فصلنامه تاریخ روابط خارجی
پیاپی 94 (بهار 1402)

The Mongol attack on Iran had implications for politics and society, and one of them was the change in the religious identity of the Sunni community. With the establishment of Ilkhanate rule in Iran, they entered into a challenge with their other Sunni neighbors and created a new discourse in the field of foreign relations with them. The main question is how the new discourse affected the Sunni community's religious identity in Iran. The defeat of the Mongols from the Mamluks of Egypt, the loss of the land of Sham, and the establishment of the remnants of the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo turned Egypt into the most important regional rival of the Mongol Ilkhanates. This competition was formed in a new geographical and political context in which the Mongols played a prominent role in establishing their borders. Iran was also at the center of this regional competition and almost alone among its allied rivals. Meanwhile, the Ilkhans' relations with the Mamluks were more sensitive due to their support for the remnants of the Abbasid caliphate. They were more tense compared to their other Muslim neighbors, such as Elus Jochi and Elus Joghtai. This political isolation of the Ilkhans, along with a different view of the Abbasid caliphate based in Cairo compared to the same neighbors, made it very difficult for the Ilkhans to gain legitimacy in the non-Muslim period and even in the Muslim period and paved the way for entering a new religious discourse based on De-Abbasidization and creation of a different identity among the Sunnis of Iran

With the conquest of Samarkand by Shibanian Abu al-Khairi (1501 AD) at the same time as the establishment of the Safavid rule, a process began, the result of which was the religious confrontation between Transoxiana and the inner parts of Iran. This development marked the first stage of the political separation of the Transoxiana from Iran, which led to complete separation a few centuries later with the intervention of Russia. In the investigation of the underlying factors of this process, the contribution of the political leaders has often been highlighted, and now the contribution of the scholars and their fatwas in forming this separation should also be considered. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on the data of the sources and the results of the studies, aims to evaluate the social status and base of the scholars in Shibani's rule and to examine the effect of their performance in the political separation of the Transoxiana region from the inner parts of Iran. The results show that the scholars were the focal point of Shibanian's political-military actions by holding important judicial, administrative, and political jobs and having financial resources. They played a key role in reformulating religious concepts such as caliphate, jihad, and Dar al-Harb, as well as issuing a fatwa in giving identity to the Shibani rule and legitimizing those newcomers by the people. In addition to that, the investigation of the performance of Transoxiana Sunni scholars in justifying the Shibanians' military-political efforts against the neighboring rules shows that their actions led to the formalization of the Shibanians' territorial claims and the establishment of the political separation of Transoxiana from Iran

The emergence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party is one of the most important political events of the 20th century in Iran, which was formed between August 1945 and the end of December 1946 with the full support of the Soviet government. Moscow's full support for this process included political, military, commercial, industrial, cultural, scientific, and educational aspects, which were done directly and indirectly. The purpose of this research was to examine the dimensions of the Soviet Union's cooperation with the movement under the leadership of Pishevari, focusing on economic and cultural affairs. The research method is library and with an emphasis on first-hand sources, especially the archive of the The National Library and Archives of Iran, publications such as Azarbaijan newspaper (the official organ of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party), and other leftist newspapers such as Ajir and Azade Mellat. In the end, it is concluded that the authorities of Moscow exert double pressure on the central government of Iran in order to obtain the concession of oil in the north and to show progressive socialist measures to the members of the Iranian society, supported fully by the democratic party and the one-year continuity of their rule has been directly influenced by these relationships.

Herat, like Kandahar and Kabul, was one of the regions that were not under the guardianship of any of the major governments of the region in the 19th century. However, countries such as England, Russia, and Iran each sought to play a role and influence it for their reasons to the extent that the dispute between Iran and England over Herat became an excuse to conclude the Treaty of Paris as one of the most important international agreements of Iran in the last two hundred years. In the position of one of the two sides of the conflict, Iran made claims to prove its legitimacy and tried to justify the reasons for occupying Herat and deploying troops there. Since the time of concluding the treaty coincided with the early years of the publication of the Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh newspaper, this publication could be used as one of the appropriate platforms for the government to explain its positions. For this reason, referring to it can be useful for gaining information and a more complete understanding of the disputed issue. The amount of material devoted to the Herat problem in this newspaper is significant. In the following study, by dividing these reports into after and before the Treaty of Paris, the process of events and changes has been observed from the perspective of Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh

At the beginning of the Qajar dynasty, Baluchestan was one of the first regions of Iran where British policy began due to its proximity to India, and it continued in various ways until the end of this period. Examining the goals and policies of the British in this part of Iran shows that the main problem that caused their colonial goals in Baluchestan continued to maintain the security of India, and according to them, various threats put this colony at risk; these factors led to setting up new strategies to maintain the security of India. In this study, these questions will be answered: What were the most important aspects of British policies in Baluchestan, and what were the effects of the domestic conditions and situation of India, the regional and global situation on their policies and plans in the neighboring lands of this colony? Some of the factors that are examined in the analysis and answer to these two questions are the internal conditions of Baluchestan, the European rivals of England, the policies of the Iranian government in the eastern regions, the Indian rebellion, the expansionism of the Russians in Central Asia, the extension of telegraph lines and the formation of the delimitation commission. Examining the contexts and factors of the continuation and evolution of British policy and specifying the results and implications of the policies used by them are among the main goals of this study. The findings show that the British achieved their goals in this part of Iran by determining the axes of their policy in Baluchestan and implementing them and by extensive interventions and implementing a long-term and precise policy to keep their colony, India, safe from lurking dangers.

The uprising of Turkish Kurds against the government of this country in the first half of the 1920s turned into a dangerous crisis for the Turkish government, and the Turkish government made many efforts to completely suppress the rebels. Atatürk, who needed to calm down and eliminate any claimant in order to promote his Western ideas, started suppressing the Kurds with the idea of pan-Turkism and gained the support and cooperation of the Iranian government due to the neighborhood and the presence of the Kurds in Iran. The Kurdish rebellion threatened the security and territorial integrity of Iran due to its border with Turkey and affected the territorial disputes between Iran and Turkey. This study seeks to answer these questions using the descriptive-analytical method What were the causes of the Kurdish uprising in Turkey? What effect has the Kurdish rebellion of Turkey had on Tehran-Ankara relations? In examining the history of Iran-Turkey relations, it is found that these two countries, under the influence of the global reform process on the one hand, as well as the presence of two great powers, England and Russia, in the region, were experiencing similar domestic and foreign situations and were influenced by each other's situations in some cases. In particular, the impressionability of Iran from the process of transformations and reforms in Turkey, due to the influence of some Iranian officials during Pahlavi's period on this process, played a significant role in forming relations between Iran and Turkey.