نشریه پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 47، تابستان 1402)

The emergence of Daesh after the Iraq war in 2003 and the expansion of its activities in recent years is considered one of the most important threats in the Middle East and the world. Since its emergence, Daesh threats have spread from the Middle East to North Africa, Central Asia and Europe. The West, led by the US, has also made efforts to fight terrorism. But the verbal action of the religious and political leaders of Iraq and Iran in securitizing the threat of Daesh to the Shiites of these countries has not been analyzed in detail. This research seeks to answer the question, how is the approach of Shiite leaders in securitizing the threat of Daesh to the Shiites of Iraq and Iran? The hypothesis is that the leaders of Iran and Iraq have played an effective role in expressing the threat of Daesh to the Shiites. The speeches of political and religious Shia leaders of Iran and Iraq as a tool to securitize the threat of Daesh, have made the mental and intellectual atmosphere of the people; and regional and global actors more and more aware of this threat. In this research, the speeches of the Shiite leaders are investigated by the content analysis method, and Thierry Balzacq’s security theory is applied as a theoretical framework. The results show that Daesh is a serious security threat and has widened the conflict between Shiites and Sunnis.

Some scholars believe that many of 2010-2015 upheavals in the Middle East are revolutions. However, if we define the revolution in a delicate and traditional meaning and draw off the variety of instability, it isn’t possible to call them revolutions except a few numbers with lots of doubts. But, most of researchers believe that the risk of revolution has always been high and because of this, the its perpetual attention and research is necessary. The Coup d’état is another upheaval which, notwithstanding the revolution, has been taken place a lot. The problem is that some of the Middle East’s Coup d’états tend to absorb the elements of revolution. So, the separating line between the revolution and Coup d’état often become pale. The matter emphasizes researching of it. Among different questions, the reasons of their occurrence have always been an important question. The article by reviewing the Arabic Middle East from 1992 to 2015 and by using the opinions of Iranian experts and the Fuzzy Delphi, found 6 and 4 general and key factors of happening revolution and Coup d’état respectively. These are only 20% of all factors, but have an 80% influence on the happening of it. The matter has functional advantages since time and financial limitations for actors prevent them to control all the factors effectively. So, governmental and non-governmental actors are searching key factors to reduce costs and achieve the most efficiency.

The discourses have identity components in two dimensions, positive and negative, which is the factor of their ideological continuity and cohesion and their power of equivalence  chain. The equivalence chain of the discourse of resistance in the Middle East has a special dispersion and diversity in terms of politics, ethnicity and religion. The purpose of this research is to identify the identity-giving components of the equivalence chain of the resistance discourse in order to strengthen the ideological coherence and strengthen its identity and strength. Considering the continuity of the discourse of resistance with the discourse of shahid Soleimani and his irreplaceable role in the organization of resistance in the Middle East region, in the research, an effort is made to identify the elements of identity, which are the factors of cohesion and strength of this discourse. The research method is text analysis, extraction and classification of components into two categories of positive and negative identity based on the discourse theory of  Laclau and  Mouffe. Based on the speech of shahid Soleimani, resistance against aggression and, defense- based on Islam, the policy of the leader of the Islamic Revolution, fighting against oppression, emphasizing the culture of sacrifice, parts of the positive dimension and alienation with America. , the Zionist regime and their agents are the identity components of the equivalence chain of the axis of Islamic resistance in the West Asia region. Paying attention to them will strengthen its ideology, meaning system and identity of the equivalence chain.

One of the important challenges of Muslim societies in the face of Western modernity is the situation of women and femininity because the role and position of women in a society is considered as one of the criteria for measuring the growth and development of countries. The text of the Qur'an came out, one of the most prominent of which is Nasr Hamed Abu Zayd Qur'an, a well-known Egyptian scholar whose research we analyze in this article. The main question here is the relation between gender and politics in Islam from his point of view. With a descriptive approach, documents based on the study of the most important works attributed to him and the use of analytical research methods with the aim of producing an excerpt from his political thought have been presented. The findings of this article indicate that from Abu Zayd's intellectual point of view, there is an equal  relationship between femininity and masculinity in the political vision of Islam. Their hegemony over women's political and social rights has increased.

Since the representation of the Islamic Council has a very important place in the structure of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and there are high sensitivities on the actions and behavior of the members of the parliament, and every year there are many positive and negative reflections of the behavior and performance of the members of the parliament. Some of these behaviors are unprofessional and due to ignorance, some are unprincipled and accompanied by violence and are far from dignity and morality. to be used as an excuse by the enemies of the revolution, this research, which is practical in terms of its purpose, in order to develop and improve the level of performance and professional behavior of important political figures such as parliamentarians, with the aim of identifying and determining the components of the education model Professional ethics and presentation of a practical model for training the representatives of the Islamic Council, in a combined method (mixed method) of the exploratory type (qualitative-quantitative) and was carried out using the opinions and views of 30 representatives of the course. different members of the Islamic Council and 15 experts and experts in the field of professional ethics education model design, through semi-structured interviews, tried to discover and categorize 108 components of the professional ethics of the representation of the Islamic Council in 10 fields and finally, while surveying 165 members of the Islamic Council in the form of a questionnaire to confirm the components and dimensions obtained, a model was designed to teach these components to the members of the parliament.

The question that we seek to answer in this research is, what are the indicators and criteria for realizing the efficiency of the Velayat al-Faqih system based on capabilities and obstacles?

This research was carried out using the documentary-library method and using the conceptual framework of Tawfiq theory, which is one of the existing theories about measuring the efficiency of governments.

According to what has been extracted from the foundations of the theory of velayat al-faqih and from the intellectual system of its leaders, the efficiency indicators are: 1- rule of law 2- social justice 3- security and political stability 4- responsibility and supervision 5- Political participation. These indicators are considered with the methodological criteria of rationalism, expediency, and unity. The findings of the research, according to the three levels of success efficiency analysis, which are: goals, facilities and obstacles, despite the large amount of internal and external obstacles, including political, economic and cultural and the limitations of the facilities, the Islamic Republic of Iran system in order to achieve The objectives of the establishment of its political system, with the mentioned indicators, has been successful and has provided an example of an efficient system based on efficient components, but the continuation of its successful path requires models and software that base its intellectual and scientific productions on the same founding principles and To promote his high religious values.