results of the article show that, regarding the law, the majority of Tehran city councils’ authority is in the removal and installation of the mayor and supervision of municipal affairs, and the lowest area of its authority is in connection with the supervision and cooperation of urban branches of the central government who are service providers at the city level. As a result, one of the main reasons for the council’s low efficiency is the determination of the limits for the council’s supervisory powers to the extent of cooperation, which is done based on discretion and upon the request of government organizations. Also, the mechanism of legal treatment for the conditions of non-cooperation of government agencies with the council is not provided in the law. This drawback particularly in Tehran where all of the central government ministries and branches are established has exacerbated the inefficiency and inability of the city council for supervision and effectiveness for the whole city not only for the municipal affairs.ConclusionThe results also indicate that there are three possible solutions for enhancing the role of the city council in Tehran’s urban management. These are 1) Amendment of the current law, 2) Developing a new law based on the local management independence, and 3) Amendment of the current law regarding the separation of Tehran city council as the capital council from another city council in the country and law amendment based on this separation. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of each of the possible options for amending the law, option 3 is the most likely solution with a higher ability to be realized in the current legal environment and legal structure of the country. Moreover, the general favor of urban management experts regarding the separation of Tehran’s problems as the capital of the country has increased the chance of solution number 3. Indeed, considering the vast amendments required to change the current law of councils to expand the decision-making powers and competencies of the council over the whole urban organizations, and not just the municipality, this ability and relative capacity exists in the current conditions in Tehran. Finally, supporting the main results of previous studies on the issue of drafting new laws for Tehran’s urban management system for separating and amending existing laws to strengthen the position of the local management in the national and regional management structure of the country indicates that the option number 3 is a shortcut for reaching the good result.

Introduction Following the expansion of urbanization and the high speed of changes in urban contexts for various reasons, the quality of the residential environment in urban areas has severely degraded. Therefore, today one of the goals of urban planning is to achieve the highest quality of the urban environment and the satisfaction of citizens in different dimensions. Meanwhile, the use of housing, as the most important and main urban use, has played a decisive role in the formation of cities. Paying attention to the sustainability of the housing sector as the most important urban element in sustainable urban development is known as one of its most fundamental aspects. Today, housing, as a living space, deals with various human needs at different levels, and due to its economic nature, it is considered one of the main categories of urban and rural society. Housing is one of the most sensitive and essential sectors in economic and social development planning. Any change in one of the economic, social, or political components affects housing developments. Based on this, creating stability in housing planning in line with sustainable urban development is an important step in reducing current instabilities. In this regard, considering the role and place of strategic planning in the development of housing and improving the function of living in urban areas, the current research is trying to determine the strategies of housing development and the improvement and functionality of residence in the 7th district of Tehran.
Materials and MethodsThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The method of collecting information is based on documentary studies, library, and field methods. The data and information analysis method of the present study uses descriptive, analytical, and prescriptive statistical methods. The analysis method for data processing, ranking, and leveling of quantitative indicators and functional indicators of residence included EXCELL and GIS software, to calculate indicators and identify the target neighborhood of planning, and the analytical of the SWOT model has been used to obtain the weak and strong points and to identify the opportunities and threats of the neighborhood. The indicators used in the current research include the housing quantitative index and residential function indicators.FindingsThe results of the analysis of housing indicators and housing function in the neighborhoods of district 7 showed that the largest residential area belongs to the Shahid neighborhoods and the smallest to the Nizam-Abad and Amjadiyeh-Khaghani. The greatest shortage of residential units belongs to neighborhoods and the fewest shortage of residential units belongs to the Bahar neighborhood. The highest number of fine textiles is in Shahid neighborhood and the fewest belong to the Nilufar-Shahid Ghandi neighborhood and the fewest  residential units are in Nizam-Abad neighborhood. The largest number of households is in Shahid neighborhood and the lowest number is in Amjadiyeh-Khaghani. The highest number of residential units is in Nilufar-Shahid Qandi neighborhood and the lowest number is in Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk, the highest intensity of residential use is in Shahid, Khwaja Nizam and Al-Maluk and Armenians neighborhoods, and the lowest number to Majidiyeh-Dabastan, the highest number of gross residential density in the neighborhood of Khwaja Nizam al-Maluk and Armenians, and the lowest number to Nilofar-Shahid Qandi neighborhood, the highest amount of imperviousness to the neighborhood of Khwaja Nizam al-Maluk, the highest amount of coarse texture in the neighborhood Abbas-Abad-Andisheh and the lowest amount belongs to Dehghan-Gorgan neighborhood, the highest number of unstable housing belongs to Nilofar-Shahid Qandi neighborhood and the lowest number to Bahar neighborhood, the most worn-out fabric belongs to Shahid neighborhood and the least belongs to Nilofar-Shahid Qandi neighborhood. Also, the results showed that none of the localities in the region are at a suitable level in terms of residential function indicators, except in a few cases. In relation to the urban per capita, Khawaja Nizam al-Mulk neighborhood has the highest per capita and Kaj neighborhood has the lowest urban per capita, in relation to the health services per capita, mjadiyeh-Khaghani neighborhood has the highest, and Armenian neighborhood has the lowest urban per capita, in relation to the commercial use per capita of Nilufar-Shahid neighborhood. Kandi has the highest per capita population and the Armenian neighborhood has the lowest per capita, Amjadiyeh-Khaghani neighborhood has the highest health per capita, and the Armenian neighborhood, Majidieh-Debastan, Qasr-Hashmatieh has the lowest per capita, Sohrvardi-Bagh Saba neighborhood has the highest green space per capita and Bahar neighborhood has the lowest per capita. Abbas-Abad-Andisheh neighborhood has the highest transportation and parking usage per capita and Armenian neighborhood has the lowest per capita compared to other neighborhoods. Based on this, it can be concluded that the eastern parts of the region have less urban population. The results of the ranking and stratification of the neighborhoods in terms of housing indicators and the function of the residence showed that the Armenian neighborhood is in a state of disarray.
ConclusionIn the current research, an attempt was made to investigate and measure the stability of housing at the neighborhood level by using quantitative indicators and the function of housing occupancy in District 7 of Tehran municipality and the Armenian neighborhood. The results of the research findings in connection with the investigation of the quantitative indicators of the housing of the Armenian neighborhood among the neighborhoods of District 7 showed that the Armenian neighborhood is at a high level in terms of residential area and ranks 3rd, in terms of residential per capita, it is ranked 9th. In terms of gross residential density, it ranks 2nd, in terms of the total number of residential units, in 3rd rank, in terms of the number of households, in 3rd rank, in terms of the intensity of residential use, in 1st rank, in terms of the lack of residential units in 11th rank, in terms of the number of residential units in Rank 4, in terms of density of people in a residential unit in rank 9, in terms of the number of fine-grained tissue in rank 2, in terms of the number of coarse-grained tissue in rank 10, in terms of the number of unstable housing in rank 3, in terms of impermeability with zero impermeability in the 12th place, it is in the 14th place in terms of the number of vacant buildings compared to other districts of District 7. Also, the results obtained from the examination of the indicators of the residential function of the districts of District 7, the Armenian neighborhood ranks 5th in terms of the urban population, 10th in terms of religion per capita, 6th in terms of green space per capita, and 14th in terms of medical services per capita. In terms of per capita education, it ranks 14th, in terms of sports, it ranks 14th, in terms of transportation and parking, it ranks 13th, in terms of business, it ranks 14th, in terms of health, it ranks 12th, and in terms of culture, it ranks 8th, compared to other localities in the District 7, it is located. The results of Electra’s multi-criteria weighting model consisting of housing and housing function indicators show that this neighborhood has a predominance (zero) with a weight of (0.111912) that unfavorable indicators related to housing function such as religious use, sports, transportation, parking, green space, and commercial use, which has an abysmal rating, as well as the instability of housing, the impermeability of the residential fabric, and severe wear and tear in this neighborhood have caused it.

Introduction Quality of life is a complex, multidimensional, and interdisciplinary concept that has been widely discussed in the 1960s by various disciplines of health sciences and social and economic sciences. Quality of life (QOL) refers to the public well-being of people and it is mainly understood through the concepts of objective and subjective well-being. Previous studies discussed the relationship between the quality of place and tourism in two aspects: scenes and amenities. First, the lifestyle carried by the scenes is the main attraction of cultural tourism. observers or observers are also known as tourists and tourists are immersed in their unique experience in the scene’s amenities like the quality of vision, theatre, parks, museums, restaurants, and shopping opportunities, which can be psychologically attractive to tourists, which is also due to the lifestyle offered by the amenities. By consuming facilities, people maintain a lifestyle that can reflect their identity. Tourists and long-term residents are known as welfare migrants with the motivation to consume welfare facilities. Cities full of amenities have become “cities of the festival “and “entertainment machines“. These cities not only absorb the creative class but also tourists. Therefore, it can be said that tourism is one of the parts that creates major economic, social, and cultural changes in the cities and nowadays is a dynamic economic industry, which plays a key role in improving the quality of life of citizens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the development of urban tourism on the quality of life of citizens in urban areas of Tabriz.Materials and MethodsThe present study is an applied research in terms of goal, descriptive - -correlation in terms of research method, and survey approach in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of all urban areas of Tabriz metropolitan (1.773.033 people) which was determined as the sample size of 384 people based on Cochran’s formula. The method of distribution of the questionnaires was cluster random based on population density in each district. To collect data, two methods of library and documentary (questionnaire) were used. The measurement tool included two quality-of-life questionnaires by Weir and Sherbon (1992) with 25 items and urban tourism development developed by a Researcher with 15 items. It should be noted that the professors of the research confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. In this research, the reliability (determination of trust) of the questionnaire or its reliability by using Cronbach’s alpha was performed in the SPSS version 24. Cronbach’s alpha test of the quality-of-life questionnaire with 50 items was equal to (0.869) and Cronbach’s alpha test of the tourism development questionnaire with 23 items was obtained (0.876). This shows the reliability of the research questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and geographic information system (GIS) software. Correlation and regression statistical tests were the applied statistical tests. To study the spatial assessment of tourism development and its effects on the quality of life of citizens, 15 factors affecting tourism development were prepared in raster format. All of the nominal criteria mentioned in the study, using GIS and raster maps, were converted to spatial dimensions, and raster maps were generated to model the potential of urban tourism. To analyze spatial data, quantitative, computational, and software, methods have been used. Considering that the unit of each of the different layers is unique and different from each other, the standardization process of factors based on each effect on increasing or decreasing the potential of tourism in the range between 1 and 5 has been standardized.FindingsAccording to the research findings, the correlation coefficient between urban tourism development factors with the quality of life in ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz is 0.235, and at a significant level ( p < 0.05 ) indicates that there is a significant relationship between these two variables. In addition, the correlation coefficient of urban tourism development with the quality of life in urban areas of Tabriz is equal to 588 indicating the existence of a correlation between these two variables. Therefore, it can be said that with increasing the rate of urban tourism development, the quality of life in the urban areas of Tabriz metropolis increases.The results also showed that the correlation coefficient of social, economic, environmental, and physical dimensions of urban tourism development with the level of quality of life in urban areas of Tabriz metropolis is 0.376, 0.466, 0.265, and 0.292 respectively, which shows the existence of correlation between the two mentioned variables. Hence, it can be concluded that with increasing the amount of urban tourism development dimensions, the quality of life in urban areas of Tabriz metropolis increases. The impact of urban tourism development on the quality of life in urban areas of Tabriz is due to the economic dimension. Finally, the results showed that the correlation coefficient of urban tourism with the level of quality of life in ten metropolitan areas of Tabriz is 0.293, 0.376, 0.284, 0.402, 0.384, 0.102, 0.417, 0.296, 0.098, and 0.412 respectively, which indicates the existence of a correlation between these two variables to the dividing areas. according to the research findings, districts 6 and 9 have the lowest level of quality of life, and districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10 have the highest level of quality of life in the ten districts of Tabriz.ConclusionUndoubtedly, tourism development should be based on the process of comprehensive planning to improve the quality of life of residents. National policymakers are required to implement adequate measures and regulations for the development of urban tourism to improve services and tourism activities that will eventually be reflected in the quality of life of residents. This study highlights the importance of local community perception, community attachment, and perceived life quality to destination managers responsible for planning and developing future tourism projects. From the point of view of residents, different indicators of quality of life have a strong positive relationship with tourism development. This indicates the high perception of citizens from the level of quality of life in Tabriz metropolitan. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between urban tourism development factors with the quality of life in ten districts of Tabriz. Development of urban tourism with a variance of 34.4 % has positive effects on the quality of life in urban areas of Tabriz metropolitan. It seems that the impact of urban tourism development on the quality of life in urban areas of Tabriz is due to the economic dimension with a variance of 26.4 %. The development of urban tourism affects the quality of life in districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10.

Introduction In contemporary times, rivers no longer play a role in regulating the spatial structure or the social organization of cities; consequently, riverbanks have been excised from the network of cities’ public spaces. This trend has led to phenomena such as the incursion of garbage, sewage, and effluent into rivers, infringement upon the rivers’ domain and bed, and has imperiled urban resilience through manifold environmental problems. In an era where environmental values are prioritized, rivers and their banks are of particular significance within the urban milieu. Modern urban planning And Design, while guaranteeing safety and comfort in an ideal urban experience, regards access to water as a special value that impacts the quality of urban life. In recent decades, the rejuvenation of urban rivers has been fraught with numerous challenges; however, fostering diverse activities in riversides, economically, socially, and ecologically, can transform them into dynamic, vibrant, and functional places. Sustainable usage of rivers in urban tourism development is essential to maintain ecological balance, encompassing the conservation of water resources, protection of biodiversity, prevention of pollution, and the correct employment of urban planning knowledge; because rivers alone are incapable of contending with the pollution generated by urban areas and adapting to technological changes. Therefore, for the revitalization of urban riverbanks, there is a felt need for an appropriate framework of strategies to enhance environmental quality and regulate urban riverbanks, in line with societal expectations, and developmental objectives, and harmony with public and private investments. The creation of recreational facilities, the regulation of river domains, and the enhancement of the security of the Zarjub River, as a powerful axis in its urban space, can play an effective role in the sustainable tourism development of the city and lead to the revival of rivers and the creation of connections between citizens and rivers. The city of Rasht, as one of the most tourist-friendly cities in the country, requires more attention to this matter. In this context, the Zarjub River, which is a linear and potent axis in the urban fabric of Rasht, can have a significant and impactful role in sustainable tourism development and the improvement of related indicators, given its potential. Considering the current lack of any specific plan for the organization and proper management of this urban river for sustainable economic productivity, research in this area is of great necessity. To this end, this study aims to identify and analyze the influential components of the Zarjub River in Rasht and to propose appropriate strategies in this regard, endeavoring to provide solutions for the revival of this valuable natural element and to utilize its potential for sustainable tourism development.Materials and MethodsThe current research adopts a mixed-methods approach, both quantitative and qualitative, with a practical objective, descriptive and exploratory, and cross-sectional in its temporal scope. For the gathering of information and data, this study employs two

library research and field survey through semi-structured interviews. Initially, an examination of related theoretical resources was conducted via library research. Subsequently, through theoretical saturation and the conduct of 15 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with experts in fields related to the Zarjub urban river—including urban planning, environmental science, and tourism—the influencing factors on the management of the Zarjub River were identified and categorized with an emphasis on sustainable tourism development, coding the data in MAXQDA software. Following this, the relationships between components and subcomponents were identified using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. To construct the DEMATEL direct relation matrix, questionnaires reflecting the opinions of four urban planning specialists were utilized. Based on these relationships, a conceptual model was generated to delineate the components affecting sustainable tourism in urban rivers and their interconnections. Finally, based on the categorizations and analyses performed, strategies proposed during the interviews were drafted in alignment with the organization of the Zarjub River and were validated by the statistical population. Additionally, the sampling method for the statistical population of this research follows a snowball technique.FindingsVarious issues influence proper organization based on the development of tourism. Generally, the main results obtained from the interviews after encoding in MAXQDA software suggest the existence of 29 commonly recurring subcomponents among the opinions of the statistical interviewee population, across various categories. Accordingly, to provide an appropriate classification of the identified subcomponents, seven components in diverse domains were distinguished including amenities and recreational facilities, physical and infrastructure elements, economic considerations, environmental issues, institutional and legal support, security and protection, and public participation. Following the implementation of the DEMATEL method and according to the results obtained for the subcomponents, the factor “continuous and regular monitoring of necessary environmental actions for the advancement of the plan” ranked first in terms of impact, “catering to the needs of all age groups regardless of gender” came second, and “community participation” held the third rank as the most influential on other factors. Furthermore, “the feasibility of obtaining necessary permits for recreational tourism activities,” “protection of water resources,” and again the factor “continuous and regular monitoring of necessary environmental actions for the advancement of the plan” are respectively most influenced by other subcomponents. According to the results of the DEMATEL method in the main components section, economic discussions have the greatest impact on other components, whereas security and protection are most influenced by the others. In this context, security and protection, along with the environmental aspect, were identified as being influenced by other factors, and among all components, “security and protection” interacts the most with other components. The results from the cause-and-effect relationships between components affecting the organization of the river with a sustainable tourism approach have been graphically depicted in Figure One.ConclusionBased on the findings for organizing the urban river and riverbanks of Zarjub with a sustainable tourism approach, seven main influential components of the case study were identified. Among them, the economic discussion component had the most influence on others and interacted most with them. This happens while being influenced by components such as “institutional and legal support,” “security and protection,” “physical infrastructure,” and “amenities and recreational facilities,” positioning it as the most critical main component in organizing the river and riverbanks based on sustainable tourism development. Additionally, the “environmental” component was the most influenced by others, with the environmental level of the Zarjub River being overshadowed by the components of “economic discussions,” “institutional and legal support,” “security and protection,” and “physical infrastructure.” In the relationships between subcomponents, “continuous and regular monitoring of sustainability and environmental issues of the project during operation” not only had the most significant influence on others but in total showed the highest correlation with them, making it the most crucial subcomponent identified in this research in terms of both impact and susceptibility. Following the results for the subcomponents, “feasibility studies for permits necessary for recreational tourism activities” were identified as the most susceptible subcomponent, suggesting that various factors at all levels influence the potential issuance of necessary permits for the use of city riverbeds and margins. According to the proposed conceptual model, it is necessary to consider all factors concurrently and coherently among the identified domains, as the components and subcomponents found directly and indirectly influence each other, and sustainable outcomes cannot be achieved by overlooking a number of them. Lastly, given the strategies for implementing the intended approach, according to the components and subcomponents resulting from the research findings, appropriate strategies in four stages—identifying necessary actions, formulating strategies, execution requirements, and reviewing and monitoring based on objectives and oversight of the project—were outlined, answering the research question.

Introduction Housing price fluctuations in recent years in the country have had extensive negative effects on households and the performance of various economic sectors, these fluctuations have always had negative effects on production, investment, employment, and other economic variables directly and indirectly. Therefore, considering the basic effects of housing prices in big cities on the well-being of households and different economic sectors, as well as its effects in creating boom and bust periods in the housing market, the necessity of research in this matter is evident.The analysis of factors and components influencing the determination of housing prices and their correct management prevents fluctuations in the housing market and significantly increases the success rate of housing construction programs and desirable housing plans. It can be said that controlling housing price fluctuations requires knowing the factors affecting them. High housing prices seriously affect the quality of life of urban residents, especially the lower class of society. Today, due to continuous urbanization and social and economic development in Tabriz city, the problem of housing prices as a stable social problem should still be addressed and improved. In this regard, the current research aims to analyze the factors influencing housing prices from the perspective of Tabriz residents. Factors affecting housing prices are organized by several variables specified in previous studies. According to the mentioned contents, the hypothesis is obtained that various factors are effective on the housing price according to the residents of the Cherandab neighborhood of Tabriz city. Analyzing the influencing factors and components in determining housing prices and their proper management in the neighborhoods of Tabriz can prevent fluctuations in the housing market to some extent. It can be said that controlling housing price fluctuations in urban areas requires knowing the factors affecting it, and one of these studies is from the perspective of urban residents. High housing prices seriously affect the quality of life of urban residents, especially the lower class of society.Materials and MethodsThe research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered part of applied research, and in terms of gathering information, it is survey research. The statistical population of 37,532 people in this research is the residents of the Charandab neighborhood in Tabriz City. According to Cochran’s formula, the sample size was 380 people. The samples were selected randomly. In this research, a questionnaire tool is used to collect data. After the above steps, data classification was done by analyzing structural equations using SPSS and Amos software. Cronbach’s alpha was used for the reliability of the questions. For data analysis, a structural equation modeling approach is used using Spss (version 19), Mplus (version 7.4), and Amos (version 22) software. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is one of the most original methods of analysis and multivariate analysis, which is used to examine the complex relationships between manifest and latent variables. It consists of two parts: the measurement model and the structural model. In this research, at first, using SPSS software, exploratory factor analysis was applied with the application of principal components extraction and varimax rotation, to discover the structure of factors influencing housing prices from the point of view of the residents of Cherandab neighborhood in Tabriz. Then, using the Mplus software, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used to confirm the exploratory factor structure and the fit indices were used to evaluate the fit of the final model obtained from the structural equation modeling approach. Confirmatory factor analysis has been used in this model because some of the observed data cannot be measured directly but have similar patterns in their values. This model was also used to evaluate the structure. This type of factor analysis tests the degree of conformity between the theoretical structure and the experimental structure of the research. Exploratory factor analysis has been used to reduce the number of variables and identify the main factors that are effective in determining housing prices.FindingsBased on the results of this study, it has been proven that residential satisfaction factors (HS) and household income (HI) have a significant relationship with housing prices. Because p values are less than 0.05, meanwhile, housing policy (HP) has no practical significance for house prices. The findings showed that among the three investigated components: satisfaction with housing and household income have an effect on the price of housing with a regression weight of 0.799 and 0.558 in the Cherandab neighborhood of Tabriz city, but housing policy with a regression weight of -0.252. It does not affect the housing price in any way. Among the following indicators, home buyers pay more attention to the security of the neighborhood, the level of crime in the neighborhood, the community of the neighborhood, and the internal and external structure of the houses. Providing housing at a reasonable price is always considered the most important necessity in urban housing planning. From the point of view of microeconomics, housing is a type of non-movable, heterogeneous, and location-dependent commodity. Compared to other goods, it is affected by various structural, spatial, and human variables in its valuation.ConclusionSeveral internal and external factors with direct or indirect relative effects have been associated with housing affordability. The findings show that residential satisfaction and household income have a significant effect on house prices in the Cherandab neighborhood. For this reason, residential satisfaction can be considered an important influencing factor on the price of houses in the Cherandab neighborhood of Tabriz city, that is, if the builders and sellers intend to have an excellent house structure, facilities, and environment for buyers in the Cherandab neighborhood. provide Tabriz, they should, first of all, consider the satisfaction of housing. In addition, household income also affects the price of houses in the Cherandab neighborhood through the commitment of the buyer to providing the money needed to buy a house. Despite the lack of direct influence of housing policy factors on determining the price of houses in the Cherandab neighborhood of Tabriz, it should still be given serious attention by the main actors of the construction industry. For example, the policymakers should make sure that the builders and sellers provide a suitable, safe, comfortable, and accessible housing environment for every family along with proper security, privacy, and health facilities. This study can be used as a home-buying guide.

Introduction One of the important issues that can determine the status of a city and make changes in the quality indicators of its space is the urban transportation system. Roads and transportation systems are important elements in every city that shape the overall structure of the city. Today, with the ever-increasing population growth and development caused by cars, transportation and traffic is one of the problems of cities, especially in metropolitan areas that consist of a mother city and several satellite cities and towns, this problem is greater, because a significant population They live in satellite cities and because of their employment in the mother city, they travel to it every day, and in the absence of a reliable and planned transportation system, they increase the problems of the mother city. As long as city and metropolitan area programs and transportation system plans are prepared with the car-oriented approach, it will not be possible to achieve a sustainable transportation system. Therefore, a system for evaluating the urban transportation system based on the principles of sustainability and sustainable development implies the improvement of economic, social, and environmental indicators of cities. The present study was carried out as a part of more comprehensive research to provide an evaluation model of the urban transportation system based on sustainable development indicators in the metropolitan area of Tehran, and it seeks to examine the independence or dependency of the components of the model.
Materials and MethodsThe current research can be considered applied-developmental in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the method and period of data collection, it can be considered survey-cross-sectional research that was conducted with a mixed approach. For this purpose, in the qualitative section, by searching the databases, 43 articles were identified in related fields between 2000 and 2023, and finally, 41 articles were selected in a targeted way and entered the analysis stage. To identify the relationships between the components of the evaluation model of the urban transportation system in the metropolitan area of Tehran based on sustainable development indicators, structural-interpretive modeling was used. The participants of this section were 28 experts in the fields of urban planning, transportation, economy, social sciences, and environment active in Tehran municipality, who were selected in a non-probability, purposeful way and with a snowball pattern. In the next step, the validation of the designed model was done with the method of structural equation modeling and the partial least squares technique. The statistical population of the quantitative part includes specialists in the aforementioned fields who work in the metropolitan area of Tehran, and the sample size is 530 people. Library studies and questionnaires were considered as data collection tools, which were validated using construct validity, convergent validity, and divergent validity methods. Validation was performed in the qualitative section using the CASP model. The reviewed articles in the qualitative section were evaluated based on the ten criteria of this model and the articles with a score above 25 were selected. The validity of the questionnaire was measured through content validity (opinions from experts) and its validity was confirmed. Also, in a preliminary study, the total Cronbach’s alpha of the questionnaire was calculated as 0.856. After distributing the questionnaire to the selected sample, the validity of the questionnaire was checked using three methods construct validity (external model), convergent validity (AVE), and divergent validity. is greater than 0.5. Composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of each factor were determined to calculate reliability. The combined reliability and Cronbach’s alpha of all dimensions of the model should be greater than 0.7. Meta-composite analysis was used to identify the underlying categories of the research and provide the initial model. Validation of the designed model was done by the partial least squares method. Data analysis of the qualitative phase of the research was done with Maxqda software and related to the quantitative phase with Smart PLS software.
FindingsFrom the review and analysis of the articles, several 166 indicators were obtained, then the indicators that had the same meaning or were repeated in different forms and expressions were removed, and finally, with the category and classification of the final indicators, 9 components (main category) and 53 indicators (subcategory) were obtained. The findings of the research showed that the components of the model are not independent of each other and the components of pollutant production, consumption resources, energy consumption, justice and access, direct and indirect costs in the sector of independent structures, and the components of economic well-being, travel safety, health and human health, environmental compatibility are in the dependent structures section and the relationship is such that the set of direct and indirect costs and justice and access affect energy consumption. Consuming sources and production of pollutants interact and lead to environmental compatibility. Finally, economic prosperity can be achieved through travel health and safety. Also, in the model validation section, the GOF index was obtained as 0.616, which is greater than 0.36. The RMS_theta index was 0.102, which is less than 0.12. The SRMR index was also calculated as 0.050, which is less than 0.08, so the fit of the model is favorable.
ConclusionThe results of the research showed that direct and indirect costs and justice and access affect energy consumption. In the results of Hirai and Kamim’s study (2022), the effectiveness of the justice component is also mentioned, and from this point of view, it is consistent with the results of the present study. The comprehensive view is important because it defines the boundaries in which all the departments should work collectively. This perspective also calls for greater attention to quality of life and includes equity analysis to include the distributive effects of transportation between regions and countries over time. On the other hand, the transportation-oriented perspective is also important because of considers the specific goals of the sector that guide the development of transportation policies and programs. In addition, it should be acknowledged that some decisions will be made with a more appropriate and relevant transportation perspective.It was also shown that the consumption of resources and pollutant production have mutual effects and lead to environmental compatibility. In the results of the studies of Patterson et al. (2021) and Mohammadpour et al. Some of the key environmental outputs (or pollutants and waste) include hazardous waste from vehicle scrapping, noise emissions, local air pollution, and climate change. Although significant progress has been made in the proportion of recyclable vehicle waste at the end of a vehicle’s life, it is estimated that about 25% of a vehicle remains unrecyclable, and much of this can be considered hazardous. Also, noise pollution caused by traffic can disrupt sleep patterns, affect cognitive function, and aggravate some cardiovascular problems. Since noise pollution is related to the number of ongoing activities and the noise intensity of those activities, it is not surprising that it is mainly an urban problem.Finally, the results of the research showed that it is possible to achieve economic well-being through travel health and safety. This importance has been confirmed in the results of Marzi et al.’s study (1401). In addition to significant economic benefits, the transportation system also creates economic costs. Road traffic accidents and air quality both lead to loss of life or decrease in quality of life, which has direct costs for the economy in terms of lost productivity and less well-being of citizens. Also, providing the transportation system and subsidies for passengers has costs for the government that must be financed through taxes or fare collection. Therefore, the implementation of the model presented in the current research, by reducing the marginal costs, helps to increase the economic well-being of the country.

Introduction The increasing growth of the urban population and the settlement of more than half of the world’s population in cities has not only overshadowed the policies of urban development, but its consequences have played a major role in intensifying the economic, social, political, managerial, and environmental problems of societies. Is. In these cases, the necessity of using new intelligent communication technologies as an irreplaceable solution to urban problems has been noticed by managers. Technological progress and the expansion of its application in urban societies have resulted in extensive changes in the conceptual dimensions, strategic importance, and geographic concentration of urban services.    To avoid uneven and unstable urban development, it is necessary to mobilize all factors and facilities in various scientific and research fields. Today, designers, architects, and urban planning experts who are responsible for the design of urban spaces and the physical form of cities, to achieve the goals of the process of transforming the city form based on the two-spatialization of the city and the change in the structure of urban activities by creating virtual spaces are From this point of view, the two-spatialization of cities as a type of urban macro-spatial development means that the virtual city minus the real city and the real city minus the virtual city are areasis inefficient. The rapid development and progress of new technologies and their widespread use in daily life have caused information to be considered the most basic concept for shaping today’s cities. The new intelligent information and communication technology has broken the intellectual and practical boundaries in traditional societies and has provided a suitable field for the growth of thought creativity and dynamism of business. Human efforts to optimize business affairs in all jobs and current and long-term activities have become almost impossible without the use of new intelligent information technology. Passing the industrial era and entering the era of communication and information has left interesting and profound results in organizations. The nature of these changes is both physical and virtual, objective and mental, and includes all social, economic, cultural, and physical dimensions. Therefore, the main goal of city managers is to transform traditional cities into modern cities where all activities are done electronically and intelligently. In this regard, to use electronic communication tools and information technology to solve urban problems, the theory of the smart city was proposed based on the concepts of the electronic city. 
Materials and MethodsBased on the purpose, this research is an applied development research, because it seeks to identify the factors and indicators affecting the development of urban management based on modern intelligent communication technologies based on a quantitative approach. On the other hand, based on the method and time frame of data collection, it is a descriptive (non-experimental) research that was conducted with a cross-sectional survey method. Also, this study is based on a quantitative approach from the perspective of the nature of the data. In this section, based on library studies and then expert interviews, factors, and indicators affecting the development of urban management based on new intelligent communication technologies based on a quantitative approach have been identified. Then, the questionnaire was distributed and data was collected from the activists of urban management and media management. According to these materials, determining and limiting the research from the three dimensions of time, place, and topic is given priority. In the modern research method, the scope of any research is limited to three dimensions: time, place, and subject, so that there is a necessary focus on the subjects and the researcher can reach the desired answer by posing questions. According to the above, the temporal, spatial, and thematic scope of this research is: Subject area; Identifying factors and indicators affecting the development of urban management based on new intelligent communication technologies based on quantitative approach, spatial territory; urban management, and media management; and the time domain of research; The second half of 2022 and the first half of 2023. Also, in the sampling in the quantitative part, for validating and presenting the final model, the point of view of the activists in the field of urban management has been used. In this research, all personnel and senior, middle, and operational managers of Tehran municipality have been considered as the statistical population, according to the inquiry from the General Department of Human Capital of Tehran Municipality, their number is 72879 people and the sample size is 370 people according to Cochran’s formula.
FindingsConsidering the model obtained from the qualitative method, in this research, using a quantitative approach, questionnaires were distributed and data were collected from the activists in the fields of urban management and media management. The questionnaire was distributed about 12 constructs with the titles of the digital world, technology, virtual world, new technologies, governments, citizens, urban management, smart city, transportation and smart environment, smart city, government, and smart economy. , people, and smart life, and 41 questions were asked and provided to the mentioned people. Then, according to the obtained outputs, three indices of convergent validity, composite reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha were used to evaluate the validity of the external model (measurement).
ConclusionAbout the above, we can point out the significance of smart city relationships with smart transportation and environment, smart government and economy, smart people, and smart life. In the development of urban management, transportation, and the environment will be different with the use of technology. Regarding environmental empowerment, monitoring, and partnerships, a suitable platform can be provided to attract the participation of non-governmental organizations and local community-oriented centers, and about smart transportation systems, such as smart parking, and toll payment It is used electronically, which helps to reduce traffic and environmental pollution. It is also possible to reduce traffic and save time by using intelligent systems such as red light control, registration of violations, specifying the limits of the traffic plan, and intelligent routing software. Among other smart transportation approaches, we can mention the carpooling platform (synergy) to reduce fuel consumption and car side costs. There is no reason that due to new smart technologies, there is no need to be physically present to do many citizens’ affairs. Providing public and social services electronically and offline not only improves citizens’ access to services but also provides the possibility of using services regardless of any place. Among these cases, we can mention electronic banking (paying bills, etc.) which, in addition to saving citizens’ time, also reduces the paper-based process. Among other approaches to new technologies, we can mention the creation of new businesses, the self-employment ability of citizens, and the creation of science and technology parks. In the new global economy, startups are considered key players in economic development. The success of countries in the future will depend on the extent and manner of their growth and influence in their scientific, research, and strategic products. Countries with continuous progress in science, technology, and culture have been able to continuously improve the level of standards, to the extent that in the national and transnational arenas, they have brought the vast world markets under their control and their new knowledge and technologies.

Introduction Urban design solutions to reduce crimes have been repeatedly tested, but less effort has been made to test and adapt these ideas to the special conditions of Iranian cities. Among different urban tissues, worn-out tissues are a more suitable platform for the growth and formation of crime-prone places. One of the efficient techniques for analyzing urban textures is the theory of space syntax, which seeks to discover the relationship between the man-made environment and the social life of residents; Cited. Therefore, by using this technique, it is possible to recognize some of the behavioral patterns in urban spaces and provide urban plans compatible with these patterns. Research related to security using the space syntax technique is based on the assumption that, by increasing “natural surveillance” in public spaces, the probability of crime can be reduced. Among the metropolises of Iran, because of its rapid physical growth, Karaj has serious weaknesses in its urban structure. These physical and spatial weaknesses are more visible in the worn-out tissues of this city. Therefore, the worn-out fabric of the Qalamestan neighborhood has been chosen as one of the old neighborhoods of this city for study and analysis. In this research, an attempt has been made to provide plans to improve security by measuring the spatial configuration of the Qalamestan Karaj neighborhood recognizing its physical and spatial characteristics, and predicting the effectiveness of these plans in improving the security of the neighborhood by using the space syntax technique.Materials and MethodsThe current research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The method of data collection is a field. The assessment of road safety is based on a checklist, filling out a questionnaire, and taking pictures. The scope of the study is the worn-out texture of the Qalamestan neighborhood in the city center. Qalamestan neighborhood is one of the old districts of Karaj city. The analysis of the weathered texture of Qalemastan has been carried out by UCL.Depthmap software. The statistical sample has been selected in two stages of the research. In both stages, Cochran’s formula with an error coefficient of 0.05 was used to determine the sample size. Questionnaire which was distributed among 348 people of Qalamistan. The total number of streets in the neighborhood is 102 and with the same error coefficient, the sample size is 43. The data of checklists and questionnaires were analyzed using the MOD method. After removing inconsistent data, to analyze the relationship between variables, a correlation test was used in Spss software environment version 23. After presenting the design suggestions based on the analysis, and finally, the presented designs were measured again with the method of space layout and twelve main components of the checklist.FindingsThe data extracted from the questionnaire showed that the feeling of security of the citizens of the Qalamestan neighborhood is equal to 57.25%. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the level of security and the level of connection is 0.784; Therefore, there is a significant relationship between the percentage of security and connection. This means that the level of security of the roads will also increase with the increase in the level of connection between the roads of the Qalamestan neighborhood. Also, there is a significant relationship between the percentage of security and the amount of depth. This relationship, according to the negative Pearson correlation coefficient, means that with the increase in the depth of the roads in the Qalamestan neighborhood, the safety level of the roads decreases.ConclusionThe changes in the components of the spatial syntax in the proposed plans show the positive changes in security on the roads of Qalamestan. The proposed reforms have been performed to improve the roads with severe weakness, and regarding the non-change of the hierarchy of importance of the roads, besides maintaining the relative coherence of the fabric, it has improved the components that are effective in security. In these plans, the amount of security has increased by an average of 22.37. The increase in the level of security is confirmed after performing physical reforms within the specified limits, and the occurrence of insecurity and crime can be reduced by a physical reform in urban spaces in worn-out contexts.