مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
سال سی‌ام شماره 7 (پیاپی 233، مهر 1402)

Infertility in men is 10-20% of cases due to azoospermia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of swimming training, cell and laser on the expression of genes involved in autophagy (LC3 and Beclin-1) in azoospermia mice.

30 rats 6 to 8 weeks of age were randomly selected from Tehran Laboratory Animal Research and Propagation Center, and then injected intraperitoneally with a 40 mg dose of busulfan for each rat and an azoospermia model was created. One month after induction of the model in each group, the mice were subdivided into: patient control, healthy control, patient control + laser, patient control + exercise, patient control group + cell and patient control group + Cell + Laser + Exercise (One month after the creation of the one-time model of stem cells transplanted in the area of the esophageal ducts, one million cells were transplanted for each mouse, then a week after transplantation of the low-power laser cell With a wavelength of 8.632 nm, a power of 10 mW, and 3 joules of energy, it was applied three times throughout the study period, once a week, and after wound healing, the cell transplant site on the abdomen was administered daily for 30 days. They swam 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks.

The results showed that induction of azoospermia model significantly increased the expression of LC3 (P≤0/01) and Beclin-1 (P≤0/01) genes of testicular tissue compared to the control group. Swimming in combination with cells and laser reduced LC3 (P≤0/05) and Beclin-1 (P≤0/05) and inhibited autophagy in azoospermia mice.

Swimming training combined with cell therapy and laser therapy with inhibited autophagy may exert its protective effect on mice in the azoospermia model and cause the mice to become fertile.

The aim of the current research was to design an addiction education course based on neurological and brain consequences for teenagers and young people in Kerman city. In order to achieve the goal of this research, a combined, sequential exploratory method was used. In the qualitative part of the research, the method of inductive content analysis was used, and in the quantitative part, the quasi-experimental design of the experimental group - the control group with pre-test - post-test was used. In the qualitative part of the research, documents, articles, books, and texts extracted from interviews with experts and expert professors who were selected in a purposeful way, were subjected to inductive content analysis, and in the following nine final categories: analysis, content, knowledge Learner, teacher, educational strategies, teaching methods, learning media, school environment and classroom conditions, and evaluation were extracted. First, the conceptual model that included all these elements was designed, and then the trend model of addiction prevention, which is a practical and class model, was designed and compiled. In order to check the internal and external validity of the conceptual and process model, a researcher-made questionnaire and test were used, and their validity was obtained through experts' review and their reliability using Cronbach's alpha was 0.76 and 0.82, respectively. The research sample in the internal validation section included 20 experts in educational technology and addiction prevention, and in the external validation section 40 students of the eighth grade of the first secondary school who had completed the academic year of 2019-2019 were randomly selected. The results showed that the training provided based on the trend pattern has been able to have a significant effect on the total score of the subjects. In response to this question, there is no significant difference in the average score of the students in the control and experimental groups during the pre-test (control group 39.85 and experimental group 37.25), but during the post-test between the said averages (control group 6.6 40 and experimental group 70/19) there is a significant difference. In other words, after presenting the educational program in the experimental group and not presenting it in the control group, the results obtained in the post-test showed that the experimental group was under the positive influence of the trend pattern

Today, it is known that employees who have higher psychological well-being will be more resistant to stress and maintain physical and mental well-being and happiness in the face of stress. In fact, psychological well-being includes performance and satisfaction, reducing stress, reducing absenteeism, and related organizational performance and behaviors (3).
Meanwhile, the organizational moral climate is one of the influencing variables on psychological well-being. Ethical climate not only determines decision-making and its behavioral consequences in response to two ways and ethical issues, but also determines ethical criteria for understanding, evaluating and solving these issues (4).

Another variable related to psychological well-being is organizational health. The role of organizational health in the psychological well-being of employees is such that in occupational health issues, it is mainly used to refer to the health status of employees, and one of the main methods of measuring it is to examine the psychological well-being of people. Because in a healthy organization, employees will work without any physical, mental, occupational stress and in complete peace, which provides the grounds for the productivity of the organization on the one hand and the productivity of the employees on the other hand. (8)

Pivotal self-evaluations are also one of the variables that can affect how employees evaluate and react to their work environment and actually adjust psychological well-being. Pivotal self-evaluations as evaluations and measurements The basis that people do based on their values, abilities, talents and qualifications has been defined (9). In other words, core self-evaluations refer to a person's conclusions about who he is and how he perceives himself. This concept consists of four dimensions: self-esteem, self-efficacy, skill level, emotional stability, and low neuroticism (10).

It can be said that due to the fact that the psychological well-being of the employees of the organizations is of special importance and the improvement of the psychological well-being of the employees helps to improve the level of public health in the society and on the other hand, the identification of important factors and Effectiveness in increasing psychological well-being is important and necessary, and since according to the searches carried out in previous researches, a research simultaneously deals with the effect of organizational ethical climate, organizational health and self-evaluation centered on psychological well-being. It was not observed, therefore, the present study examined the effect of these factors on psychological well-being.

2.

To conduct the current applied research, which is a correlation-survey type and was approved by the ethics committee in research of the Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, with the code of ethics number IR.IAU.SDJ.REC.1400.061. The researcher first went to the central branch of the National Bank of Alborz province and after explaining the purpose of the research and getting the satisfaction of the officials, he went to the branches of the National Bank of Alborz province with the introduction letter in hand, and among the employees of all the branches (761 people), 274 people were selected using the sample method. Multi-stage cluster sampling of the Plant formula was determined as a sample, and for more validity, 327 people were selected as a sample. Finally, in order to collect the necessary data, standard questionnaires were used in this research, which include: psychological well-being (Reif, 2000), organizational health (Hoy and Feldman, 1996), organizational ethical climate ( Powell, 2000) and core self-evaluation (Judge et al., 2003). In the end, spss23 and LISREL statistical software and structural equation method were used to analyze the data.

3.

According to what is shown in the above table: the psychological well-being variable has a strong positive relationship with moral atmosphere (0.619), self-evaluation (0.613), organizational health (0.459) at the significance level of 0.1 It has 0. The variable of self-evaluation has a moderate positive relationship with moral climate (0.467) and organizational health (0.32) at a significance level of 0.01.

After evaluating the measurement model, the structural model of the research was tested using the structural equation modeling method. In this model (Chart 1), it was assumed that organizational health and moral climate are related to psychological well-being through self-evaluation. Examining the fit indices obtained from the structural model test of the research showed that, as expected, the obtained chi-square showed the fit of the model with the data (p < 0.05, df = 720, df = 720 (2c = 1322.972). ), other fit indices were also examined (DF2=1.837, CFI=0.914, GFI=0.9, AGFI=0.81 and RMSEA=0.051) and it was observed that indicates the acceptable fit of the model with the data. Table 4 shows the coefficients of the path of organizational health and moral climate with psychological well-being with the mediation of self-evaluation in the structural model.

4.

The findings show that the coefficient of the indirect mediating path of central self-evaluation between moral climate and organizational health is significant. In explaining this hypothesis, it can be said that moral climate and organizational health, with the mediation of self-evaluation, are the key components that make psychological well-being definable for employees. Psychological well-being includes emotional responses of people, satisfaction with life and judgment about the quality of life. The findings of this research prove the claim that moral climate, organizational health and central self-evaluation have an effect on psychological well-being.
The research findings also show that the coefficient of the direct path between organizational ethical climate and psychological well-being is significant. In explaining this finding, it can be said that psychological well-being requires an emotional inner state that arises as a psychological response to the work environment, this inner emotional state is created by trust, cooperation, cohesion, autonomy, mutual support. , the preservation of moral values ​​or a combination of these factors, which is one of the clear characteristics of an ethical atmosphere in the organization, arises (18).

The findings of the research also show that the coefficient of the indirect path between the organizational ethical climate and the psychological well-being of National Bank employees is significant. In explaining this finding, it can be said that moral climate is considered as a positive situational resource that has a positive effect on people's work experiences. Self-centered evaluation also acts as a positive personality resource, which on the other hand allows people to invest in acquiring additional resources, which in turn leads to positive personal returns for them. and on the other hand, it can be used as a kick for the threats of a person's resources when he is faced with unfavorable conditions. Moral climate is a situational resource that provides favorable conditions that activate the process of self-regulation of people with high self-evaluations to invest individual resources in order to acquire positive resources. The result of this is the increase in the well-being of employees. (19).

The research findings also show that the indirect path coefficient between organizational health and psychological well-being of National Bank employees is significant. In explaining this finding, it can be said that the unconscious conclusions and evaluations that people make about themselves can effectively affect the employees' sense of usefulness in the organization, and when the organization provides an environment where employees feel achieve personal growth and development, they like and accept most of the exciting work that provides inner satisfaction, and they will look for responsibility and opportunities for career advancement and success, and in fact, in a healthy organization, people are interested in their workplace. They are forthcoming, committed, conscientious, and benefit from high morale and performance, all of which lead to employees' life satisfaction.

Abstract

the present research aims to predict health-promoting behaviors based on neuroticism in Elderly people with high blood pressure with regard to the moderating role of psychological flexibility.

The present research is a descriptive-correlation design. The statistical population of the research was all the elderly who referred to the clinics of Urmia city in 1401. For this purpose, 200 participants were selected on a quota basis. The average age of the participants was 65.7 (standard deviation = 5.92 years) and 55.33% were male. The participants completed the questionnaire of demographic characteristics, short form of big five factors of personality (NEO-FFI), health promoting behaviors (HPLP-2) and psychological flexibility (CFI-20).

The results showed that there is a significant inverse relationship between the subscales of health-promoting behaviors and neuroticism in the range (-0.73 to -0.9). Also, path analysis showed that neuroticism predicts health-enhancing behaviors through the mediation of psychological flexibility (NFI and CFI = 0.97) and (Chi-square = 56.3).

Mental health in the elderly with high blood pressure plays an important role in their health promotion behaviors.

Marital boredom is one of the important components in couples' relationships, the existence of which causes negative effects on couples and families. In the meantime, therapy based on acceptance and commitment as a new wave therapy and schema therapy as a therapy that is a combination of other therapies, targeting the emotional, cognitive and behavioral fields in couples' communication problems, to solve their problems. Therefore, the present research is aimed at comparing the effectiveness of these two treatments on improving emotional expression, self-differentiation and emotional literacy of couples with marital burnout.

This is a semi-experimental research of pre-test-post-test type with a control group. For this purpose, 45 couples who came to Astan Mehr Counseling Center in Mashhad in 1400 were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to three treatment groups based on acceptance and commitment, schema therapy and control. Pines Marital Disappointment Scale, Emotional Expression Questionnaire, Self-Distinction Questionnaire, and Emotional Literacy Questionnaire were used in two phases: pre-test and post-test. The people of the experimental groups participated in the treatment sessions (90 minutes each session) and the members of the other group (control group) did not receive any treatment. Analysis of variance test with repeated measurement and one variable was used to check the data.

The results showed that there is no significant difference between the two treatment groups and the control group in terms of treatment effectiveness. But the effect size observed for each treatment confirmed the effectiveness of both treatment groups in improving the level of emotional expression, self-differentiation and emotional literacy.

These findings indicate the need to focus on cognitive and emotional indicators in dealing with marital burnout and designing treatment programs. Therefore, it can be said that both implemented treatments can help to improve the conditions of couples with marital boredom by creating cognitive, behavioral and emotional reconstructions.

Abstract

Breast cancer and its surgery can lead to conflicting psychological states. The aim of this research was the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based treatment (ACT) of death anxiety in women with breast cancer in Shiraz city.

This research was a semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and control group and 3-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research was women aged 30-50 years old with breast cancer who referred to the breast cancer clinics in Shiraz city during the first four months of 2022 during the course of their treatment. From among them, 50 people were selected based on using the available sampling method, after checking the entry and exit criteria, they were randomly assigned to two groups of 25 people, test and control. Interventions were performed on the experimental group during 8 weekly 90-minute group sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention.The data were collected by using death anxiety questionnaire by Templer. The data of this research were analyzed by the statistical method of analysis of variance in SPSS.

The results of variance analysis of repeated measurements showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of death anxiety and acceptance and commitment therapeutic interventions are effective in reducing death anxiety in women with breast cancer. In this paper, a significant level (P<0.05) is considered in data analysis.

It can be pointed out that acceptance and commitment therapy interventions using techniques such as cognitive breakdown, specifying values ​​and committed action, etc., have been effective in improving the quality of life of women with breast cancer.

Abstract

In allergic asthma, a wide range of irritants trigger an immediate airway response and cause a cascade of inflammation, bronchiectasis, and excessive mucus secretion. Today, it is known that innate immune cells known as neutrophils act as double-edged swords by playing vital roles in clearing infection and inducing tissue damage. Neutrophil Elastase secreted by neutrophils is a strong secretion in the airways, which is of great importance in causing allergic airway inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness in chronic asthma. In addition, the prolongation of chronic inflammation causes significant structural changes in the lung tissue, which are caused by repeated damage and renewal of S. Structural changes in the lung caused by chronic inflammation include Subepithelial fibrosis, increased smooth muscle mass, enlarged glands, nucleation, and epithelial changes. As a selective barrier, the lung epithelium significantly contributes to maintaining the distinct integrity of tissue compartments and preventing the entry of inhaled allergens, irritants, and microorganisms. Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction is also one of the commonly observed features of asthma and may have important effects. Tight junctions almost exclusively seal the Paracellular space between epithelial cells, and dysfunction of tight corners increases Paracellular permeability and activates immune cells, and also plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic lung inflammation. Claudin 5 is a tight junction protein expressed by pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells that regulate the maintenance of immune barrier function and protect the lung against acute injury and chronic disease. The use of aerobic exercise in the experimental model with mice sensitized to ovalbumin has been recognized as a valuable tool for positive adaptations regarding the function of the immune system and pulmonary remodeling, and it has been recommended as a strong non-pharmacological strategy in animal models of chronic asthma. In addition, interval training is more popular due to its potentially greater effects on exercise capacity and less time required compared to conventional endurance training. Also, reducing activity patterns causes harmful physiological changes and ultimately impairment of functional ability in patients with asthma. However, the chronic consequences of peripheral muscle weakness observed in asthma are still controversial, and the role of peripheral muscle training on the pathogenesis of this disease remains to be elucidated. Studies on the effects of interval training combined with moderate-intensity resistance training are very few, and the physiological effects of various exercise training programs in patients with asthma are still unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether such responses may be associated with improved lung inflammation, airway remodeling, and exercise tolerance in asthmatic rats. Whereas exercise training has been found to decrease inflammation and improve aerobic capacity and quality of life, the effects of moderate intensity interval training (MIIT) and RT in these patients is still open to investigation. 

Male Wistar rats were subjected first to 3 weeks ovalbumin sensitization and then 8 weeks of low OVA sensitization and moderate exercise training (OVA+MIIT/RT or combined) exercise trainings.  Animals in MIIT group performed exercises in 3× /week, 30 min/session (1 min running/2 min active rest, 60-75% maximal endurance capacity). RT groups performed exercise in a squat apparatus (3 bouts, 10-12 reps, 90 s interval, 3× /week, 60% of one maximum repetition (1RM) for 8 weeks). The animals subjected to CT performed both the MIIT and RT exercise protocols. Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), morphological analysis, immunohistological expression of neutrophil elastase and claudin5, and exercise capacity were evaluated. 

To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of moderate-intensity interval and resistance training (60-75% MCT and 60% 1RM, respectively, alone or in combination) in asthmatic rats. Based on the results obtained, the interval and combined exercise protocol reduces lung inflammation and subsequent airway remodeling such as airway smooth muscle thickness and epithelial mucus production, as well as neutrophil elastase and claudin expression. 5. In addition, it was found that exercise training regimens improve strength and endurance capacity. In addition, the analysis of the weight data of the rats tested in this study indicated the prevention of weight gain in the groups of intermittent and especially combined exercises compared to resistance training. The comparison of the types of exercises used in the present study also showed that the combined exercises caused a significant improvement in lung protection against inflammation, remodeling (by reducing the expression of neutrophil elastase and claudin 5), and increased exercise tolerance compared to the group Our observations suggest that moderate intensity interval training combined with resistance training as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy may play an important role in the treatment of lung diseases with chronic allergic inflammation such as asthma. OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and remodeling were characterized by an increase in inflammatory infiltration (900%) and mucus production (786%), as well as increase in airway smooth muscle thickness (171%) (P < 0.05, for all) when compared with the control group. All features were lower in OVA-sensitized MIIT, RT and CT groups compared to OVA control group (P<0.05, for all). As with the IHC staining results, the training groups showed lower neutrophil elastase and claudin5 levels. 

Combined exercise training (MIIT+RT) improved the cardiopulmonary fitness and muscle strength in animals with chronic asthma, which was associated to improvement in airway inflammation and remodeling.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common and most important metabolic and endocrine diseases in humans and causes disorders in metabolism of sugar, lipids and proteins causing nephropathy.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of rhubarb on blood sugar and renal histological structure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats.

In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Rats were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg).Rats in the supplement groups received hydroalcoholic extract of Rhubarb (75 and 150 mg/kg/kg/body weight) by gavage method. After the treatment period, rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. Histological analysis of renal tissue after fixation and staining with Hematoxylin-Eosin was done by light microscopy. Finally, the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test, considering the significance level, p >0.05.

The results showed that hydroalcoholic extract of rhubarb had a significant effect on the histology of hyperemia and glomeric atrophy in kidney tissue of diabetic rats. Glucose and weight gain in rats treated with rhubarb extract decreased significantly compared to diabetic control group and ALT and AST enzymes in diabetic control group significantly increased compared to diabetic control group. The control group treatment significantly reduced the level of enzymes depending on the dose. (05/0>P)

It seems that rhubarb has hypoglycemic effects and it can be concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of rhubarb can reduce blood glucose levels and improve the damage. Tissue in kidney tissue of diabetic patients.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease in spite of a fact that a decrease in cancer mortality rate has been reported (1). Although, cancer is the third cause of death in IRAN after cardiovascular diseases and road accidents and it`s mortality rate are more than developed conteries. Cancer chemotherapy of cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy are accompanied by highly deleterious and often life-threatening side effects. In recent years, the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases such as cancer has developed significantly (2). Among them, Artemisia genus of plants and its bioactive phytochemicals have been reported to have sveral human health effects including  antimalarial, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities (3). In the case of cancer treatment, the plant species and its bioactive compounds target multiple pathways. Also, due to the promising features of herbal plant its anti-cancer activity has been investigated for use in modern medicine.
Apoptosis is one of the of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms such as mamals and can be activated by either intrinsic or extrinsic factors. There are at least two kind of signaling pathways that lead to apoptosis, the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis.  The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is triggered by the extracellular environment and death signals. The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis pathway is linked to mitochondria and DNA damage. In both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, signaling results in the activation of a family of Cys (Cysteine) proteases, named caspases. In the mitochondrial-dependent phatway Cyto C release lead to formation of a catalytic multiprotein protein so called apoptosome that can activates Caspase-9. Activated Caspase-9 then is able to cleave Caspase-3and apoptosis cascade(4).
In this regard, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalchoholic extract of Artemisia siberi Besser. and Artemisa vulgaris L. on the induction of apoptosis in B16 cell lines.

For this purpose, the hydroalchoholic extracts of these two plants were prepared by percolation method. Then the B16 melanoma cell lines were grown on Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) cell culture and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide ( MTT) method was utilized to obtain the appropriate concentrations of Artemisia siberi Besser. and Artemisa vulgaris L. for determination of The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of each extract. After calculation of IC50, the amount of released cytochrome C and activity of caspase 3 were measured by using standard kits. In these experiments, duxorubicine was used as positive control. For possible identification of active ingredient of extracts, Quersetin was used as flavonoid marker.

The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) of the Artemisia siberi Besser. and  Artemisa vulgaris L.  was determined by constructing dose-response curves. According to the IC50 values, their potencies can be ranked as follows:Artemisia siberi Besser> Quercetin>Artemisa vulgaris L. According to the MTT test, IC50 values were 480 µg/ml, 500 µg/ml and 5000µg/ml for Artemisia siberi Besser, Quercetin and Artemisia. Vulgaris L, respectively.
The amount of cytochrome C release for Artemisia siberi Besser. and Artemisa vulgaris L.  was significantly increased 1.53 and 1.93 time more than control group respectively.  There was a significant difference between the increases of activities of caspase3 by Artemisia siberi Besser. and Artemisa vulgaris L compared to the negative and positive controls (1.63 and 4.7times more than negative control respectively). There was also significant difference between the increases activities of caspase3 by Artemisa vulgaris L compared to positive control.

According to the outcomes, it is concluded that the hydroalchoholic extracts of A. vulgaris and A. siberi can induce apoptosis via mitochondrial-dependent pathway as a considerable underlying mechanism.The IC50 value of Artemisia siberi Besser is comparible with Quercetin. Also, the caspase 3 activity induced by Artemisa vulgaris L is notable. However fractionation and separation of active ingredients seems to be necessary.

Studies have shown that the prevalence of infectious diseases is associated with sleep disturbance and psychological distress, i.e. traumatic stress, depression and anxiety. Currently, few studies have been conducted to investigate the prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with Covid-19 in the Iranian population. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with covid-19.

A cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted in patients admitted to Hazrat Rasool Akram (PBUH) Hospital with the diagnosis of Covid-19. The diagnosis of the disease was confirmed according to the clinical record and the positive PCR test. After obtaining consent to participate in the study, the patients were interviewed and in addition to the demographic status, the sleep status of the patients was checked. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality and Quantity Index were used to check the sleep status of the participating patients.

A total of 94 patients with an average age of 45.49 ± 10.29 years (20-64 years) participated in the study. Out of 94 patients, 38 (40.43%) were women and 56 (59.57%) were men. The average sleep quality and quantity score of the patients was 9.3 ± 2.75 (4-16). There were no significant disorders between men and women in the reduction of sleep time and in each of the PSQI items and measures in terms of sleep quality between men and women.

Finally, the findings of the study showed that the average quality and quantity of sleep based on the PSQL criteria in patients with covid-19 is in favor of the high prevalence of sleep disorders. It is necessary to use preventive or even therapeutic measures in most of these patients.

Today, the body has found a special place as the clearest and most obvious carrier and plays an important role in presenting itself in daily life and interactions. In fact, the body can be considered as an essential aspect of self-presentation, this is the same issue that Bourdieu calls physical capital. Harmful results caused by medical mistakes, in addition to material damage, include spiritual damage such as pain and suffering, emotional damage, loss of special power, loss of life's pleasures, change in the appearance of the human body, sadness and the suffering caused by a person's death for his relatives etc., which is sometimes irreparable, and the compensation of spiritual losses related to therapeutic operations, along with the ambiguities and complexity regarding the way of evaluating and compensating them, legal systems also have a specific method. Medical malpractice increases with the increase of cosmetic surgeries. For this purpose, by examining this research, it is possible to find out what are the individual demands (social acceptance, self-expression and improvement of appearance quality) of the injured and damaged cosmetic surgery patients from the forensic doctor and what most clients evaluate the malpractice in, so that Based on that, he presented a scientific and practical solution to reduce injuries caused to the victims of cosmetic surgery and the Taliban.

In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, the effect of the components of social acceptance, the amount of self-presentation (self-presentation) and the improvement of appearance quality (matching the surgery to the desired model of the patient) with the complaints of people about cosmetic surgery in the structure of forensic medical commissions of Tehran province was examined. All the people studied were cosmetic surgery victims who filed complaints to the Forensic Medicine Commission in 2018 and 2019 and their medical malpractice was confirmed twice. After preparing the list of plaintiffs (980 people), the forensic doctor organization contacted 276 of the plaintiffs who were available and completed the mentioned questionnaire with them. The sample size was calculated according to Morgan's formula. Three components of social acceptance, improvement of appearance quality and self-expression were investigated. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to check the social acceptance, self-expression and improvement of the appearance quality of the participants. SPSS version 22 software was used for data analysis.

The mean age of the patients was 37 years; 18 respondents (6.5%) were male and 258 respondents (93.5%) were female. Regarding the frequency of surgery, 49.6% of the respondents had cosmetic surgery once and 31.9% had cosmetic surgery twice, and the mean number of surgeries was 2 and the maximum was 8 times. The number of complaints among married women and respondents with high education was higher than other groups. Most respondents had liposuction surgery (18.8%) and rhinoplasty (18.1%). The results of the research indicated that there is an inverse and significant relationship between social acceptance (r=-0.364), self-expression (r=-0.271), and appearance quality (r=-0.395). In fact, with the reduction of social acceptance, self-expression, appearance quality (incompatibility of surgery with the patient's wishes), the amount of complaints about surgery also increases.

The decrease in the quality of life and the quality of appearance and the support received after the operation and the incompatibility of people's expectations with the reality and the malpractices in the surgery increase the level of dissatisfaction and complaints, and in this case, the person incurs additional material and emotional costs. Surgery applicants go for cosmetic surgery with the aim of achieving a better life and appearance and achieving their dreams. As the results also show, the life situation of the plaintiffs has worsened after the surgery, and besides the cost of reconstructive and care surgeries, the person also loses his previous position in work or family life and suffers more mental and spiritual damage. See that this cannot be compensated at any cost. A significant part of the complaint is due to the failure to achieve individual demands, and individual demands were both a reason for the trend towards cosmetic surgery and a factor in increasing the complaints of the injured. Most of the respondents find popularity, acceptability, approval and social acceptance from family, friends, peers and society and improve their living conditions and achieve better life and career opportunities and attract others and find social respect and dignity and present a favorable image and representation. The special image is based on the advertising criteria of cosmetic surgery. According to the results of the study, the three components of individual demands, including social acceptance, self-expression, and improvement of appearance quality, are important predictors for complaints about cosmetic surgery, so with the increase of each component of individual demands, the probability of complaints after cosmetic surgery decreases, and vice versa. It is better to consider some measures in future studies in this regardin including developing coherent indices in the country to measure the complaints and demands of cosmetic surgery victims, to access the file of complaints. Lack of cultural perspectives and the roadmap of cultural organizations in recognizing and introducing the amount of cosmetic surgery and medical malpractice (number malpractice and physisians with malpractice cases and causes) should be resolved.

This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of computerized cognitive rehabilitation on attention and working memory of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The population of this research was all children aged 7 to 11 with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder who referred to pediatric psychiatrists and child psychologists in Tehran in the months of April to September 1401, and among them, 45 children were selected using a targeted sampling method. They were randomly selected and replaced in three equal groups of 15 people. IVA software and Wechsler working memory test (WISC-R) were used to collect data. SPSS software and multivariate covariance analysis tests were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the effectiveness of computerized cognitive rehabilitation training was effective on the attention and working memory of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (p<0.01).

Computerized cognitive rehabilitation training can be an effective therapeutic approach to improve attention and working memory of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Learning disorders (LD) is a kind of neuro-developmental disorders with biological origin, which is based on the level of cognition and with symptoms such as reading words incorrectly and with difficulty, difficulty in understanding meanings, spelling problems, difficulty in writing, difficulty in calculating numbers and understanding Mathematics is associated [6]. In addition to learning problems, these children may have problems in various psychological and mental health areas, which turns the wishes and hopes of parents into despair and disrupts the psychological functions of the family, and this causes disruption in the quality of life. related to children's psychological well-being and this situation will potentially negatively affect the quality of life and well-being of parents [9]. Mothers of children with learning disorders face extensive psychological pressures such as stress and psychological incoherence [11,12]. One of the effective factors in psychological pressures is the feeling of psychological coherence, which is defined as a person's ability to manage psychological stressors and causes a person to tolerate a high level of stress and psychological pressure [13]. People with a sense of psychological coherence will experience shorter periods of harmful pressures associated with negative experiences [17]. One of the things that affect the life and relationships between parents and exceptional children such as autism and other cases such as learning disorders is mental health and integrity, which has faced many psychological challenges to the parents and especially the mothers of these children [18]. Families with children with learning disabilities face emotional problems; They suffer from depression and endure high stress [21]. Stress is the feeling of being overwhelmed or unable to cope with mental or emotional pressure that has cognitive, emotional and physical symptoms [22]. Considering that the mother is the first person who has a direct relationship with the child, feelings such as guilt and blame, failure, sadness and the presence of disorder in the child can cause isolation and limited communication with the environment and also the decrease in self-confidence, the ability to express oneself, and the feeling of self-deprecation and worthlessness, sadness and unhappiness in the mother's person [25]. An example of modern psychotherapy approaches that emphasizes the relationship between parents and children and shows that parents play an important role in shaping their children's personality and behaviors is Motivational Psychotherapy [26]. Motivational psychotherapy in the field of personality formation believes that personality is formed during the stages of development and can be changed at any moment of life [27]. Motivational psychotherapy, while emphasizing change and appropriate goals in life, can help people to draw a specific goal for themselves and dedicate their activities to it [28]. Reviewing the Literature review related to motivational psychotherapy shows that motivational psychotherapy has a positive effect on the mental health of students [27] and women [29], in reducing many psychological problems such as behaviors high-risk (sexual behavior, violence) [28], high-risk sexual behaviors of addicted men [30], violence against women [31] and bullying behavior of students [32] are effective. Tt seems that the use of motivational psychotherapy approach can reduce the stress of mothers of children with learning disorders while strengthening psychological cohesion. Reviewing the background of the research also showed that so far, no research has focused on the effect of Motivational psychotherapy on the stress and psychological cohesion of different groups, and the use of this new approach was observed in limited researches. Therefore, the present study was conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of motivational psychotherapy on stress and psychological cohesion of mothers of students with learning disabilities.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, which was registered with the ethics ID IR.BUMS.REC.1400.421 from Birjand University of Medical Sciences and also the clinical trial code IRCT20220125053829N1. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the mothers of children with learning disabilities in the city of Zabul in the academic year of 2021-2022 who had files in the educational and rehabilitation center for students with special learning difficulties in Shahid Salavatian, Zabul (65 people). The number of samples consisted of 40 mothers who were willing to cooperate and met the criteria for entering the research, who were randomly selected into two experimental groups (20 people) and control (20 people) were attributed. Then the experimental and control groups were formed and the pre-test was performed. In the next stage, the experimental group received motivational psychotherapy training based on Sahebdel's motivational psychotherapy training package (2018) [33] during 8 sessions of 60 minutes for 8 weeks; While the control group did not receive any training. Then a post-test was taken from both groups to compare the results of the two groups. The tools used in the research included Lovibond & Lovibond (1995) psychological symptoms questionnaire of stress section, Flensborg-medsen, Ventegodt & Merrick (2006) mental coherence questionnaire and Sahebdel's motivational psychotherapy training package (2018) [33].

According to the demographic information of the present study, the research sample (40 people) were divided into two experimental and control groups, 20 people were in the experimental group and 20 people were in the control group, considering that mothers are discussed, the gender of all sample people was female. ANCOVA results show that by removing the effect of pre-test psychological coherence scores as a covariate, the main effect of motivational psychotherapy training on psychological coherence in the post-test is significant; In other words, the table shows that the observed difference between the average psychological coherence scores of the participants of the experimental-control group according to group membership in the post-test stage is significant with 95% confidence (P<0.05). The intervention rate was 0.87. The adjusted averages in the post-test showed that for all components, the average of the experimental group is lower than the control group; Therefore, at a significance level of 0.05, motivational psychotherapy training is effective on the stress of mothers of students with learning disorders. Also, the adjusted averages show that the average psychological coherence score of the experimental group has increased more compared to the control group; Therefore, at a significance level of 0.05, motivational psychotherapy training was effective on the psychological cohesion of mothers of students with learning disorders. The application of the results of this research is specific to the centers of learning disabilities to use the motivational psychotherapy approach in line with their interventions on the families of students with learning disabilities. Also, the application of the results of this research is aimed at the counselors and psychotherapists of the counseling centers, especially the counseling centers of the Ministry of Education, so that, along with other psychological and therapeutic interventions, with the aim of reducing stress and improving the psychological integrity of the mothers of students with Learning disorders can benefit from motivational psychotherapy and its techniques. This research, like any research, had its own limitations, among which we can point out the lack of consideration of the follow-up period due to time constraints, the use of purposeful sampling, and the use of self-reporting tools.

The results of the present study show the significant effect of motivational psychotherapy on reducing stress and improving the psychological coherence of mothers of students with learning disabilities; Therefore, it can be useful to use this therapeutic approach with the aim of reducing stress and mental pressures and strengthening the psychological cohesion of people. According to the results, it is suggested that psychiatrists and psychologists pay special attention in using motivational psychotherapy techniques in the treatment protocol of clients with similar conditions. Holding training courses and in-service training for school counselors and psychologists with the aim of teaching this new therapeutic approach is another practical proposal of the research.

Background and

Diabetes is a chronic non-communicable disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by a defect in the secretion and function of the pancreatic insulin hormone. This disease is a group of metabolic diseases and is considered as a progressive global health problem (1, 2). In general, diabetes is divided into type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes based on the cause and clinical features (3-5). Type 1 diabetes was recently termed juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a condition caused by destruction of pancreatic β-cells by T cells resulting in complete insulin deficiency (2 , 5). Type 1 diabetes represents 5 to 10% of patients with diabetes (2). Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of more than 90% of β cells. Streptozocin (STZ) is a standard method for inducing diabetes in animals (6). Vascular endothelial growth factor beta (VEGF-β) is one of the obscure members of the VEGF family. It has been reported that the ability of VEGF-β to induce angiogenesis is weak in most tissues. However, VEGF-β appears to be a more tissue-specific vascular growth factor that can have nutritional and metabolic effects (8). In early 2008, Karpanen et al stated that VEGF-β has a weak role in the vascular system; But it has a significant advantage in regulating lipid metabolism (9). Considering the potential of VEGF-β in regulating lipid metabolism, it is expected that this growth factor will become a new target for improving metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes (10). Defects in multiple VEGF-β pathways have been reported to be associated with increased cell apoptosis in diabetes models (11). However, the potential beneficial effects of VEGF-β through increasing blood flow (increasing insulin availability and glucose uptake in target organs) and decreasing FAs uptake (preventing lipotoxicity and improving insulin signaling) and its safety for clinical use , has not yet been determined (21). which indicates the need for more research in this regard. Previous research indicates the positive effects of exercise on blood sugar control and also reducing the complications caused by diabetes (5, 13, 14). Also, one of the main and most effective drugs that have beneficial effects on lipid profile are statins; Among statins, atorvastatin is considered one of the least complicated and most effective. This drug is a selective competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase, but unlike other statins, it is a completely synthetic compound that is used in diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia in combination with other sugar control drugs. The beneficial effect of atorvastatin on some adipokines has been proven and it seems to be one of the mechanisms of the effect of this drug in blood sugar control (15). According to the mentioned information, the present research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of eight weeks of interval training and atorvastatin consumption on hepatic VEGF-β gene expression in male Wistar rats’ model of type 1 diabetes.

In this study, 25 mice were divided into Healthy control, diabetes control, diabetes + interval training, diabetes + atorvastatin, and diabetes + atorvastatin + interval training groups. The interventions included eight weeks of interval training, running on a treadmill and taking 10 mg of atorvastatin by gavage. After the interventions, the mice were sacrificed and the liver tissue was analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tokey post hoc test.

The results showed that the induction of diabetes caused a significant decrease in hepatic VEGF-β compared to the healthy control group. In the groups of diabetes + interval training, diabetes + atorvastatin and diabetes + atorvastatin + interval training, the increase of VEGF-β was significant compared to diabetes control group (P < 0.001), but no difference was observed between the three intervention groups (P < 0.05).

The results of our research showed that after induction of diabetes, the expression of hepatic VEGF-β gene in diabetic groups was significantly lower than in the healthy control group. The results of Shahavand et al also showed that the induction of diabetes decreased the expression of VEGF-β gene in the heart tissue of diabetic rats (18), which was consistent with the results of the present study. VEGF-β has been reported to be involved in lipid and glucose metabolism (10). Also, in mice in which VEGF-β was knocked out and fed with high fat, in addition to obesity and dyslipidemia, their liver suffered from steatosis and increased insulin resistance (19). Research has shown that VEGF-β can reduce lipid accumulation and restore insulin sensitivity in NAFLD (10); Therefore, the decrease of VEGF-β caused by diabetes is related to the liver complications of diabetes such as hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. It can be said that by inducing diabetes and increasing hyperglycemia caused by diabetes, the level of VEGF-β decreases; which can be related to liver complications caused by diabetes such as non-alcoholic fatty liver and apoptosis of hepatocytes. However, Ye et al.'s study reported that plasma VEGF-β levels were significantly higher in subjects with NAFLD compared to subjects without NAFLD, and analysis of covariance confirmed this result (20). The reason for the difference in the results may be due to the difference in the research samples, the difference in the studied tissue, research units or the type of disease. Because in our research, the research samples included diabetic rats treated with streptozotocin, which were different from the research samples of Ye et al. In examining the effect of aerobic exercise on hepatic VEGF-β gene expression, the results of the present study showed that intermittent exercise increased VEGF-β gene expression compared to the control diabetes group. Shahavand et al also reported that six weeks of continuous aerobic exercise increased cardiac VEGF-β gene expression in diabetic rats (18), which is consistent with the results of the present study. Kivelä et al also reported in their research that an exercise training increased the expression of VEGF-β in healthy mice (21). VEGF-β and mitochondrial gene expression are regulated in concert, and endogenous VEGF-β levels are highest in tissues with high metabolic activity, such as heart, skeletal muscle, and brown fat (25). It has been reported that the lack of VEGF-β leads to a decrease in the expression of fatty acid (FA) transfer proteins (Fatp3 and Fatp4) in endothelial cells, which is associated with a decrease in lipid droplets in the heart and skeletal muscle fibers (26) and improved sensitivity to Insulin has been implicated in diabetic models (27). Considering that the liver is also a metabolically active tissue, and on the other hand, it has been reported that regular exercise can increase the body's overall metabolism and, as a result, the liver's activity to finance long-term activities (28); Therefore, the increase of VEGF-β can be attributed to the improvement of mitochondrial activity in the liver in adaptation to regular exercise. Other results of the current research also showed that the use of atorvastatin increased the expression of the hepatic VEGF-β gene compared to the control diabetes group. Atorvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, is widely used in the treatment of dyslipidemia (29). In a human study, atorvastatin 10 mg daily has been reported to be safe and effective in reducing the risk of first cardiovascular events, including stroke, in patients with type 2 diabetes without elevated LDL cholesterol (31). It can be said that part of these anti-diabetic effects of atorvastatin is related to the effects of this drug on improving fat metabolism in the liver. In the investigation of the interactive effect of interval training and atorvastatin consumption, the results of this research showed that in the interactive group, although a significant increase in the expression of the hepatic VEGF-β gene was observed compared to the control diabetes group, these changes were not compared to the diabetes + exercise and diabetes + groups. Atorvastatin was not significant; it seems that the combined use of exercise and atorvastatin does not have a greater advantage on hepatic VEGF-β gene expression than either method alone.

Mothers with children with autism face many social and psychological problems that can affect their life satisfaction. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on the quality of life of mothers of children with autism in Tabriz city.

This study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all mothers with children with autism covered by the welfare of Tabriz city in 2022. From this community, 30 people were selected by purposeful sampling and replaced in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group received acceptance and commitment-based therapy in 8 90-minute sessions. The measurement tool in this research included the quality-of-life questionnaire of the World Health Organization. In order to analyze the data, univariate covariance test was used.

The results showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment was able to significantly increase the quality-of-life scores of the experimental group in the post-test compared to the pre-test (P<0.005).

It seems that treatment based on acceptance and commitment is a suitable approach to improve the quality of life of mothers with children with autism. Therefore, therapists and psychologists in the field of children with autism are suggested to use the treatment based on acceptance and commitment to improve the mental health of these mothers.

1.Abstract: 
The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of group training of self-regulation learning strategies and critical thinking on the motivational beliefs of female students of the first year of high school. The research method was semi-experimental with a two-month pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included female students of the first secondary school in Bagh Bahadran city in the fall of 1401, from among them (350 people), 60 people were selected based on the entry criteria and randomly assigned to three groups (20 people in each group). Pintrich and de Groot's (1991) motivational beliefs scale was used to measure the dependent variable. Teaching self-regulated learning strategies (Khanjani et al., 2013) and teaching critical thinking (Fisher, 2005) each of 8 90-minute sessions. became. The data were analyzed through repeated measures analysis of variance with mixed design and Ben Feroni's post hoc test. The findings showed that the score of the components of motivational beliefs such as self-efficacy, goal orientation and internal valuation in the post-test and follow-up stages in the critical thinking training and self-regulated learning strategies training groups decreased, but the test anxiety score in the post-test and follow-up stages in the groups Education has increased (p<0.0001)). As a result, it is necessary to use the training of self-regulation learning strategies and critical thinking in schools by counselors.
2.

The research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a two-month follow-up period with a control group. The statistical population included 350 female students of the first secondary school in Bagh Bahadran in the academic year of 1402-1401. 60 students were selected from the mentioned statistical population through available sampling, and 20 people were in the first experimental group (the group affected by the teaching of self-regulation learning strategies), 20 people were in the second experimental group (the group affected by critical thinking) ) and 20 people were included in the control group. In the same and simultaneous conditions, the pre-test related to measuring the variable of motivational beliefs was carried out with the Pintrich and de Groot (1991) questionnaire of all three groups. After that, the students of the first experimental group were trained in self-regulated learning strategies (using the instructions of Khanjani et al., 2013). The second experimental group was also trained in critical thinking (using the instructions of Fisher, 2005) Yazdanbakhsh and Momeni (2013) were placed. At this time, the students of the control group did not receive any training.
3.

In general, based on the results and based on the combination of open text, it was found that the teaching of self-regulation learning strategies and critical thinking is effective on students' motivational beliefs.
4.

The results showed that teaching self-regulation learning strategies and critical thinking is effective on students' motivational beliefs. Therefore, it can be said that Internal valuation refers to the concept of the value of the task itself in the eyes of the individual and his internal interest and desire for learning. This structure can be connected with the concept of value in the theory of value expectation and the concept of goal orientation.People with intrinsic value or mastery-oriented people are only looking for increasing competence and mastery in learning, and for this reason, they use self-regulation strategies more than other learners and have more academic progress. Another component of motivational beliefs is self-efficacy. People with high self-efficacy believe that doing their desired tasks is associated with success. People with low self-efficacy feel helpless and unable to exercise control over life events. Increasing self-efficacy increases cognitive involvement and the use of cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies, thus bringing academic progress. Students with self-regulated learning strategies (cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies) prefer to choose assignments that are more challenging in order to learn new content and perform better in comparison with others in the class, paying close attention to the teacher's conversations in the class. Pay attention and answer the questions correctly. In order for students to have high self-efficacy, correct goal orientation, internal evaluation and less exam anxiety, they must be equipped with critical thinking skills. Research shows that thinking training is associated with many positive outcomes.
Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered in this article. In order to observe the ethical points in the truth, the researcher undertook to keep all the information in the questionnaire confidential. It also provides the results of the research to the respondents.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for profit sectors.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Background &

Patient safety in the health care system is a worrying issue and one of the biggest threats in the health system is related to medical errors. Efforts to minimize these problems lead to progress and development in patient safety in hospitals and subsequently lead to prevention, reduction of accidents and injuries caused by providing patient care. From injuries caused by providing patient care, medication errors, surgical complications, incorrect diagnoses, delay in diagnosis, non-diagnosis, failure of devices and equipment leading to wrong diagnosis and other cases such as hospital infections, patient falls, bedsores and others. The cases can be named. It is important to improve the culture of patient safety in organizations according to the model of patient participation. This research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of patient participation in improving the culture of patient safety. The results showed that the designed model has a good fit. In this research, based on the research findings, an attempt was made to provide a comprehensive model for patient participation in promoting patient safety culture. The components and stages of the proposed model were designed using the results of a field review study and findings from semi-structured interviews with experts in this field and after statistical analysis. The presented model is the model of patient participation in promoting patient safety culture, which consists of 3 main factors: organizational factors, environmental and perceptual factors, and decision-making factors. In this model, each of the main factors includes several sub-components. Organizational factors (giving a sense of control and responsibility, heavy tasks and the number of manpower, management and leadership, response to errors) environmental and perceptual factors (communication in the field of safety, patient empowerment, teamwork, evaluation) decision-making in treatment (characteristics patient, patient cooperation and collaboration, raising awareness) were categorized. Finally, each of the sub-components will find objectivity and measureability by one or more items. A total of 58 items were considered for the model.

The current research was a description of structural equations. The statistical population included the employees of educational hospitals of Mashhad and Torbat Heydarieh universities of medical sciences, 536 people were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method. The researcher-made questionnaire of patients' participation was used in improving the culture of patient safety. A reliability of 0.93 was obtained. LIZREL version 10 software and alpha level of 0.05 were considered for data analysis.

The results showed that the value of t in all paths between the research factors was equal to and greater than 1.96. Also, the results showed that the fit of the general research model is appropriate and strong.

According to the results of this study, in the context of implementing patient participation in improving the patient safety culture in hospitals, first of all, attention should be paid to strengthening the dimension of "being accountable for mistakes", which, from the perspective of hospital staff, has the greatest impact on realizing patient participation. in promoting patient safety culture. After that, strengthening the dimensions of "ethics and ethical leadership", "organization and organizational control", "characteristics of the patient", "giving a sense of control and cooperative activities to the patient", "team work", "management and leadership" ", "manpower planning", "doctor-patient interaction" and then "patient evaluation" are in the next level of importance. The strengths show that the employees and managers of the departments have the necessary potential to promote the safety culture, but it is necessary to modify the procedures and policies at the level of hospitals. Today, examining and strengthening the patient safety culture has been widely considered by healthcare organizations. And the first step of improving patient safety is to evaluate patient safety culture; Team work and interaction between doctor and patient was a positive point, the strength of the patient safety culture. Non-punitive responses to errors were weaknesses of the patient safety culture. The results of this finding were consistent with other studies. This research has faced limitations. The statistical population of the research was limited to the employees of the medical departments of the selected hospitals of Razavi Khorasan province, so caution should be exercised in generalizing the results to other groups and cities. Another limitation of this research was the difficulty in communicating with some of the employees of the treatment department and determining the time required for the interview, and the time-consuming administrative bureaucracies to conduct the research, as well as the low accuracy of some people in studying the questions and answering them. According to the research results, it is suggested to carry out this research in other cities and geographical regions. Also, a model comparison of Iran with other countries is made.

Background &

A healthy and dynamic society depends on a healthy family. The family is the first founder of personality, values, intellectual criteria and also one of the most important social institutions and preservation of human emotions. Family is the main pillar in the formation or continuation of mental disorders, this finding has been confirmed in various studies (1,2). On the other hand, mental disorders can disrupt the functioning of families(3). When one family member suffers from a mental disorder, other family members get involved in some way and bear a lot of pressure(4). In recent years, fundamental changes in the shape and characteristics of the family have been noticeable in Iran. The decrease in the level of birth and fertility, in addition to the decisive effect it had on the rate of population growth and through that population adjustment, has also affected the composition and structure of the population(5). Satisfaction with life and desired number of children is considered the main factor in women's fertility. In his theory, Gary Becker believes that reproductive behavior is the result of family selection(6).
Marriage is the most important and fundamental human relationship, because it provides the basic structure for creating a family relationship and educating the next generation(11), according to Sternberg and Hodgett(1997), marital satisfaction is a very important and complex aspect of the marital relationship. In other words, one of the vital aspects of a marital system is the satisfaction of the spouses with their relationship. Marital satisfaction is a process that occurs throughout the life of a couple and includes four areas of attraction (physical, sexual), understanding, attitude and investment. These variables lead to couples' satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the marital relationship(12).
Considering the declining trend of population growth in Iran and its consequences and considering that Khushodi will strengthen the family. In this regard, developing a model that can increase family consolidation and cover population growth strategy to some extent was of interest to researchers, therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate marital satisfaction based on attachment styles through the mediation of couples' marital intimacy.

In this study, the modeling of marital satisfaction based on attachment styles with the mediation of marital intimacy was done using the path analysis model, and then using descriptive statistics - correlation of the structural equation model type and to develop a semi-experimental model of the post-test type with The control group was used. The collected samples include all married men and women referring to the family clinic laboratory and specialized clinic of Quds Hospital in Sanandaj who lived in Sanandaj between March 2017 and August 2018. To determine the sample size in this research, 500 subjects were selected using available sampling method and research tools were implemented on them. At first, written consent was obtained from all subjects and then they entered the study. Questionnaires were completed for each person in 4 sessions. The questionnaires were presented to the participants along with the necessary explanations. Questionnaires used include: Collins and Reed's adult attachment styles, marital satisfaction, Sexual Quality of Life - Female (SQOL-F) & SQOL-M.
The data was analyzed using SPSS-22 statistical software, Lisrel 8.5 and SmartPLS 3.2.8 software. All analyzes were performed at the 5% level. Then the research hypotheses were tested based on the results obtained from examining the questions using descriptive statistics and using statistical tests (variance analysis, correlation and multivariate regression).

The obtained results indicate that secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment style has an effect on marital intimacy. Also, intimacy has a positive and direct effect on marital satisfaction. Other results obtained indicate that secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles do not affect marital satisfaction. But secure attachment style has a positive effect on marital intimacy; Avoidant and ambivalent attachment style has a negative effect on marital intimacy.

The results obtained from our study indicate that secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment style has an effect on marital intimacy. This finding is consistent with the results of the study conducted by Rezaei et al. (19) in which it was found that marital satisfaction was significant in the secure attachment style with intimacy and commitment and in the avoidant attachment style with intimacy, passion and commitment. . The findings obtained from a perspective are also similar to the research of Nosko et al.(20) who found that people who showed a more secure (and less avoidant) attachment style at the age of 17, while maintaining this attachment style, at the age of 26, from a True love is consistent in their relationships. It is also consistent with the study by Lavi et al. (21) who observed love as a mediating variable in the relationship between avoidant attachment style and life satisfaction. Hafizi and Jamei (22) also found in their research that love, positive affect and secure attachment style have a positive and significant relationship with marital satisfaction, which is consistent with the present study. In their study, Wong Pakaran et al. (23) concluded that avoidant attachment style along with romantic relationships predict life satisfaction, which is consistent with our study. In their research, Nouri and Jan Zaregi (24) also stated that attachment styles are related to attitudes towards love and marriage values. In fact, from these results, it can be concluded that people with secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment style have higher marital intimacy, in fact, the components of marital intimacy and attachment style can have a significant effect on better relationships and satisfaction with their spouse. . However, regarding the attachment style, there have been some studies that are not consistent with the results of our study. Among these studies, Rajabi et al.
Most of these views believe that the effective factors in marital satisfaction are important because a person's satisfaction with married life is an important part of interpersonal and family health. According to Allen and Bokam (26), the avoidance style presents the relationship with the main couple as an inappropriate closeness. In this case, it can be said that due to constant anxiety of rejection, these people are constantly in the direction of closeness and excessive dependence on the other party, i.e. spouse, because in their close and intimate relationships, they unconsciously have childhood relationships with the face. It remembers attachment and thus awakens the anxiety caused by the rejection experienced in childhood. This emotional cooling is also effective on people's sexual relationships and causes a decrease in sexual satisfaction. As a result, the more insecure a person is, the less his or her desire to get close to another person, and in this way, insecure attachment can have a negative effect on sexual satisfaction, and finally, it was found that the mediating effect of marital intimacy in the relationship between secure, avoidant and Ambivalence is significant with marital satisfaction. This finding is consistent with the results of a study by Sharnia and X (27) that showed that people with a secure attachment style compared to insecure people have higher levels of intimacy, favorable expectations towards their partner, better marital quality and more optimism towards Marriage and report more love and commitment to each other, it is aligned. In a study conducted by Mansoori et al.(28) with the aim of providing a structural model for predicting marital intimacy based on attachment styles with the mediation of the love commitment component in married students. The results obtained in that research indicated the direct effect of secure attachment style on students' marital intimacy, which is consistent with our study. In explaining this finding, it can be stated that whenever the attachment style is formed in a secure manner, this security is transferred to future interpersonal relationships, especially relationships with spouse. Therefore, they see the relationship of their spouse as full of peace and security, they are not afraid of establishing a relationship, and they describe the established relationship as full of intimacy and love.

Abstract

Emerging research shows the relationship between maladaptive schemas and self-injury behaviors in adolescents. The results of the studies also highlight the importance of conceptualizing self-destructive behavior in terms of motivational performance and distinguishing between the types of interpersonal and interpersonal functions. The aim of this study was to construct adaptive / non-adaptive schemas with self-injury behavior of adolescents with borderline personality traits based on the mediating role of distress tolerance.

The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study is all the second high school students in Tehran in the academic year of 1402-1401. In this study, 316 students from 1325 students with borderline personality traits were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using a non-suicidal self-injury behavior questionnaire (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009), emotional schemas (Leahy, 2002), and distress tolerance questionnaire (Simons, & Gaher, 2005). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural modeling using SPSS and AMOS software. The findings indicate that the proposed model is fitted with the data.

The results of structural equation modeling showed that 37% of the changes related to distress tolerance are explained by adaptive and non-adaptive schemas. Also, 82% of changes related to adolescents' self-injury behavior are explained by adaptive and non-adaptive schemas. In this study, we investigated the distinct patterns in the relation between adaptive / non-adaptive schemas and self-destructive behavior functions among adolescents with borderline personality traits.

The present study was conducted with the aim of structural pattern of adaptive/non-adaptive schemas with self-injurious behavior of teenagers with borderline personality traits based on the mediator role of distress tolerance. The results of structural equation modeling showed that adaptive schemas have a direct and negative effect on adolescent self-injury. Also, adaptive emotional schemas have an indirect negative effect on adolescent self-injury through distress tolerance. These findings are consistent with the results of other studies, for example (Nigol et al., 2022; Pilginton et al., 2023). Also, the results of this research with the study of Khaleghi et al. (2021) that there is a significant correlation between emotional schemas with suicidal thoughts, self-injurious behaviors, and suicidal behaviors. Among the research variables, rumination and invalidation played an important role in predicting self-harm, suicidal thoughts, and behavior. Nigol et al. (2021) in a research aimed at the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and the functions of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior in young people showed that instability/rejection and entitlement schemas significantly predict the intra-individual functions of self-injurious behavior. They do, In contrast, insufficient self-control significantly predicted interpersonal functions. Deficiency/shame and entitlement predicted non-suicidal self-injury. In explaining these results, it can be said that teenagers who have problems in emotional processing and when faced with situations and events that activate non-adaptive emotional schemas in them (including guilt, rumination, blaming others, numbness, and excessive rationality leading to inflexibility) due to low emotional activation level, easily triggered by an insignificant threshold stimulus, and emotional processing in this way, contexts or events that give rise to vulnerability-related schemas bring or cause subsequent abnormal emotional responses (Khalaghi, 2021), therefore these people are more prone to self-injurious behavior, so the event along with the activation of emotional schemas provides the ground for emotional arousal, which requires It has relief, so the teenager engages in self-harm or self-injury behaviors to relieve this emotional pain. Which provides the ground for emotional suffering and the inability to manage emotions. Therefore, people with adaptive schemas, because they know that their emotions are dependent on the situation, these emotions are fleeting, they can regulate them using emotional regulation strategies such as identification, naming, and emotional expression, but people with Maladaptive schemas use negative emotions as a relief. On the other hand, if a person believes that others accept his emotions (validation of emotions), his emotions have meaning and meaning (understandability), or if he has superior values in life that can tolerate unpleasant emotions. Tolerating (beneficial resentment) will try to accept them instead of trying to suppress them, and in this way, the probability of using emotional regulation strategies such as self-injury and self-mutilation will decrease. The results of this study show how adaptive and non-adaptive schemas can help to understand the motivations of self-injury behaviors and can help medical and educational centers assess the risk of self-harm in adolescents and develop programs for prevention and treatment.

The most responsive tissue to insulin in the body, which plays a major role in maintaining systemic glucose homeostasis, is skeletal muscle. Therefore, changes in the health of skeletal muscles can affect the glucose homeostasis of the whole body. One of the organelles that changes in diseases is the cell nucleus. Diabetes is characterized by elevated blood glucose due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Studies have shown that the diabetic environment enhances protein degradation, causes skeletal muscle atrophy and loss of myonuclei. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training and consumption of hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica on the number of Gastrocnemius muscle nuclei in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

In this experimental research, 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy-control (H-C), diabetes-control (D-C), diabetes-exercise (D-Ex), diabetes-Urtica dioica (D-Ud), diabetes-Urtica dioica-exercise (D-Ud-Ex). After the induction of diabetes by STZ injection, the rats of the exercise group performed the endurance exercise protocol for 6 weeks (moderate intensity, 5 days/ week, 50-55% VO2max). Rats in supplemented groups received hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica with doses of 50 mg/kg by gavage method. After completing the protocol and extracting the gastrocnemius muscle, the immunohistochemical method was used to count the myonuclei. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to ensure the normal distribution of variables. Also, the Brown-Forsythe test was used to check the homogeneity of the variance of the groups. Significance level was considered P<0.05 in all cases. One-way ANOVA statistical test and Graph Pad Prism software (version 9) were used for data analysis.

Two weeks after STZ injection, body weight in diabetes-Urtica dioica (P=0.001), diabetes-exercise (P=0.034) and diabetes-exercise-Urtica dioica (P=0.025) groups compared to the healthy group. The reduction control and this reduction continued until the end of the sixth week. Also, six weeks of endurance exercise and consumption of Urtica dioica extract significantly reduced blood glucose in the diabetes-exercise (P=0.001), diabetes-Urtica dioica (P=0.001), and diabetes-Urtica dioica-exercise (P=0.001) groups, compared with diabetes-control group. In addition, a significant difference was observed between diabetes-Urtica dioica group with diabetes-Urtica dioica-exercise (P=0.001) and diabetes-exercise (P=0.002) groups. Also, diabetes decreased the number of myonuclei (P=0.0198); Consumption of Urtica dioica extract (P=0.075) and six weeks of endurance exercise (P<0.0001) each alone and in combination together (P<0.001) increased the number of myonuclei in diabetic groups.

The findings showed that diabetes decreased the number of myonuclei and increased blood glucose in diabetic rats. On the other hand, the consumption of Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract, endurance exercise and combined intervention of the two together increased the number of myonuclei and decreased blood glucose in diabetic rats. In short, the effects of the Urtica dioica plant in the treatment of diabetes and its complications can be attributed to its effective chemical compounds and the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of this plant.
Key words: Endurance Exercise, Urtica Dioica, Nuclei, Gastrocnemius Muscle, Diabetes
Conflict of interest: None declared
Funding: This study did not have any funds

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and metacognition therapy on female students with premenstrual syndrome in Islamic Azad University, Durood branch.The present research is a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test study with a heterogeneous control group. The research population included all female students suffering from premenstrual syndrome in the Islamic Azad University of Dorud city in the academic year of 1400-1401 with the total number of 520 people, among whom 60 persons were selected by available sampling method and assigned randomly in three metacognitive, acceptance and commitment, and control groups. The tools of this research included premenstrual screening questionnaire by Steiner et al. (2003), Russell's Loneliness Scale (1996) and Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) by Simmons and Gaher (2005) which were performed on the participants in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The method of analysis of this research was analysis of variance test with repeated measurement using statistical software spss version 22. The results showed that the acceptance and commitment group and the metacognitive group significantly reduced the feeling of loneliness and distress tolerance compared to the control group, but of these two groups, the metacognitive group performed better than the acceptance and commitment one in the loneliness variable but there was no significant difference between the mentioned interventions in the variable of distress tolerance.

One of the components of physical fitness is cardio-respiratory endurance, which is closely related to body mass profile and body fat percentage, and is necessary to maintain muscular endurance, which can be evaluated and investigated with the index of maximum oxygen consumption (1, 2).
The effectiveness of sports exercises depends on their intensity, volume, time and frequency and the ability of a person to tolerate the exercises (3). In this regard, researchers have used different training methods and different results have been obtained. In this regard, therapeutic interventions with a demonstration approach are considered to be one of the few new strategies that, in addition to being relatively effective in improving anxiety symptoms in adults (11) and teenagers (12) in numerous researches, due to their inherent characteristics, have been associated with less dropout and greater adherence of people to the investigated protocols (13).
Considering the mentioned cases and the importance of aerobic capacity in personal and social life on the one hand, the lack of general consensus on the best exercise method on the other hand, and the lack of sufficient research on physical exercise, the researchers are trying to answer the question that Does aerobic exercise with physical performance affect the aerobic capacity of teenage girls or not?

In order to conduct the current practical and semi-experimental research, which was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design and in a parallel random controlled method of 8 weeks. Among the teenage girls who met the criteria for entering the study, working in public and private schools of Shahinshahr city, Isfahan province, in the academic year of 1400-1401, in the elementary, first and second secondary courses, were selected using the easy sampling method (14). In order to collect data, after completing the consent form by the parents, in the pre-test stage, all the subjects performed the Queen's staircase test to measure aerobic capacity.
Also, the aerobic exercise program with a demonstration approach used in the aerobic exercise-performance group included a series of moderate-intensity aerobic exercises in the form of 30, 35, 40 and 45-minute shows derived from the movements with the 10 principles of exercise. (15) Was designed. It should be noted that during the 8-week intervention period of the present study, 30-, 35-, 40-, and 45-minute programs were used in the first 2 weeks, the second 2 weeks, the third 2 weeks, and the fourth 2 weeks of the intervention in 3 sessions per week. it placed.
The training consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic training with basic non-impact and high-impact aerobic movements (combination of low and high contact) and aerobic training with basic non-impact and high-impact aerobic movements (combination of low and high contact) with a demonstration approach; The first stage: warm-up (5 minutes), the second stage: aerobic exercises with basic aerobic movements in order to prepare for the main exercises (10 minutes), The third stage: combined moderate aerobic exercises, rhythmic movements, weight bearing, including movements such as leg press on the floor, simple squats (with bent knees and straight knees) and three-sided squats, dynamic and static squats, planks, lunges, hilaps, side shuffles - rolling Spinning (10 minutes for the first two weeks, 15 minutes for the second two weeks, 20 minutes for the third two weeks, and 25 minutes for the fourth two weeks) and the last step was cooling down and returning to the initial state (5 minutes). The intensity of the aerobic exercises with a dramatic approach is balanced with the rhythm of the music and the main training program includes rhythmic and musical movement patterns that were made by several experts and taught to the subjects. And it was controlled and recorded using a polar clock (19). Finally, the data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The results showed that eight weeks of interactive aerobic training with physical performance has a significant effect on the aerobic capacity (VO2max) of adolescent girls. It was also found that there is a significant difference in VO2max changes between groups and different times. In this regard, the results of the Bonferroni test showed that there is a significant difference between the control group with the aerobic exercise group and the aerobic exercise group with physical performance, but there is no significant difference between the other groups.
On the other hand, the results of Bonferroni's post hoc test to find the place of difference between the test times showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test with the fourth week and the post-test on the one hand and between the fourth week and the post-test on the other hand.

Eight weeks of interactive aerobic training with physical performance has a significant effect on the aerobic capacity (VO2max) of adolescent girls. Also, there is a significant difference between the control group with the aerobic exercise group and the aerobic exercise group with physical performance, but there is no significant difference between the other groups. Also, between the pre-test and the fourth week and the post-test on the one hand and between the fourth week and the post-test on the other hand there is another significant difference. In line with the findings of the present study, Farahpour and Nazem showed a significant change in maximum oxygen consumption due to intermittent aerobic exercise in adolescent girls. In the explanation of this finding, it can be said that due to aerobic exercises, the density of the heart increases, which means that more blood and oxygen reaches the muscle tissue, on the other hand, the activity of oxidative enzymes increases, and the heart also undergoes structural changes. Found and improved (22). In general, the improvement of the maximum oxygen consumption is probably due to the increase in the oxidative capacity of the muscles, the increase in the total amount of hemoglobin, the oxygen difference between the arteries and veins, the increase in the end-diastolic volume (cardiac output), and biochemical processes (23). It seems that since in the show group there was enough physical activity to create certain structural and physiological changes in the body, that is why in the present study the maximum oxygen consumption improved as a result of the show. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the pre-test With the fourth week and the post-test on the one hand and between the fourth week and the post-test on the other hand, it shows that from the fourth week the exercises showed their significant effect and this effect continued until the end of the eight weeks.

The increase in type 2 diabetes has been attributed to factors such as lifestyle changes such as less healthy diets and physical inactivity. Therefore, an unhealthy lifestyle is a dangerous factor for type 2 diabetes (5). Lifestyle is an important issue in controlling blood sugar to control type 1 and type 2 diabetes (6).
Another treatment method is cognitive-behavioral therapy. In cognitive-behavioral therapy, disproportionate thoughts and thinking about the lack of effective coping strategies with the disease are intervened; This approach is based on cooperation between the patient and the therapist, the duration of the treatment is short, and it tries to develop self-help skills in clients (10). This approach, relying on inductive methods, teaches the patient to look at thoughts and beliefs as hypotheses whose validity has not been confirmed, and through homework, he practices the required skills with the individual (11). It has also been shown that one of the components that has a great impact on physical health and chronic diseases are primary incompatible schemas, whose improvement is the primary goal of treatment in schema therapy (9). Schema therapy is an evidence-based treatment that uses theory and other techniques and integrates them into a systematic treatment model (11). Considering the above contents and the negative impact of diabetes on individual and social life on the one hand, the importance of discovering the best method to minimize the negative effects of diabetes on the other hand and considering the efficiency of both treatments and since in the previous studies which has shown that there is no schema therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on increasing lifestyle and reducing blood sugar in type 2 diabetes patients, in order to solve this research gap, the question is answered whether there is a difference between the effectiveness of schema therapy and treatment Is there a cognitive-behavioral difference between increasing lifestyle and reducing blood sugar in type 2 diabetes patients?

In order to conduct this semi-experimental research that was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group, among the people with type 2 diabetes in the first six months of 2019 in Kish Island who had referred to the Diabetes Association of Kish Island in order to control their symptoms and treat their disease. (293 people) 42 people were selected as available and randomly divided into three schema therapy groups: 14 people, 13 people for the cognitive-behavioral group, 15 people for the control group. Miller and Smith (2006) completed the questionnaire, which includes 20 questions and is on a 5-point Likert scale (always 1 point, often 2 points, sometimes 3 points, rarely 4 points and never 5). Then the people of the experimental group in the schema therapy group underwent 8 sessions of schema therapy by Yang and Klosko Vishar (2003) and the experimental group of cognitive-behavioral therapy underwent 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy by Li He (2007) in Skyroom software, 24 hours After the last intervention session, all the subjects completed the questionnaire again and performed the blood sugar test. Finally, descriptive statistics (tables, graphs, central and dispersion indices) and multiple covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and Benferoni post hoc tests were used using SPSS-24 software for statistical analysis of data. became.

The results showed that the difference in lifestyle (F = 6.16) and blood sugar (F = 5.11) between the experimental group and the control group is significant after removing the pre-test effects. The eta square (effect size) indicates that 26% of the differences in lifestyle and 22% of the differences in blood sugar in the post-test were related to the difference between the two groups and for the independent variable (cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy). Therefore, it can be said that schema therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy have a significant effect on lifestyle and blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes. As Table No. 4 shows, there is a significant difference between the cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy groups with the control group in the post-test phase (p<0.01) in the variables of lifestyle and blood sugar. It was also found that there is no significant difference between any of the lifestyle variables and blood sugar in the experimental groups of cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be said that both cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy had a significant effect on the variables of self-management, lifestyle, self-compassion and blood sugar of patients with type 2 diabetes, but no significant difference was observed in their effectiveness.

The results of the data analysis showed that the difference in the mean scores of the subjects' group in lifestyle and blood sugar between the experimental group and the control group is significant after removing the pre-test effects. In explaining the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the lifestyle of patients with type 2 diabetes, it should be stated that cognitive-behavioral therapy helps patients to overcome their problems in treatment sessions by implementing the role of reinforcement and feedback and providing appropriate exercises; This increases their self-efficacy. In this therapeutic intervention, because the patients organize their absolute beliefs, rumination of thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes (shoulds and compulsions) about situations and conditions are reduced, and this leads to an increase in the improvement of people's reactions to respond to threats. Physical-psychological, concentration disorder and low motivation of patients will be (18).
In explaining the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and the cognitive content of therapy sessions and the perceptual change of patients, the lifestyle of patients changes; Because in this treatment, by learning new methods and strategies to deal with stress, patients under cognitive behavioral therapy can better use problem solving skills for their behaviors. On the other hand, it can be said that the stress caused by suffering from a chronic and permanent disease such as diabetes causes many behavioral and psychological complications for the patient and his family; which causes a wave of unhealthy behaviors and unhealthy lifestyle in these people (19).
Regarding the effectiveness of schema therapy on the lifestyle of patients with diabetes, it should be stated that the researchers came to the conclusion that incompatible schemas are related to the adoption of unhealthy lifestyles. The presence of early maladaptive schemas may differentiate between individuals who have a healthy lifestyle and those who do not. The existence of negative and pessimistic views towards life that arise through initial incompatible schemas, all of them cause negative emotions and the emergence of unhealthy behaviors in life, the first result of which is damage to the person and finally not using Lifestyles become healthy.

The ingestion of caustic agents is one of the most consequential and dangerous poisonings associated with a high mortality rate. Esophageal stricture is the most common complication associated with caustic ingestion. Up to one-third of patients with caustic injury of the esophagus develop strictures, especially in patients with severe injuries (1). Although endoscopic dilation is the primary treatment for this complication, patients who have had several unsuccessful attempts at endoscopic dilation should be evaluated for reconstructive surgery, which may include selective esophagectomy with esophagogastric anastomosis or colonic interposition (2,3). These can play an effective role in improving the prognosis of patients given the potential for stenosis and malignancy in the burned esophagus. Multiple factors affect the success rate of this surgery. However, there is no consensus on the optimal surgical approach given the morbidity rates. The decision is often based on the extent of injury, patient age, overall health, and the surgical team's expertise (4).
This study aimed to determine the role of other background factors including age, sex, BMI and type of caustic agent, in determining the success rate of the Gastric Pull-up surgical procedure to identify candidate patients for this surgical method.

In this retrospective cross-sectional study, after obtaining the ethics code IR.IUMS.REC.1398.1358 from the Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences, the clinical records of 70 patients with chemical burns of the esophagus who were hospitalized …. hospitals in Tehran between 2011-2019 and underwent treatment with esophagectomy and Gastric Pull-up, and met the inclusion criteria were reviewed, using chi-square and independent t-tests. It was done using SPSS 16 statistical software. P<0.05 was considered significant.
The inclusion criteria were as follows: definitive diagnosis of esophageal burns due to caustic chemicals based on endoscopic findings performed within the first 48 hours after ingestion of caustic substances, treatment with esophagectomy and Gastric Pull-up, complete patient records in terms of follow-up, and presence of informed consent from the patient or parents (for children) regarding the use of file contents for research purposes. Exclusion criteria were lack of access to patient records and outcomes, treatment of patients with other therapeutic methods, and lack of informed consent for the use of file content for research purposes.
After reviewing the medical records, 70 patients were included in the study. Data were collected using a checklist that included demographic and clinical information forms and short-term (infection, length of ICU stay, anastomotic leakage, and bleeding) and long-term (dysphagia, stricture, and mortality rate) outcome forms.
The appropriate sample size was calculated based on a complication prevalence of 80% in the study by Hamza et al. (5) and using the following formula, considering an alpha of 0.05 and d of 0.1, the sample size was calculated as 64.
n = (z^2 * p * (1 - p)) / d^2
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16, based on variable types and sample sizes, using the appropriate tests.

Of the 70 patients studied, 64.3% were male and 35.7% were female with a mean age of 15.6 ± 5.4 years (range 1-33 years).
The mean follow-up duration was 42 ± 15.6 months. The prevalence of short-term complications including vomiting, anastomosis leakage, infection and bleeding was 52.8% and the most common short-term complication was nausea (24.3%). Long-term complications including mortality, anastomotic stenosis, dysphagia and reflux were reported in 81% of the cases. Dysphagia was the most common long-term complication (25.7%). A total of 3.4% of caustic ingestion cases resulted in patient death.
There was no significant association between short-term complications, long-term complications, length of hospital stay (in ICU and hospital), mortality rate, and patients' demographic characteristics, including age, sex, body mass index, and type of substance used (p>0.05).

In the present study, which was conducted on 70 patients undergoing Gastric Pull-up surgery to correct esophageal strictures following caustic ingestion, no significant association was found between long-term and short-term complications, length of hospital stay, and mortality rate with variables of age, sex, BMI, and type of substance used.
Harlak et al. in their study reported few complications associated with this surgical method. They attributed this to the common anatomical location of the esophageal burns and the presence of suitable esophageal tissue after removing the involved section (6). The results of the present study also emphasize that other background factors do not affect short- and long-term complications of this surgery.
Contini et al. attributed the better outcomes of esophagectomy in children to their better tissue repair capability (7). In the present study, no significant differences were observed in short- and long-term complications or mortality rates between children and adults. This finding could be due to the fact that both age groups usually undergo similar surgical procedures to repair or reduce damage caused by ingestion of leaches, using advanced medical techniques and postoperative care strategies, which could contribute to similar outcomes (8). Furthermore, regardless of age, the human esophagus has basic physiologic characteristics that respond to injury and subsequent surgical interventionin a comparable manner (9). It is also important to consider that comprehensive preoperative assessment and postoperative care, including nutritional support and infection management, were performed equally in both groups and may have influenced the observed outcomes. provides (10).
According to a 1992 study by Zargar et al., both acidic and alkaline substances cause serious damage to the esophageal tissue; however, they noted greater tissue damage by alkaline substances (11). Based on this, Harlak et al. also reported a greater need for reconstructive surgery after the acute phase following ingestion of alkaline substances. Based on the results of the present study, no significant differences were observed in the short- and long-term complications and mortality between acidic and alkaline substances.
In a study by Chirica et al. on long-term complications of reconstructive esophageal surgery after caustic ingestion by Colon Interposition, the only factor affecting these complications was delay in reconstructive surgery, and age, sex, and type of ingested substance did not affect the long-term complications of this corrective surgery (12), which is consistent with the results of the present study regarding complications of gastric pull-up surgery.
Based on the results of this study, factors including age, sex, body mass index, and type of ingested substance in patients with esophageal burns did not affect the short- and long-term complications and mortality rate after gastric pull-up surgery and cannot be used as criteria for selecting candidates for this surgical procedure.

When the body's immune system is unable to respond properly to the various antigens, viruses and inflammations encountered in the human body, it suffers a loss of function, which results in severe and long-term physical damage (5, 6) One of the best ways to strengthen the immune system is the use of supplements based on medicinal plants and physical and sports activity with moderate volume and intensity.
In this regard, it can be said that ensuring the health and improving the performance of athletes is one of the main goals of physical activity and sports. Therefore, coaches and athletes try to maintain the health of athletes during training and sports competition (10). Paying attention to the above content, the importance of discovering the best training method to improve the immune system and, as a result, the performance of athletes, is of particular importance.
According to the above materials, the researchers are trying to answer the question of whether a course of MIT exercise along with niglapsin supplement (combination of black seed oil and honey) has an effect on some blood cells in LPS-Threatened model mice?

To carry out the present experimental research, 25 heads of Wistar rats, which were prepared at Razi Serum-Sazi laboratory animal breeding center and were transferred to the research center. After entering the research environment and getting acquainted with the new environment for a week, the animals were randomly divided into 5 groups of 5: control, LPS-Threatened + solvent (sham), LPS-Threatened + exercise, LPS-Threatened + supplement and LPS- Threatened + exercise + supplement were divided. In order to create a model, Wistar rats were injected with LPS at a dose of 100 μg/kg intraperitoneally into the model groups twice a week for 2 weeks (11). In the following, the experimental groups performed the exercise program based on 50-60% of Vo2Max for 4 weeks and 3 days a week under the supervision of the researcher and received gavage supplements 5 days a week. The way of doing the exercises was that in the training group, the speed based on the maximum power of movement was on average 10.6 meters per minute at the beginning and in the second week it reached 22.8 meters per minute on average and finally reached 29 meters per minute on average. Average Vo2=75 and average Vo2Max=90.
In the training and supplement group, the average speed of the first week was 12.4 meters per minute, in the second week it was 23.2 meters per minute, and in the last week it reached 30 meters per minute. and average Vo2 = 79 and average Vo2Max = 95. Finally, the rats were anesthetized using chloroform and blood sampling was done to check the amount of blood cells. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc were used for statistical analysis of the data.

Regarding the induction of the LPS model and the interventions of exercise and niglapsin supplementation, a significant difference (0.0001) has been seen between the model, exercise, supplement and model, exercise, and model, supplement groups with the model group, which indicates that the interactions Exercise and supplementation have been effective in regulating and reducing infection and inflammation in WBCs. Also, a significant difference (0.0001) has been seen between the control group and the model group, which indicates that LPS induction is effective and stimulates WBCs. In the model, exercise, supplement group, compared to the model, exercise and model, supplement groups, there was a significant difference observed (Chart 1).
According to the induction of LPS model and the interventions of exercise and niglapsin supplement, there is a significant difference (0.0001) between the groups of model, exercise, supplement with model and significant difference (0.001) of model, exercise with model and significant difference (0.01) of model, supplement with group The model has been seen, which indicates that the interactions of exercise and supplementation were effective in regulating and increasing the amount of neutrophils. Also, a significant difference (0.0001) has been seen between the control group and the model group. There was a significant difference (0.001) in the model, exercise, supplement group compared to the other model, exercise and model, supplement groups (Chart 2).
According to the induction of the LPS model and the interventions of training and niglapsin supplementation, there is a significant difference (0.0001) between the groups of model, training, supplementation with the model and a significant difference (0.01) of the model, training with the model and a significant difference (0.01) of the model, supplementation with the group The model has been seen, which indicates that the interactions of training and supplementation have been effective in regulating and reducing infection and inflammation in lymphocytes. Also, a significant difference (0.0001) has been seen between the control group and the model group. There is a significant difference (0.001) in the model, exercise, supplement group compared to the model, supplement and model, exercise groups.

The results of the present study showed the effect of exercise, supplement and supplemental exercise on the number of white blood cells, leukocytes and lymphocytes in LPS-Threatened mice. Regarding the effect of MIT exercise on blood cells, it can be said that one of the mechanisms involved in this is the change in plasma volume, if the plasma volume has increased due to exercise, and this difference in the effect of exercise on plasma volume, It is probably due to the difference in the intensity and type of exercise, or it depends on the degree of adaptation to exercise. This issue can be justified considering that aerobic exercise can increase the plasma volume. In this study, plasma gel was not measured, which is one of the limitations of the present research. In general, after exercising for a long time, if the intensity and volume of exercise lead to a decrease in plasma volume, it includes an increase in blood cells (16). In relation to the effect of niglapsin supplement alone and in interaction with MIT exercise on the research variables, we can also mention the effect of black seed and honey on the immune system. It seems reasonable now.

Patients suffering from End-stage renal disease (ESRD), which means complete dysfunction of kidneys can experience medical disorders due to important rules of kidneys in Hemostasis and electrolyte balance. In ESRD patients, treated with conventional hemodialysis, cardiac involvement is a serious consequence and is the most important cause of death among ESRD patients. The most common cardiac involvement in these patients is heart failure ،Pericarditis and cardiomyopathy (1). Echocardiography is a powerful tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of these disorders. Structural and functional changes can be detected by Echocardiography. Left ventricular mass, Size of chambers, and size of valves are structural parameters. Left ventricular ejection fraction, Global longitudinal strain are functional parameters.
In a study performed by Liu YW, et al, they observed no significant difference in gender, age, and LVEF among groups. Compared with controls, global peak systolic longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential strain, and strain rate were decreased in the CKD group. Along with the decline of renal function, GLS deteriorated (2).Ventricular systolic function is determined by echocardiographic findings including Ejection fraction and anatomical findings like LV mass. GLS is an echocardiographic parameter that can determine Subclinical heart failure before EF is reduced. In a study done by Krishnasamy et al, it is found that GLS is a superior predictor of heart failure and can be used instead of LVEF. This study aims to determine the effect of Different factors such as Time of hemodialysis, Diabetes, Smoking, Etiology of ESRD, and duration of CKD before ESRD on the severity of heart disease among ESRD patients at first. And we want to find if there is a significant association between LV mass and GLS.

In a cross-sectional study 55 adult patients were enrolled among all of ESRD patients who underwent hemodialysis in Hazrat-e Rasool Hospital of Tehran since September 2021 until August 2022. Complete 2-D, 3-D, M-mode, Doppler and color Doppler study were performed by a single operator for each patient and the abnormalities were recorded. Echocardiographic parameters like LV mass, LVEF, E/e , GLS were calculated. Inclusion criteria are: all the ESRD patients over 18 years old who were referred to echocardiography department for cardiac evaluation as a part of pre operation check-up. Exclusion criteria include: Low quality of Echocardiography images, obvious Arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, pericardial effusion, Infective endocarditis, and serious pulmonary or hepatic disease, Pulmonary artery hypertension (secondary to lung disease). In the beginning, 64 patients were referred but 9 patients were excluded due to having exclusion criteria. And finally, 55peoples were chosen. The procedure was explained to patients, General information like Age, Gender, weight, and height was collected by checklist, and Ethical code no IR.IUMS.REC.1402.106 was registered in Iran university of medical sciences committee of ethics. Echocardiography was performed by Philips IE33 device and X5-1 probe in 2D and 3D echocardiographic images from different views for evaluating size and function of left ventricle and the size and function of valves. Full volume image was performed in an Apical 4 chamber in 7 Beat-Breath hold cycle at first 24 hours after hemodialysis. Volumes and LVEF were calculated by Q-lab image arena software. Apical 4,2,3 chamber views were calculated for detecting left ventricular GLS by cardiac motion quantification (CMQ) method. and data were analyzed by IBM SPSS statics version 26 by 95% meaningfulness.

Considering the probable effect of the Time of hemodialysis on the cardiac findings in Echocardiography we evaluate correction between the Time of hemodialysis with LV mass, GLS, and LVEF. In pearson correlate, in SPSS we found a significant relationship between time on hemodialysis and increasing LV mass/BSA (P value<0.01) and decreasing GLS and LVEF. We hypothesized that the duration of CKD before initiating Hemodialysis may be a probable factor that can affect cardiac function. Hence, we use the Pearson correlation again for evaluating the relation between the time of CKD before starting hemodialysis and LV mass, GLS, LVEF, E/e’. Strangely we found there is not a significant relationship between CKD and these parameters (P value=0.07 for LVEF, 0.197 for LV mass/BSA, 0.541 for E/e’, 0.059 for GLS). An increase in LV mass in ESRD patients can be related to several different causes like: increasing Afterload, Volume overload, and other factors. We hypothesize increase on LV mass can affect ventricular systolic dysfunction and GLS. So, we check their relation using the pearson correlation.
We exclude the effect of confounding variants like smoking, Diabetes, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia. And We found there is a significant relation between LV mass with GLS. In other word: an increase in mass can be a cause of decreasing GLS.

According to the statistical studies, it seems that End-stage renal disease, which means requirement of regular dialysis, can lead to cardiac complications in terms of subclinical heart failure, increased LV mass, and decreased ventricular ejection fraction. In the next phase of investigations, increase in the duration of the disease and the progression of ESRD can be significantly related to the increase in LV mass and the decrease in GLS. We found that increase in ventricular mass can be independent of the influence of other cofounder factors. Reduce the amount of GLS. In fact, left ventricular hypertrophy can be a determining factor for patients to progress to subclinical heart failure. Therefore, based on the available findings, it can be concluded that in the early stages of hemodialysis, it is necessary to perform cardiovascular evaluations and echocardiography of patients dependent on hemodialysis and to measure criteria such as GLS and LV mass, before causing obvious ventricular failure. With the least decrease in GLS or increase in LV mass, kidney transplant should be performed.

Psychiatric disorders and its causes have always been taken into consideration by psychologists and psychiatrists. Adolescence can be the beginning period of many psychiatric disorders. Most versions of Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of Mental Disorders (DSM) of American Psychiatric Association do not indicate that adolescents may develop borderline personality disorder. But the grounds for this disorder have their roots in childhood and adolescence. The DSM-5 defines this disorder as "a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships and self-image and a distinctly impulsive mood that begins in early adulthood and it appears in different environments and situations." Today, psychological stress has become an integral part of human life and is important to determining the health or illness of individuals. People seem to use different coping methods in stressful situations. People with borderline personality disorder have a special need for adaptive coping strategies. These strategies reduce vulnerability in stressful situations. A review of previous research shows that there is a relationship between anxiety and coping disorders, emotion regulation and borderline personality disorder. Clinical signs of borderline personality disorder include: "insane" actions to avoid real or imagined abandonment; An unstable and stressful pattern of personal relationships characterized by fluctuations between the two poles of idealization and devaluation; Identical and persistent self-reported identity disorder and instability; Impulsive behavior in at least two areas where there is a potential for personal harm (eg, extravagance, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, overeating periods; threats, gestures or repeated suicidal behaviors, or self-injurious behavior); Emotional instability due to the reactive nature of the mood (eg, severe boredom, irritability, or anxiety) that usually lasts for hours and rarely days; Chronic feeling of emptiness; Severe and disproportionate anger or difficulty controlling anger (such as recurring mood swings, persistent anger, or recurring quarrels) and temporary paranoid thinking associated with stress or severe breakdown symptoms (2). The word anxiety comes from the Latin word Anxius, which means a feeling of tightness in the chest. Anxiety refers to fear without a definite origin; That is, one does not know why one is afraid or that one's fear of danger seems disproportionate. Anxious often expresses a feeling of shortness of breath in the chest: I just feel anxious. Our brain is affected by many movements at any given moment, some of which are conscious or voluntary and many of which are unconscious and involuntary. These movements come from three different areas: the external environment, the body and the brain. Anxiety, then, is a vague and undesirable emotional state accompanied by external manifestations, panic, and turmoil that occurs as a result of a threat and a lack of proper response to it. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship of borderline personality disorder with self-esteem and emotion regulation by mediating role of anxiety and coping strategies in adolescents.

The method of this research is a correlational survey. The statistical population was all first and second high school students in Tuyserkan in the academic year 1393-94. 331 students were selected by stratified random sampling. Before conducting the research, participants were given explanations on how to answer the questionnaires and the confidentiality of their information. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel software using descriptive methods (mean and standard deviation), heuristic factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Rosenberg self-esteem (1965), Grass and John's emotion regulation (2003), Andler & Parker coping strategies (1990), emotional disorders related to anxiety (2000), and borderline personality disorder (1991) questionnaires were completed. The validity and reliability of all these tools have been confirmed in previous research. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated for the desired and reliable questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive, factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Lisrel.

The Descriptive findings of this study showed that the highest mean is related to coping strategies (128.66) and the lowest mean is related to self-esteem (7.36). The obtained correlation coefficient between each of the variables is statistically significant at the error level less than 0.01 (P < 0.01). Shows the structural relationships between self-esteem, borderline personality, coping strategies, anxiety, and borderline personality. Among the estimated pathways, the highest coefficient is related to the relationship between coping strategies and borderline personality (0.78) and the lowest is related to emotion regulation with anxiety (0.57). Analysis of direct, indirect, and total effects between the studied variables showed that the highest effect was obtained between coping strategies with borderline personality and the lowest effect was obtained between emotion regulation and anxiety. The results showed that the borderline personality of adolescents is related to self-esteem and their emotional regulation with mediation of anxiety and coping strategies (P < 0.001). Helping goodness of fit indexes, the estimated model was desirable in the structural equation model (NFI = 0.97, GFI 0.88, CFI 0.92, and RMSEA = 0.021).

The Psychiatric disorders, especially anxiety disorders and personality disorders, severely affect people's performance. These disorders affect family relationships; one falls short in education; His job and social performance are impaired and he generally feels inefficient and dissatisfied. On the one hand, lack of self-esteem and on the other hand, lack of effective coping skills in the individual and also difficulty in regulating emotions are issues and problems that cause both anxiety and borderline personality disorder and the range of difficulties of anxious patients. And expands boundaries and makes decision-making difficult to solve problems caused by the disorder and treatment. Various health models always pay attention to prevention. Like physical health, in the field of mental health, prevention requires knowledge of the contexts and causes of disorders and diseases. This study used structural equation modeling to investigate some areas of borderline personality development. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variables such as self-esteem, emotional regulation, anxiety and coping strategies affect the appearance of borderline personality in adolescent. Explaining the findings of this study, it can be said that borderline personality can be related with psychological contextual variables such as self-esteem, emotion regulation and coping. This means that the less self-esteem a person has, the more likely he or she is to develop such disorders; because people with low self-esteem usually have more limited relationships, their audacity is low, it causes instability in the behavior and feelings of the person and the person can not achieve unity. In this regard, the regulation of emotion as a variable that is necessary to maintain balance and psychological stability in the individual, has a decisive role (13). This means that people with high emotion regulation are less likely to develop personality disorders, especially borderline personality disorders. One of the most important symptoms of borderline personality disorder is emotional instability. When a person is not able to regulate their emotions well, they are more likely to have problems. Also, the way a person copes with problems and issues has an effect on the occurrence or non-occurrence of psychiatric disorders. Problem-oriented coping is often associated with mental health, but emotional coping is not; One who has an ineffective confrontation fails; Has trouble communicating with others; His academic and professional performance declines; He is emotionally disturbed and cognitively disturbed, and in general, someone who has little ability to deal effectively with problems is at greater risk of developing psychiatric disorders. One of the limitations of this study is the self-report of the collected data with the questionnaires used in it. Also, due to the limited statistical population (students), caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings of this study. Researchers interested in research in the field of psychiatric disorders are advised to examine the relationship of variables such as attachment, resilience, empathy, and efficiency with these disorders in addition to self-esteem, emotion regulation, and coping strategies. Also, the study of other statistical communities can be considered for similar studies in this study.

25(OH)D is decreased in the patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Some evidences are available showed that 25(OH)D measurement can reflected the serum levels of active form of vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] in ESRD patients. The aim of this study was to assess the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency in end stage renal disease patients (1, 2). The hormones related to vitamin D are calcitonin and parathyroid hormone, all of which are involved in renal calcium reabsorption (3). Vitamin D production is stimulated by parathyroid hormone and decreased by calcium. Extrarenal synthesis of vitamin D occurs under the influence of cytokines and is essential for paracrine regulation and cell differentiation (4). Plasma concentrations of 1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25 (OH) 2D) in plasma are constantly monitored by parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium and phosphate, and fibroblast-like growth factor 23. Low levels of 1,25 (OH) 2D are observed even in the early stages of kidney failure. Decreased levels of 1,25 (OH) 2D are exacerbated by the progression of renal failure (5). Deficiency in the production of 1-alpha hydroxylase enzyme in renal failure is thought to be the main mechanism of this process. However, phosphate retention and FGF-23 have also been attributed to reduced synthesis of 1,25 (OH) 2D. However, phosphate retention and FGF-23 have also been attributed to reduced synthesis of 1,25 (OH) 2D. In addition, hyperphosphatemia, metabolic acidosis, and other uremic toxins may suppress 1-alpha hydroxylase activity and 1,25 (OH) 2D synthesis, but its effects in advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) such as stages 4 and 5 Reaches the maximum (6, 7). Due to the fact that studies have shown that replacing vitamin D deficiency with active drug forms D2 and D3 is more effective and potency than inactive forms of vitamin D, and these compounds suppress the increase of serum PTH and thus the side effects and pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) and deficiency of 1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25 (OH) 2D) in patients. The final stage was kidney disease (ESRD).

This study is descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional. The study population included all patients with end-stage renal disease referred to the Panj Azar Educational and Medical Center in Gorgan during 2014. Based on the study of Urena et al. In 2011 (20) and estimating the correlation coefficient of 0.29 for the linear relationship between serum level of -25-hydroxyvitamin D with 1 and -25-hydroxyvitamin D in ESRD patients and the following relationship at the significant level of 0.05 and Test power was 80%, sample size was calculated to be 91 people. In this study, 88 ESRD patients referred to 5th Azar Hospital in Gorgan in 2014 were studied. After recording demographic data, the serum levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D and other laboratory parameters were measured. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS-18 statistical software and chi-square and t tests and Pearson’s correlation model. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Golestan University of Medical Sciences with ethics code IR.GOUMS.REC 31078693122416. Blood samples from all patients up to 10 cc for routine tests of patients with renal failure including CBC, Na, K, Ca, P, BUN, Cr, PTH and ALP and in the next step to measure serum level 25 - Hydroxyvitamin D as well as 1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were performed. Vitamin D was measured by ELISA method with a special kit. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 15-30 ng / ml were considered as insufficient vitamin D, values ​​less than 15 ng / ml were considered as vitamin D deficiency and high values ​​above 30 ng / ml were considered normal. And outside this range was considered abnormal. The range of normal values ​​of 1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D was determined in a large study of 20-60 pg / ml (4). Inclusion criteria included end-stage renal disease and non-inclusion criteria were not receiving vitamin D supplements during the last month. The researcher asked all the patients included in the study about not taking vitamin D and if they did not take it, they entered the study. Dialysis adequacy factor is calculated by the formula KT / V, which was calculated monthly in the forms of dialysis patients in the 5 Azar Medical Center, and in fact, a number less than 1.5 was considered as the optimal dialysis adequacy. The sun-damaging factor was removed so that all samples were collected in one season, and all patients received normal community nutrition. The collected data were analyzed after coding and entry in SPSS software version 18. Mean, median, standard deviation and percentage were used to describe the data. If the serum levels of vitamin D were normal, t-test was used to compare the mean serum levels of vitamin D between groups (insufficient amounts, deficiency and normality of vitamin D). Chi-square test (2 χ) was used to compare the ratio of vitamin deficiency between groups and Pearson correlation test was used to compare numerical variables. If the data were not normal, non-parametric tests were used. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The mean age of patients was 56.1±14.1 years and 43.2% of them were male and 56.8% were female. 51.1% of patients were obese or overweight. The mean serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D were 23.3±16.7 and 147.3±49.2 ng/dl, respectively. Moreover, 51.1% of them had 25(OH)D deficiency, 44.3% insufficiency and 4.5% sufficiency. 1.1% of patients had 1,25(OH)2D deficiency and 98.9% had increased 1,25(OH)2D. 25(OH)D serum levels in ESRD patients were associated with 1,25(OH)2D serum levels (P=0.037). There was no association between vitamin D serum concentrations and studied variables (P>0.05).

The results of this study showed that 25(OH)D serum level had a negative and significant correlation with 1,25(OH)2D serum level.

The needs of love and attachment are one of the main characteristics and basic needs of humans from childhood to old age (4). In fact, one of the most important relationships that people create throughout their lives and expect to satisfy their psychological needs and the need to be loved is love. Love can be seen as one of the manifestations of attachment, and attachment styles provide a stable pattern for processing intra-personal and interpersonal relationships in a transformative life, and it is a meaningful predictor for the quality of a person's future relationships and is involved in the growth and preservation of intimacy (31). Considering the basic role of attachment and its importance in various social dimensions, mental and physical health, people who suffer from attachment injuries will experience more problems in creating a feeling of intimacy and love and the process of seeking order for excitement. Also, attachment styles are one of the most important conceptual frameworks and the basis of a capacity to regulate emotions and have an inextricable link with each other (14). In addition, research indicates that emotion regulation strategies can play a role in increasing people's lovability and intimate relationships (27). In this research, in addition to the role of attachment injuries, other variables such as lovability have been identified. Considering the role of lovability on the durability and effectiveness of relationships and that lovability is one of the dimensions of self-esteem and one of the most basic beliefs of a person about himself, conducting this research in order to know the factors influencing lovability is of special importance. and identifying these factors is necessary to prevent adverse consequences. Also, considering the mediating variable of emotion regulation in this research as an effective factor in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability and taking into account the fact that until now emotion regulation has not been investigated as a mediating role in the relationship between these two variables. The aim of this research is to determine the mediating role of Emotion regulation in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability. Being lovability plays a significant role in the durability and effectiveness of relationships. And identifying the factors affecting lovability is important to prevent adverse consequences. Hence, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability.

The current research was descriptive and correlational. In this research, the correlational design was used to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between attachment injuries and love acceptance. The statistical population of the research was made up of undergraduate and master's degree students in management and law of Valiasr Complex of South Tehran Azad University who were studying in 2021-2022. The sample size is based on Klein's opinion (27) that 2.5 to 5 people are suitable for each item, and considering the total of 35 items in the research questionnaires and taking into account the fact that a minimum sample size of 200 people is defensible, in First, were using a staged sampling method and considering the possibility of some questionnaires being distorted, 260 people were selected. In order to control the order effect and fatigue, the questionnaires were presented in different orders. and responded to the lovability scale (O'Brien and Epstein, 1988), adult attachment questionnaire (Besharat, 2012) and emotion regulation questionnaire (Gross and John, 2003). The conditions for entering the research were: not having a history of mental illness, not using medication due to psychiatric illness, and having consent to participate in the research. Correlation test and path analysis were used to analyze the research data.

Path analysis test was used to test the research hypothesis that "emotional regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability". The results of the path analysis test showed that 18% of the variance of emotion regulation can be explained through attachment damage (avoidant and ambivalent). Also, attachment injuries and emotion regulation have the ability to explain 30% of the variance of lovability. The results of this research showed that attachment injuries (ambivalent and avoidant) has a significant negative relationship with emotion regulation and lovability (P<0.001). Also, emotion regulation has a significant positive relationship with lovability (P< 0.001). The results of the path analysis test also showed that emotion regulation has a significant indirect effect (mediating role) on the relationship between attachment injuries (avoidant and ambivalent) and lovability (P<0.001), which supports the research hypothesis.

The results of this research showed that there is a significant negative relationship between attachment injuries and emotional regulation and lovability. In explaining this finding, it can be said that in accordance with cognitive - experiential self-theory(2), a person's evaluation of the level of lovability is formed in early childhood experiences and in the context of the family, and attachment injuries are the result of improper relationship with parents and the feeling of being rejected and unloved. People who feel rejected have low levels of lovability and defects in the quality of care they give to others (2). Also, those who suffer from attachment injuries, under the influence of the unhealthy quality of the caregiver-child relationship since childhood, use uncompromising emotion regulation strategies to regulate their emotions in intra-personal and interpersonal relationships (13).The results of this research showed that emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between attachment injuries and lovability. In explaining this finding, it can be said that the primary parent-child relationship is the most important element that strongly affects the development of basic emotion regulation skills (21). Based on this, people with attachment injuries use suppression in developing emotion regulation skills to overcome negative situations. Also, these people experience their self-esteem at a low level and are less lovability (25). On the other hand, when a person uses re-evaluation, he can be at a high level in terms of his competence and dignity, express his feelings constructively to his life partner, and lovability at a higher level (26).
According to the results, when people are first taught and then people can use the discipline of adaptive emotion seeking with proper management, This makes the person feel valued and experience a higher level of lovability in their relationships, reducing the negative impact of attachment injuries(4).Therefore, it can be concluded that by increasing the emotion regulation capacity and using the emotion regulation skills correctly, the impact of attachment injuries in creating a low level of lovability can be reduced to some extent. Also, considering the role of lovability on the durability and effectiveness of relationships, it is suggested to provide mental health services in the form of training sessions with an emphasis on the role of appropriate emotion regulation strategies to reduce and prevent attachment injuries in relationships with the focus of increasing lovability and Managing emotions helped.

Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) is one of the most frequent diseases of respiratory system which is demonstrated with irreversible destruction of elastic fibers of the lungs. It has been estimated that COPD would affect one fourth of above 40 years of old population (1). Giant pulmonary bullae is one the most frequent consequences of COPD which is occurred due to elastic and alveolar destruction and air trapping. This condition would lead to serious dysfunction of the lungs (2).  Nowadays Surgical treatments are the principle methods for treatment of giant pulmonary bullae, but surgery always accompanies with adverse events and additional costs and hospitalization (4). Developing new non-surgical methods with non-inferiority efficacy for pulmonary giant bullae would be crucial to minimize side effects and costs and hospitalization (7). In current series report study, we describe results of three patients with giant bullae who have been treated with a new non-surgical method.

Case number 1: A 64 years old heavy smoker (40 pack / year) male patients who suffer from COPD and pulmonary emphysema for more than 12 years. The patient has been under treatment of inhaler corticosteroids, beta agonists, and anti-cholinergic sprays and he did not respond to the medical therapies. Silicon valves also were installed in emphysematous segments during the last years but it had no considerable effect. In last refer of the patient to the respiratory disease clinic of Rasul Akram hospital, a giant pulmonary bulla in superior lobe of left lung was seen in chest radiography. The patient became candidate for surgery but because of that the patient did not consent to the surgery, he became eligible for the treatment method of the current study. Before intervention, basic parameters including: spirometry, 6 minutes walk test (6MWT), and chest radiography were recorded. After that, a silicone valve was installed in the entrance of affected segment and next day, the giant bulla was decompressed by a catheter under the guidance of CT scan. Next day, bullodesis was done using Talc powder. After 48 hours, the catheter was removed and the patient was discharged with well condition. The patients did not demonstrate any adverse events during and after the procedure. Follow-up was done after 6 months and the results represented that the size of the bulla has considerably decreased and he has significant improvement in spirometry parameters and 6MWT.
Case number 2: A 74 years old heavy smoker (30 pack / year) male patients who suffer from COPD and pulmonary emphysema for more than 10 years. The patient has been under treatment of inhaler corticosteroids, beta agonists, and anti-cholinergic sprays and he did not respond to the medical therapies. Silicon valves also were installed in emphysematous segments during the last years but it had no considerable effect. In last refer of the patient to the respiratory disease clinic of Rasul Akram hospital, a giant pulmonary bulla was founded in chest radiography in inferior lobe of right lung. The patient became candidate for surgery but because of that the patient did not consent to the surgery, he became eligible for the treatment method of the current study. Before intervention, basic parameters including: spirometry, 6 minutes walk test (6MWT), and chest radiography were recorded. After that, a silicone valve was installed in the entrance of affected segment and next day, the giant bulla was decompressed by a catheter under the guidance of CT scan. Next day, bullodesis was done using Talc powder. After 48 hours, the catheter was removed and the patient was discharged with well condition. The patients did not demonstrate any adverse events during and after the procedure. Follow-up was done after 6 months and the results represented that the size of the bulla has considerably decreased and he has significant improvement in spirometry parameters and 6MWT.
Case number 3: A 35 years old female patient with no past medical history who referred to a clinic with complaint of sudden dyspnea and chest pain. The patients was diagnosed with spontaneous pneumothorax based on chest radiography and chest tube was installed for treatment. The patient was discharged with well condition, but one week later she demonstrated the symptoms again. This time she referred to respiratory disease clinic of Rasul Akram hospital and a giant bulla was found in chest radiography in middle and upper lobe of the right lung. The patient became candidate for surgery but because of that the patient did not consent to the surgery, she became eligible for the treatment method of the current study. Before intervention, basic parameters including: spirometry, 6 minutes walk test (6MWT), and chest radiography were recorded. After that, a silicone valve was installed in the entrance of affected segments and next day, the giant bulla was decompressed by a catheter under the guidance of CT scan. Next day, bullodesis was done using Talc powder. After 48 hours, the catheter was removed and the patient was discharged with well condition. The patients did not demonstrate any adverse events during and after the procedure. Follow-up was done after 6 months and the results represented that the size of the bulla has considerably decreased and she has improvement in spirometry parameters and 6MWT but not as great as the previous two patients.

non-surgical treatment options should be developed for treatment of pulmonary bulla because of lower rate of adverse events and hospitalization and lower costs (8). Bullodesis is one the suggested non-surgical methods which few studies have assessed the efficacy (19). the current study a new non-surgical method based on bulla decompression and following bullodesis with Talc powder was evaluated in three patients with pulmonary giant bullae. The results of the study demonstrate that this method would be non-inferior in efficiency with lower risk for adverse events in comparison with surgery. The improvements of clinical parameters were more prominent in the two patients with COPD. Designing and conducting clinical trials is suggested for establishment of more precise and powerful evidences.

School counselors are responsible for addressing the academic, personal/social, and career development needs of students through the design, implementation, evaluation, and enhancement of a comprehensive school counseling program, which results in the improvement and promotion of student success (2). Based on this, the role of school counselors in the development of students is not hidden from any expert and everyone agrees on the irreplaceable effect of school counselors. In order for such counselors to be at the disposal of the country's educational system, the process of recruiting, training and employing school counselors should be systematic and based on specific goals and recognizing the characteristics of an efficient school counselor. Some studies show that there is a significant relationship between the psychological health of counselors and their professional efficiency (6-8). Identifying and introducing psychological characteristics in the selection of school counselors in different societies, apart from the commonalities it has, also has distinct aspects, and it is impossible to define and specify a series of general and absolute characteristics for the selection of school counselors in all societies in the same way. On the other hand, today we are witnessing that various people are employed in the school counseling profession without paying attention to their competence and competence or making a serious effort to improve their efficiency and capability. For this reason, by identifying and introducing psychological characteristics in the selection of school counselors and using such findings to revise the recruitment, training and employment of school counselors, it may be possible to provide conditions that improve the efficiency of school counselors and make fundamental changes in the provision of high-quality counseling services. Let's see the school in providing counseling services in schools. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question, what are the psychological characteristics of school counselors?

The present study was conducted qualitatively using thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the research included all professors and experts in the field of school counseling in the country in 1401, from which 11 experts and professors of school counseling were selected by snowball sampling. In this way, the first specialist and counseling professor who was interviewed was asked to introduce another specialist and counseling professor whom they know and who they think can help the researcher. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data, and the data were collected until theoretical saturation was reached, and after the implementation of the text of the interviews, they were analyzed. Due to the distance dimension and the restrictions caused by the Corona epidemic, the interviews were conducted in person and in virtual space. The criteria for entering the research included having several publications and researches in the field of school counseling, a field of study related to the school counseling profession (counseling, psychology and educational sciences) and willingness to participate in research. In order to check the content validity of the interview tool, first the initial version of the interview was sent to the supervisors and advisors, then the necessary and suggested amendments were applied and finally approved. To calculate the reliability, the reproducibility index was applied according to the method of Huberman and et al. (1994), which are: 1) reliability, 2) transferability, 3) verifiability and 4) reliability (12).

The number of participants in the present study was 18, of which %36.40 were women and %60.60 were men. The last degree of all the participants was a Ph.D., among whom one was a professor, 5 were associate professors, and 5 were assistant professors. The average age of the participants was 45 years. The findings of the current research can be expressed in four categories; The first category of cognitive characteristics includes having the power of analysis, creativity and innovation, intellectual maturity, mental health, benefiting from high intelligence and high self-efficacy. In explaining this finding, it can be said that schools today need creative and innovative counselors, counselors who make thought and wisdom the ruler of their actions and thoughts, and encourage students to use reason and wisdom to solve their problems and problems. The second category of emotional characteristics includes emotional maturity, communication skills, and professional commitment and attachment. The meaning of emotional characteristics is the set of interests and tendencies of the school counselor towards issues and topics related to school counseling. Emotional maturity as a psychological characteristic indicates intrapsychic and interpersonal characteristics. Emotional characteristics in the intrapsychic dimension refer to the ability to balance thoughts and emotions, while emotional characteristics in the interpersonal dimension are the ability to experience intimacy without jeopardizing the client's sense of independence. The third category of personality characteristics includes regularity, tolerance, courage and dignity. Personality can be defined as certain patterns of thinking, emotion and behavior that define a person's personal style in interaction with his social and material environment. The personality characteristics of a consultant are so important that people who do not have such characteristics, even with sufficient education and experience, should not be allowed to do professional work. It seems that personality traits cannot be achieved through education and training, and if the applicants for the counseling profession do not have these characteristics at the beginning of specialized training, they will not be able to be useful and effective counselors for clients, even if the training program is at a high level; Because training only strengthens the personality traits of people who are ready and interested in the job. And the fourth category of ethical characteristics including scientific, moral and occupational competence. In effective communication with their clients, counselors mainly deal with their beliefs, values and ideals and sometimes their secrets. Most of the time, the clients try to honestly and sincerely tell all the secrets of their lives in the counseling session with the trust they have towards the commitment and expertise of the counselor and hoping to receive effective help from him. It is obvious that all professional honor, human authenticity, moral strictness and professional commitment of consultants depends on their performance towards the clients and compliance with honesty, friendship, self-restraint and confidentiality, and in a word, legal obligations and professional ethics.

In general, it can be concluded that in order to improve the competencies of school counselors, it is important to pay attention to the role of psychological factors in the selection of school counselors, which has a positive effect on the efficiency of counseling services in schools.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six-week combined training on sand on time to stabilization, sens of position and Strength of ankle joint in volleyball players with chronic ankle instability. Ankle injury is one of the most common sports injuries. Among ankle injuries, sprains are among the most common injuries. On average, this injury results in the absence of the athlete for 7 sessions of training or competition (2). In research, it has been shown that the inability to sense the proprioception of the ankle joint has caused a change in coordination in movement programs, such as a delay in the start of the contractile activity of the muscles around the joint. Therefore, by reducing the range of contraction of the muscles around the joint, the possibility of ankle sprain increases (4). Resistance training is a type of training method that has gained a lot of popularity in the last two decades especially because of its role in improving sports performance by increasing strength, power, speed, local muscular endurance, balance and coordination (9). Volleyball is full of explosive and high-speed movements and techniques combined with power, which are performed repeatedly and consecutively by the players. These explosive and fast movements with maximum strength and muscle power are performed in a fraction of a second, the number of which is very high in one round (rally) of the game (10). The imbalance of muscle strength disturbs the extension of the body and provides the basis for putting unusual pressures on joints and other tissues (11). Resistance training is a type of training, especially because of its role in improving sports performance by increasing strength, power, speed, and endurance. One of the solutions that has rarely been explored in sports teams is the use of training levels. Wide access to different training surfaces such as sand surfaces that exist naturally (beach) and artificial, has made sports training on these surfaces a viable option for trainers and sports science practitioners (15). The high absorption quality in sand reduces the impact forces during high-intensity sports activities, which will potentially lead to a reduction in muscle pain and injury with a very small reduction in the performance capacity of athletes (17).

The present study was a quasi-experimental. For this purpose, 24 female volleyball players in two experimental and control groups were selected through purposive sampling. After completing the personal information questionnaire, the athletes were divided into two groups of ten. Both groups were tested using a force plate device to calculate the time to stabilization, a goniometer device to calculate the sense of ankle joint position and a dynamometer device to calculate the Strength of ankle joint in pre-test and post-test. The experimental group was then given combined exercises for six weeks, including plyometric and resistance exercises in the sand. The Functional Ankle Instability Questionnaire (IDFAI) assesses three ankle factors, including history of ankle instability, information about the first ankle sprain, and information about instability during daily activities and sports. Also, each question has a specific score and these scores range from 0 to 37. Higher scores indicate more instability and lower scores indicate less ankle instability. The right and left legs are examined separately and if the obtained score is greater than 11, the person has functional instability of the ankle (19). Kinetic information was collected using a force plate (Qurato Jump) made in Switzerland and a Besco test to measure the time to reach stability. The Bosco test includes different types of jumps, such as standing jumps, 90-degree squat jumps, and consecutive jumps. The time to reach stability (TTS) is the time required to minimize the result of the ground reaction forces caused by the drop-landing movement until reaching the stationary state. With this device, the time to reach stability is calculated through the Bosco test, which calculates the difference between the times a person lands on the force plate device and the time the person reaches stability, and the result shows the time to reach stability. The number of jumps is between 3 and 5 jumps and for consecutive jumps between 15 and 60 seconds. High validity and reliability have been reported for the Bosco test. So that the test-retest rate in Bosco's 30-second jump was reported (ICC = 0.94) and was (ICC = 0.98) to determine the average jump height (20). Data were analyzed using Spss software version 24 and two-way ANOVA statistical method at a significance level of α≤ 0.05. Two-way

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups after 6 weeks of training in the variable of time to stabilization (P = 0.01) and in the variable of sens of position (P = 0.07) and ankle joint strength No significant difference was observed (P = 0.15).

The results of the present study showed that performing combined exercises in the sand could improve the time to stabilization and sense of position in people with chronic ankle instability. Therefore, it is recommended to use sand exercises in the training program of athletes active in high-intensity traumatic disciplines, especially in the ankle joint area. Studies that showed that unstable training levels had an effect on the rehabilitation and recovery of ankle sprains. Balance exercises by creating unstable and turbulent conditions, while increasing strength tolerance; it causes simultaneous activation of the muscles and thereby improves the preliminary stiffness and reactive characteristics of the muscle, which can be a reason for the improvement of the instability index. In addition, the use of controlled perturbation exercises, by creating unexpected perturbations of the joint, stimulates the reflex recording, and the constant use of these reflex pathways can reduce response time and improve reactive strategies against sudden perturbations (23). In a research where the researchers studied the effect of neuro-muscular exercises along with Kinesiotape on the balance, performance and pain level of volleyball players with chronic ankle instability; the results showed that these exercises have a positive and significant effect on static and dynamic balance variables of volleyball players with chronic ankle instability (24). During a research, Melan and colleagues (2018) investigated the effect of overload using elastic bands on balance and functional activity in athletes with chronic ankle instability. The results showed that these exercises had a significant effect on the balance of athletes with chronic ankle instability (25).The inability to sense proprioception changes movement coordination and motor patterns, such as increasing the time it takes to start contracting the muscles around the joint and reducing their contraction range, which will reduce performance and result in joint sprains. Balance exercises have been proposed as a suitable method for strengthening joint ligaments, improving the balance process, retraining proprioception and preventing sprains (30). In the ankle joint, the supporting and opposing muscle groups that provide the strength of the joint include the flexor-extender muscle groups and the internal and external rotators of the ankle. Disruption in the functioning of this system causes the strength balance of these muscles to be disturbed and as a result, instability in the joint occurs (33). In recent years, resistance exercises are commonly used in rehabilitation exercises and sports medicine to increase strength and reduce clinical concerns (34). Since there is a disturbance in balance in a person after ankle sprain, improving balance can be effective in improving performance and quality of life. Therefore, it can be said that combined exercises by improving the strength of lower limb muscles and facilitating proprioception can improve balance in people with ankle sprains.

The general goal of the current research was to design a disciplinary management model to deal with vandalism in Iranian sports with a structural equation modeling approach. The behavior of sports fans is broad and represents one of the most universal leisure activities of the society. These behaviors include buying tickets or merchandise, tweeting about a team's performance, or signing up for special sports packages. Therefore, the relationship between a fan and his favorite team causes various behaviors. However, the intensity and extent of team-related behaviors varies widely among sports fans, as the emotions and passion associated with a sports team lead to strong attachments for some and casual relationships for others. Even in one fan, depending on a number of variables, including team expectations, team results, and moods, fan behaviors can vary. Nowadays, the presence of teenagers and young people in sports venues has become one of the concerns of families, because on the one hand, the safety of sports facilities and on the other hand, the moral deviations, anxiety and violence and harassment that occur in sports venues, can affect the physical and mental health of teenagers and young people, and even to threaten adults . Common behavioral abnormalities in sports fields include violence and aggression in the stadium, insulting and obscene slogans towards the players, clubs and fans of rival clubs, throwing objects and explosives on the playing field and disrupting the process of holding the match and finally fighting. And the conflict with the spectators of the rival club and the destruction and damage to the property and facilities of the stadium. As the sport in our country moves forward, the incidence of violence, abnormality and problems among the fans increases, which has become a fundamental problem in the sports community .Sports events are often associated with aggressive behavior from spectators. Hence, fan aggression is a social problem that affects many sports clubs around the world. Violence during sports events shows a wide phenomenon, it causes various negative consequences including damage to spectators and security personnel, reduction of public trust and loss of equipment and places .Therefore, one of the most important events in today's fan communities is vandalism. Fandom as an important part of the football phenomenon in today's society is also interpreted as a double coin with an ugly and beautiful reality, and its positive aspects are mixed with extremely valuable functions along with its negative approach and harmful side effects, and it is natural that One of the negative side effects is the phenomenon of hooliganism and vandalism among the spectators. Vandalism is one of the perversions of the new society, which is caused by rapid social changes, the growth of anomie and the ever-increasing desires of man and his failure to achieve these desires, and the feeling of alienation, injustice, anger and hatred that they have towards the community and their surroundings, which It is an expression of weakness and normative disorder in the cultural and social structure of the society. Vandalism is one of the crimes that have less legal and criminal penalties. Norm-breaking, while causing public damage, indicates important and bigger problems for the future society . So that the researchers believe that "if destruction and other destructive methods become a positive value among the people of a society; It means to be considered smart; Because it is internalized and institutionalized, it is very difficult to change or destroy it. According to them, showing destructive and aggressive films in third world countries fuels this culture; So that these elements are transferred to the next generations and propagated among them.".
In general, a behavior can be called vandalism that, while having the aspects of violence and destruction, has the following characteristics: "a) damage to things that belong to others and not the vandalizing person; b) damage to the public property of the people; c) In general, any damage that the other party must compensate for and the responsibility for the damage is on him. This may be due to the fact that the mentioned properties do not seem to have an owner, or belong to a person, or at least it is difficult to determine their ownership.

The current research was a descriptive correlational research, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered part of applied research. The statistical community of this research in the qualitative part was made up of experts in sports sociology, managers and deputy guards of Azadi Stadium, Foulad Arena Stadium, Naqsh Jahan Stadium in Isfahan, Yadgar Imam Stadium in Tabriz, Pas Stadium security, which includes about 7 people. The snowball sampling method continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the quantitative part, the statistical community of the research was made up of the security officers of the selected stadiums, and 162 questionnaires were distributed. In the qualitative part, after the interview, selective coding, central and open codes were extracted and then the qualitative paradigm of the research was presented. In the quantitative section, mean, frequency, standard deviation, percentage were used to analyze the data at a descriptive level. Also, structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach was used to test the model. Also, in this research, Smart pls version 3 software was used for data analysis.

In the qualitative part of law enforcement management in dealing with vandalism in Iranian sports, 85 codes and 4 categories (management and planning, security strategies, security infrastructures and extra-organizational interactions), 9 secondary concepts and 85 primary concepts were formed, and the qualitative research paradigm was presented. became. The results showed that all four components of disciplinary management (management and planning, extra-organizational interactions, security strategies, security infrastructure) have a significant positive effect on dealing with vandalism in Iranian sports.

Management and planning include three core codes. Security organization, integrated security approach and training and training of security forces. This means that in order to deal with vandalism, police managers in stadiums should use the principles of management, or in other words, one of the main pillars of management, which is organization in the security affairs of stadiums.

Researchers believe that creating psychological well-being and inner and stable happiness leads people to greater success, healthier social relationships, and finally higher mental and physical health (1). In this context, research results also show a positive relationship between psychological well-being and academic performance (2). On the other hand, the spread of Covid-19 in Wuhan, China and its epidemic all over the world inevitably caused many changes in people's lifestyles, the anxiety caused by the possibility of contracting this disease caused the formation of social distance between people and reduced communication between them. especially students). Since the need to connect is one of the essential needs for people's mental health, this has affected the psychological well-being of students more (3). Another psychological construct that is one of the most prominent variables in positive psychology and is likely to predict students' psychological well-being is resilience. Resilience is the process or ability to adapt oneself to failures, calamities, life conflicts and challenging events and overcome them. Resilient people show positive adaptive behavior when facing adverse conditions and stressful situations (6). According to research results, another factor that affects the academic and social life of students is self-efficacy (12). Self-efficacy is one of the important and effective concepts in Bandura's cognitive-social theory. In Bandura's system, self-efficacy refers to feelings of sufficiency, competence and ability to cope with life (2). On the other hand, one of the most important social factors related to psychological well-being is the perception of social support. Perceived social support is a concept that refers to people's subjective evaluations of supportive relationships and behaviors. Among other reasons for the correctness of this result, we can point to the fact that in the course of interactions and social support, a person uses methods He becomes aware of the effectiveness of others in life, and with this cognitive capital, he can establish positive practices and pleasant behaviors for a satisfying life (14). Therefore, the basic problem of the current research is to find an answer to the question of whether the model of students' psychological well-being based on personality traits and perceived social support with the mediation of resilience and self-efficacy has a good fit with the data?

To conduct this descriptive-correlational research, which was conducted using the statistical method of structural equation modeling, he has the code of ethics IR.IAU.ARAK.REC.1400.004 approved by the Islamic Azad University of Arak Branch. 400 female students of the second secondary education in the 2nd district of Tehran in the academic year of 1399-1400 were selected as a sample using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Then Riff psychological well-being questionnaire (1989), NEO-FFI-R five-factor questionnaire (NEO-FFI-R) by McCree and Costa (2008), multidimensional perceived social support scale (Zimmet, Dahlem, Zimet and Farley, 2012), Scherer's general self-efficacy scale and colleagues (1982), and completed the Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience scale, and after entering the data into SPSS software, the data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method and using AMOS software. were analyzed.

As can be seen in Table 2, the fit indices, such as the chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom (df/χ²) with a value of 3.52, the incremental fit index (IFI) with a value of 0.97, the comparative fit index (CFI) ) with a value of 0.95, goodness-of-fit index (GFI) with a value of 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI=0.91), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI=0.89) and root mean square error of approximation ( RMSEA) with a value of 0.06 indicates a good fit of the proposed model with the data. In addition, as seen in diagram 1, the coefficients of the direct path and their direction have been determined, and these coefficients are significant at the minimum level (a ≥ 0.05). Also, the diagram of the proposed model of the current research shows that the predictor variables explain 90% of the variance of the dependent variable (psychological well-being), which indicates the high predictive power of the model variables in predicting psychological well-being. As shown in Table 3, the path coefficients (ß) and the significance level of each of them (p) are given, all of which are significant at the minimum level (a ≥ 0.05). In this table, the highest beta coefficient (ß) is related to the path of resilience to psychological well-being (ß = 0.64, p < 0.001), and the lowest beta coefficient (ß) is related to the path of personality traits to self-efficacy. β = 0.17, p = 0.002).

The results of the present study showed that the proposed model of students' psychological well-being based on personality traits and perceived social support with the mediation of resilience and self-efficacy in the conditions of covid-19 had a favorable fit with the data. In general, the predictor variables have explained about 90% of the variance of the dependent variable (psychological well-being) in the present study. In explaining this pattern, it can be said that personality traits, as one of the important components of individual differences, can play an essential role in how to engage, search and pursue experiences. Also, extroversion as one of the personality traits provides the context for social interaction; As a result, one's social skills are strengthened and finally, by reducing the feeling of loneliness, one's happiness and psychological well-being are strengthened. It can be said that neurotic people constantly experience lower quality of life and, as a result, lower psychological well-being due to having characteristics such as high anxiety, low self-esteem, and severe depression (22).   Also, according to the findings of the current research, social support has a causal relationship with psychological well-being both directly and indirectly - through resilience and self-efficacy. In explaining this finding, it can be said that the people around you can be different sources of social support in different ways. have a major impact on the student's sense of well-being. In other words, among the effective factors in mental well-being is the social network with which a person is connected and supported by it; The support received from this network plays a very important role in the way a person interacts with himself and the environment. In the case of students, family, friends and school are the most important elements of this network and play an important role in overcoming problems and positively evaluating themselves and their lives (26).

Studies have estimated the percentage of people with personality disorders in the entire population to be close to 10% and in some cases 25% (1). Meanwhile, avoidant personality disorder is a relatively common disorder, which has an estimated prevalence of approximately 2.4% in the entire population (2). Avoidant personality disorder, such as borderline personality disorder, has a lot of similarities with other personality disorders and axis one disorders, especially mood disorders, anxiety and physical symptoms (1). Patients with avoidant personality disorder are not able to focus on the therapeutic relationship, and avoidance makes the process of attracting therapeutic participation in them due to the transference and cross-transference processes a difficult and long task (6).
In this regard, and in recent years, schema therapy has entered the field of psychotherapy as a method for treating complex psychological problems and has expanded greatly (8). Schema therapy is an integrated and multifaceted approach that considers the psychological elements that make up personality traits as a result of the combination of emotional temperament with basic emotional needs and early childhood experiences that are perpetuated through confirmation bias, ineffective coping styles and manifest themselves in adult life (9).
On the other hand, from the perspective of schema therapy, art therapy methods, including cinema therapy, can be conceptualized as "schema stimulation techniques" that may be more difficult to reach through conventional treatments. Cinematherapy is one of the contemporary cognitive approaches, and is considered as a creative intervention, in which the therapist uses watching a movie as a metaphor to promote awareness and change. As an indirect and non-verbal cognitive approach, cinema therapy can stimulate people's thinking and feelings (13) and act as a tool to bring out the hidden aspects of the emotional world of patients, which is similar to the use of dreams in the psychoanalytic approach to penetrate deep into the psyche (12).
Examining the research records related to the research topic showed that the schema therapy approach is effective in the treatment of avoidant personality disorder (14, 8) and other personality disorders (15, 16). Also, the research conducted on the effectiveness of cinema therapy on the improvement of psychological disorders has been reported by Raymond, Wibowo & Jafar (2018) (17) and Dunham & Dermer (2020) (18). Peled et al. (2017) showed in a research that 60 sessions of mindfulness-based schema therapy resulted in a significant reduction of symptoms in patients with cluster c personality disorders, including avoidant personality disorder (19). van den Broek et al. (2011) also reported in a study that was conducted using a single subject method; the combination of schema therapy and art therapies, including cinema therapy, is effective in invoking schema mentalities in people with personality disorders (13). According to the search conducted and the review of seminars, congresses and scientific-research journals of psychology, the point of interest compared to borderline personality disorder and other cluster c personality disorders is that, in the field of avoidant personality disorder treatment, especially single studies Subject, in the research background of Iran and the world, we are facing research poverty. Therefore, in the present research, the researcher intends to answer the question of whether schema therapy based on mentality and cinema therapy is effective in treating the symptoms of avoidant personality disorder?

The present study is of a single test with a multiple baseline design and three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all clients, ranging 20-35 years old, who referred to Armana Psychological services and counseling center from 11/01/1399 to 04/15/1400 (from 01/20/2021 to 07/06/2021). By a purposive sampling, four of the clients with psychiatric diagnose of avoidant personality disorder which were diagnosed by Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and structured clinical interview for personality disorders were selected. The participants responded to the Millon Inventory at the base-line position, the seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, twenty-eighth, and thirty-fourth session, and at three times with a month interval between each time after finishing the intervention. The treatment intervention was held in thirty-four sixty-minute sessions.

The data analysis was performed by visual analysis of the chart, recovery percentage, the effect size and reliable change index, and the percentage of overlapping and non-overlapping data. The three-month follow-up demonstrated that mentality-based schema therapy with cinema therapy significantly decreased the symptoms of avoidant personality disorder in the participants at the end of the treatment and follow-up.

The results of the present study show that clients have been successful in reducing the signs and symptoms of their avoidant personality traits. Therefore, it can be said that the client's score in treatment has changed to such an extent that his position has moved from the group of people with dysfunction due to avoidant personality disorder to the group of people with normal functioning. Regarding the percentage of improvement, considering that the scores of each person in the baseline have the role of the control group and the criterion is the comparison of the individual's own scores over time and at different stages before and during the intervention. is facing Therefore, it can be said that the first references have progressed reliably. Among the other reasons that can be stated to explain the lower rate of improvement of the first referral than the other three referrals is the presence of depressive personality disorder as a co-occurring disorder.
The results of the present research on the effectiveness of schema therapy and cinema therapy in reducing symptoms of avoidant personality disorder in sufferers are consistent with research (14, 19, 32). In explaining the above results, it should be said that patients with avoidant personality disorder do not feel comfortable in the communication and intimacy process when talking (Peld et al., 2017), which can be problematic in the treatment room and in their living environment due to avoidant behaviors. Schema therapy, which considers the therapeutic relationship as an essential part in all stages of treatment, uses two important characteristics and techniques of borderline parenting and empathic confrontation to satisfy the needs of damaged childhood (6).
On the other hand, we know that avoidance in all dimensions is one of the most important and dominant characteristics of people with avoidant personality disorder. Experiential (emotional) techniques used in schema therapy increase the efficiency of therapeutic techniques and subsequently increase positive treatment results. Watching your behavior pattern on the movie screen creates a perspective of your situation by maintaining the necessary emotional distance and away from the threat. This transient perception helps a person take a step back and see the past from behind (25). In order to explain the small recovery of the clients according to the findings of the research, it can be said that the treatment protocol based on Arntz's mentality (2012) for clients suffering from avoidant personality disorder, which is the main basis of the treatment program of this research, was developed in 50 sessions, the first 40 sessions of which are Its weekly and 10 final sessions include monthly reinforcement sessions. Even Arntz (2012) (30) and Yang et al. (2006) (10) suggest more sessions if needed. In other words, schema therapy for personality disorders is a long-term treatment and requires flexibility in the way of holding meetings, the number of meetings and the duration of meetings. Among the limitations of the current research, he pointed out the spread of the corona disease and the obstacles created related to this disease in the type and quality of therapeutic communication and the holding of meetings, as well as the lack of control of external variables affecting the treatment process; Therefore, to increase confidence in the results, it is suggested to repeat the research after the end of the Corona pandemic and without the obstacles mentioned in the limitations. Mentality-based schema therapy and cinema therapy could be effective in decreasing the symptoms of avoidant personality disorder.

Infertility is defined as the inability of couples to conceive after one year of trying to conceive, which is estimated to affect 15% of couples worldwide (1). More than half of infertility cases are male (2). Azoospermia is one of the most important factors in male infertility (7). Y chromosome deletions are one of the main genetic causes of infertility, which have been reported with a frequency of 10-15% in people with severe azoospermia and oligospermia. It is said that fertility genes are located on the Y chromosome and their absence causes infertility, and this hypothesis was later called azoospermia factor (AZFa) (8). Deletion of AZFa is associated with the complete absence of reproductive cells and Sertoli cell syndrome. Deletion of the AZF region causes special phenotypes and genes in each region are in a special stage of cell differentiation they act reproductively (10).
Recently, new guidelines for male infertility suggest that lifestyle management, including exercise, should be offered (5). Studies show that exercise can improve sperm parameters (12) and live birth outcomes (13) in male infertility. However, in Wise et al. (2011) research, it was reported that regular exercise does not affect semen parameters. In this prospective study on men, it was shown that none of the seminal parameters changed with regular exercise (15). In addition to lifestyle modification, stem cell therapy appears to be a promising treatment for infertility (16). Spermatogonial stem cells exist in all species, which maintain spermatogenesis throughout the life of a man (18). In this regard, Nasimi et al. (2018) in a study evaluated the effect of stem cell factor on the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial cells in the seminiferous tubules of the adult rat testis of the obstructive azoospermia model using a tissue culture system. The results showed that the stem cell increases the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and Leydig cells as well as the number of spermatid cells in the testicular tissue of obstructive azoospermia (19).
Environment and lifestyle can be an explanation for infertility. Consequently, it is important to focus on modifiable risk factors in this population. A better understanding of changes in the origin of the disorder in response to environmental conditions should also be a way to manage infertility. Therefore, it is necessary to identify appropriate treatment interventions for infertility. As mentioned, a significant improvement in the process of spermatogenesis and tissue indices of the testis has been observed in the samples treated with the culture medium derived from stem cells. In addition, the benefits of physical activity for the treatment of infertility diseases are known. However, the effect of exercise and stem cells on the expression of genes involved in infertility in azoospermia is not clear. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases, the current research seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of aerobic exercise and stem cells have aerobic training and stem cells on gene expression of azoospermia factor in infertile rats?

In this experimental study, 25 rats (age 6 to 8 weeks) after creating the azoospermia model were divided into five groups include healthy control, azoospermia, azoospermia-aerobic exercise, azoospermia-stem cells and azoospermia-aerobic exercise-stem cells. The azoospermia model was injected intraperitoneally with busulfan at a dose of 40 mg per rat. Stem cells were transplanted in the vas deferens at the rate of one million cells per rat. The rats after healing the cell transplant wound performed low-intensity swimming exercises for 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Azoospermia gene expression (AZFa) of testicular tissue was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the P<0.05.

A significant increase in AZFα gene expression was observed in the azoospermic group compared to the healthy control group (P=0.001). The gene expression of AZFα in aerobic exercise groups, stem cells and combination were significantly reduced compared to azoospermia group (P=0.001). The results showed that the gene expression of AZFα in the combination group was significantly reduced compared to the aerobic exercise groups and stem cells (P=0.001).

The results of the present study show that by inducing the azoospermia model, the expression of the AZFa gene in the testicular tissue of rats increased significantly compared to the control group. Aerobic exercise, stem cells and combined exercise led to the decrease of AZFa gene expression in testicular tissue of azoospermic rats. The results of the current research are in line with the research of Nikbin et al. (2020) and Santos et al. (2015) (23,24). It can be concluded that exercise can help to improve spermatogenesis in groups treated with exercise, probably through the reduction of AZFa gene expression in testicular tissue. Several mechanisms have been studied to destroy the function of the H-P-G axis, including peripheral (inability to synthesize steroids in the testis) and central (change in the central stimulation of the gonads) mechanisms. In addition, other factors that are related to exercise, such as weight and body fat loss, insufficient calorie intake, increased temperature inside the scrotum, and microdamages of the testis are other mechanisms of spermatogenesis reduction (28).
On the other hand, nowadays, stem cells have been identified in different parts of the male and female reproductive system, which are part of adult stem cells, and many of these cells have the ability to differentiate and regenerate tissue. (29). The results of the present research are consistent with the research of Nasimi et al. (2018), Salem et al. (2017), Mozafar et al. Several factors play a role in regulating the properties of stem cells. In addition to the role that the microenvironment plays in terms of its three-dimensional engineering structure, the interactions between stem cells and the surrounding environment are also important. These interactions include the communication of stem cells with each other, with adjacent differentiated cells, or with binding molecules in the microenvironment. In addition, the characteristics of the extracellular matrix components, the presence of specific growth factors and various cytokines, as well as the physico-chemical characteristics of the environment (pH, ion concentration, and the presence of metabolites such as ATP) also control the behavior of stem cells (34). . The results of the present study showed that the combination of aerobic exercise and stem cells had a significant effect on the AZFa gene in the testicular tissue of azoospermia model rats, so that the expression of the AZFa gene in the testicular tissue in the combined group compared to the aerobic exercise and cell groups Therefore, it is possible that exercise in combination with cell therapy by regulating the expression of genes involved in infertility in the testicular tissue of busulfan-induced azoospermia model rats exerts its protective effect and in this way It causes fertilization of azoospermia model rats. There were also limitations in the present research, among which we can point out the small number of samples in the present research, therefore, a similar study with the measurement of these indicators in a high number of samples is suggested. In general, it is possible that the therapeutic interventions of aerobic exercise and stem cells can help to reduce infertility, however, more studies will be necessary to clarify the definitive results in this field.
The results of the present study showed that azoospermia caused a significant increase in the expression of the azoospermia factor gene, and the intervention of aerobic exercise and stem cells led to a decrease in the expression of the azoospermia infertility gene of the testicular tissue factor. Therefore, according to the results of this research, it is possible that aerobic exercise to stem cells can help to improve infertility in azoospermic samples.

In recent years, various complementary approaches of the emotion regulation model have been presented. One of these approaches is the psycho-social empowerment program. The empowerment program was introduced by Anderson and his colleagues around 1990 and was considered as a suitable training method for different groups. The main difference between this training program and traditional training programs is that instead of being considered a method, technique or strategy, this method plays the role of a guide for people with disabilities and their families. The psycho-social empowerment program, which is recently used in psychology for prevention in various fields, emphasizes the training of general personal and social skills and is considered the most effective by many scientific and research institutions, including the American Psychological Association. Appropriate prevention approach is recognized and praised. There are various empirical evidences for the effectiveness of the psycho-social empowerment program. For example, in a study, Kawada and Nojima found that the empowerment program has a significant effect on well-being and mental health. Karmusi et al. also found that the psycho-social empowerment program can improve communication and social skills in the school environment. Also, Ozar-Uztin and Hikdormaz in a study concluded that the use of psychological empowerment program improves resilience and adaptability and also reduces post-traumatic stress symptoms in cancer patients. A review of research literature confirms that emotion regulation training and psycho-social empowerment program are effective on various health indicators and skills. However, the review of the research literature shows that there is no study that shows the effectiveness of these approaches. As a result, the current research seeks to answer the question, is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of psycho-social empowerment and emotion regulation training on communication skills and social adaptation of adolescent girls in Gachsaran city?

The semi-experimental research method is pre-test-post-test-follow-up and control group, and the protocol of this study was approved by the ethics committee of Shahrekord Islamic Azad University with the code IR.IAU.SHK.REC.1400.025. Then, the members of the two experimental groups were exposed to the independent variable; But the control group did not receive any intervention. The statistical population of the present study was all the students of the second secondary level of Gachsaran city in the academic year 2020-2021, whose number was estimated to be about 2 thousand according to the report of the Department of Education. The sampling method in this study was purposeful. According to the research plan, a sample of 75 people was selected according to the inclusion criteria. The sample members were placed in two experimental and control groups by simple random replacement, and thus, there were 25 people in each group.
Before and after the implementation of emotion regulation group training and also two months after the end of the intervention, research questionnaires were distributed to the experimental and control groups. Due to the extent of the spread of the coronavirus disease and the limitation in the provision of psychological services, the interventions were carried out offline and through the Google Do web application. Google 2 application provides users with the possibility of making group video calls with the whole world with high resolution. It seems that among the video chat software based on mobile, this software has better usability. In addition, due to the health considerations related to the epidemic period of the corona disease, the questionnaires were uploaded to the Google Form web application and the link to the questionnaire was sent simultaneously to all the selected participants. It should be noted that due to the easy access to the WhatsApp social network and its generality, the questionnaire link was sent through this social network. Due to the time-sensitivity, the participants were requested to complete the questionnaire within 24 hours after sending the link. Manjemizadeh's Interpersonal Communication Skills Questionnaire and Bell's Social Adaptation Questionnaire were used to collect information.

The results showed that the significance level (P = 0.347) calculated for the value of X2 (4.462) is not significant and shows that the three groups are equal. In order to compare the group training of emotion regulation and psycho-social empowerment on the communication skills and social adaptation of adolescent girls in Gachsaran city, the multivariate covariance analysis test was used along with the minimum significant difference post hoc test. The results show that there is no difference between emotion regulation group training and psycho-social empowerment group training in the variable of communication skills (P<0.05); However, the difference between both groups with the control group is significant (P<0.05), which shows the effectiveness of the mentioned training on the communication skills of teenage girls. In the variable of social adaptation, no significant difference was observed between group training in emotion regulation and group training in psycho-social empowerment (P<0.05); But the difference between both groups with the control group was significant (P<0.05).
According to the results, which shows that the significance level calculated for the F value in significance tests is lower than the determined alpha value (α = 0.05), it can be claimed that the interactive effect of time on the group It is meaningful. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the post-test and follow-up stages of both types of intervention regarding the variables of communication skills and social adaptation (P<0.05). As a result, it can be said that the results were stable. However, the difference between pre-test and post-test and pre-test and follow-up stages in the variables of communication skills and social adaptation is significant, which shows the effectiveness of this intervention on the aforementioned variables.

The results show that there is no difference between emotion regulation group training and psycho-social empowerment group training in the variable of communication skills and social adaptation; However, the difference of both groups with the control group is significant, which shows the effectiveness of the aforementioned trainings on the communication skills and social adaptation of adolescent girls. Based on the findings, psycho-social empowerment group training, like emotion regulation group training, improved communication skills and social adaptation, and there was no difference in terms of effectiveness.
One of the limitations of the current research was the epidemic of the corona virus disease and the closure of schools, which caused the training to be held virtually. Due to the impossibility of face-to-face visits, the collection of information in the current research was done in a virtual way, which was associated with limitations for providing the necessary information regarding the importance of completing the information. The findings of the current research are limited to teenage girls, and caution should be observed in generalizing the results to other teenage boys or teenagers of other age groups. Considering that the results showed that psycho-social empowerment group training has a significant effect on communication skills and social adaptation, it is suggested to use this program in the form of extra-curricular meetings in schools in order to improve the mentioned skills. Since the result of the present research showed that group training of emotion regulation is a successful method in improving communication skills and social adaptation and it somehow makes structural and sustainable changes; Therefore, it is recommended to include the emotion regulation training program in school curricula from the very beginning.

In the last year, the world has been faced with a big viral shock (coronavirus) which changed all the elements of life in such a way that the lifestyle and work of people in every field underwent huge changes and under these conditions, most remote work services and It has been predicted and estimated based on electronic portals in this era. In this regard, even educational and learning institutions were not excluded and turned to online learning, and along with the rapid global changes, it made a quick move towards applying and benefiting from innovative approaches in the field of education and learning. The use of innovative online approaches and strategies in the field of education and learning is one of the most important factors that have changed the education system all over the world in terms of form and content. The tendency to use online educational strategies has increased and this has caused many changes in both students' and teachers' teaching strategies. The differences in the educational environment related to the quarantine period and the traditional one affect the progress of the learners by affecting multiple teaching-learning structures. Learning styles are acquired skills that increase a person's ability to achieve academic success and better learning; Learning styles are individual characteristics and a fixed approach to organizing and processing information in learning, in such a way that researchers and experts in this field have linked the learning and motivational styles of students and have conducted many studies on the relationship between learning styles and other educational variables, why that learning styles express the individual differences of learners in facing learning tasks. The concept of self-efficacy from the social-cognitive theory refers to a person's beliefs or judgments about his abilities in performing duties and responsibilities. The cognitive-social theory is based on the three-way causal model of behavior, environment, and individual. This model refers to the mutual relationship between behavior, environmental effects, and personal factors (cognitive, emotional, and biological factors) which emphasizes the perception of the individual to describe psychological functions. According to this theory, people influence their motivation and behavior in a tripartite causal system. One of the important areas of self-efficacy is academic self-efficacy. With the clarification of the role of cognitive learning styles and academic self-efficacy and the importance of the role of each of them in the learning process, today most societies are implementing educational reforms so that they can manage policy strategies and micro and macro planning and take responsibility for their learning and effort. accept, because the need for self-study and self-motivation of learners is necessary in the current changing world that has become a knowledge-based world, therefore, it is time for the educational system to be strongly reviewed, revised, and redesigned. Therefore, similar to the traditional education system, it is necessary to examine the educational variables in special and special global conditions. In this regard, the current research aims to answer the question of whether the model of cognitive learning styles (novice or accepting novice or researcher) is suitable based on the academic self-efficacy of adolescents during quarantine.

The current research method is quantitative. In terms of strategy, the current research is descriptive-analytical, in terms of implementation, survey, in terms of time, cross-sectional, in terms of data collection, and field, and in terms of purpose, practicality, and terms of results, it is prospective. The statistical population of the research includes all teenagers (girls) in the second half of secondary school, ninth grade in Tehran in the academic year of 2019-2021. In the current research, the statistical sample was considered using the random cluster sampling method, and several 300 teenagers (girls) in the second half of secondary school, ninth grade in Tehran were selected, and from this number of people, 284 questionnaires were analyzed and Analysis and free of any disturbances have reached the stage of statistical analysis. Academic self-efficacy questionnaires by McIlroy and Bunting (2001) and cognitive styles questionnaire by Creton (1999) were used to collect data. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient test and structural equations were used using SPSS and AMOS software.

The results showed that academic self-efficacy on the innovative cognitive learning style of adolescents during quarantine with the value (Sig=0.0001, t=11.155) and the coefficient of influence (β=0.872), academic self-efficacy on learning style The cognitive novelty of adolescents during quarantine has a significant positive relationship with the value (Sig=0.0001, t=10.672) and the coefficient of influence (β=0.837). Also, the communication model of the research has a necessary fit.

According to the results of this study, it is suggested that according to the characteristics of innovative students (they think in diversity and variety in doing things or try to find a new problem, rather than just solving the problem itself, etc.) and innovative students (to do any What is better, they have a lot of worries or try to solve the problem instead of raising the problem, etc.), suitable measures should be considered for the education and training of their talents, also considering that the educational system has a significant effect on the self-efficacy perception of the students, the educational system It should be planned in such a way that based on it; Learning at the level of people's mastery, equal opportunity to learn and less to compare with each other. The educational system should be planned in such a way that students attribute their failures to lack of effort instead of attributing them to lack of ability and to strengthen their self-efficacy with the help of training created by the educational system, according to what he said The educational system has a significant effect on people's self-efficacy perception if the educational system is planned in such a way that it is based on learning at the level of mastery and all learners have the opportunity to reach the level of mastery and be less compared with others, and as a result, witness the absence of negative effects on Students' self-efficacy.

Nowadays, cosmetic surgeries are one of the most common surgeries all over the world, and the number of applicants of such surgeries is increasingly growing (1). Most of the researchers agree that the main factors involved in the tendency to cosmetic surgeries include the problems related to body image and low life satisfaction and self-esteem. These factors suggest the important role of the psychological factors in the individuals’ tendency to cosmetic surgeries (3). Explaining the theories related to emotion regulation strategies, Aldao et al. suggested that emotion regulation dysfunctions can cause significant psychological outcomes (4). In general, interpersonal emotion regulation and applying that in human relationships can be useful for self-awareness and awareness of the others’ emotions, restraint, communicating with the other people, and positive use of the emotions in thinking and cognition (5). According to the results of a study, there is a significant relationship between the nose job applicants and the control group members in terms of emotion regulation; so that the nose job applicants got lower scores of emotion regulation (6). Also, another study suggested that emotional instability, a poor body image and tendency to cosmetic surgery can be predicted by emotional distress and emotional instability (7). Perceived social support has positive effects on mental health. Social support is a way of categorizing the social rewards under special conditions. Social support is defined as the companionship and attention received from the family members, friends, and other people (8). According to studies, people with a poor body image are usually introverted and they report the significant symptoms of social anxiety (9). However, social support is an important variable affecting the intensity of the body image symptoms (10). Ata et al. reported that emotional support of the family members can be a protection against the impacts of the media and friends. Finally, the perceived support of the friends can intensify the negative body image (11). It is normal to use the cosmetic surgeries to improve the physical problems (12). However, excessive cosmetic surgeries indicate a negative behavior. The demand for cosmetic surgeries has been increasingly growing in recent years, and such surgeries can cause severe physical and financial consequences that are irreparable in most cases. So, it is necessary to investigate the individual and social dimensions of this phenomenon in terms of psychological issues. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between interpersonal emotion regulation and social support with the tendency to cosmetic surgery.

The present research is a descriptive correlation research. The population includes all the applicants of cosmetic surgery referring to the Khane Sefid, Erfan, and Dr. Nilforoushzadeh Clinics of Tehran from June 21th, 2020 until July 22th, 2020. According to the statistics of the applicants in the past year, it was found that the average number of applicants referring to the mentioned clinics is about 780 to 900 people. In order to increase the generalizability of the results, the average population was considered as 900 cases per month. Based on the Krejcie-Morgan table (13), the minimum sample size to represent the population was determined as 269 people. However, the sample size was considered 360 people to decrease the sample decline. So, 120 people were selected from each of the mentioned clinics. Data collection was done by three standard questionnaires, including Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale, and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. Meanwhile, a general checklist including the demographic information (age, gender, marriage duration, the number of children, employment status, education level, the monthly income, and the record of cosmetic surgery) was distributed among the subjects. Data analysis was done by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise linear regression in SPSS-19 software.

In this research, 360 questionnaires were distributed among the subjects. However, 322 complete questionnaires were collected. The participation rate was estimated as 98.44%. The average age of the participants was 20-60 years with the mean (standard deviation) of 37.80 (9.27). According to the results of Pearson test, there was a significant negative correlation between cosmetic surgery and interpersonal emotion regulation (r= -0.304) and perceived social support (r= -0.338) (P˂0.05). According to the regression analysis, perceived social support could explain 0.11 of the variance of cosmetic surgery tendency. Meanwhile, with the inclusion of the interpersonal emotion regulation in the equation, the multiple correlation coefficient was increased to 0.16. According to the findings, perceived social support and interpersonal emotion regulation had a negative correlation with cosmetic surgery tendency with the respective coefficients of -0.28 and -0.23. Based on the results of t-test and its significance level, the obtained coefficients are significant. According to the β values of the mentioned variables, in the case of constant conditions for the remaining variables, a unit increase of the mentioned variables can lead to the increase of the cosmetic surgery tendency score by -0.28 and -0.23. In other words, perceived social support and interpersonal emotion regulation are effective in the tendency to cosmetic surgery.

It was found that the perceived social support and interpersonal emotion regulation respectively have the strongest effects on the tendency to cosmetic surgery. The findings about the role of perceived social support are consistent with the results reported by Ata et al. (11), Ahmadi et al. (14), and Kabudi et al. (15). To explain this finding, it can be stated that the social support received from the key individuals is important in two aspects: first, the role of the social support and second, the presence of the support resources. The encouragement received from the other people, especially the key individuals is one of the resources of positive self-concept. So, the presence of these persons and their social support can provide an encouragement resource and decrease the tendency to cosmetic surgery (14). The findings about the role of interpersonal emotion regulation are consistent with the results reported by Eisazadegan et al. (6), Sorlie and Javo (7), and Shirmohammadi et al. (16). This finding can be explained by the fact that a person with developed emotion management ability can experience the emotions or inhibit them without any internal or external force. Cosmetic surgeries are more common among the individuals affected by personality disorders such as dependent personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder. These types of personality are affected by emotion regulation dysfunction. So, it can be concluded that lack of emotion management ability can lead to the tendency to cosmetic surgery (6). Finally, it was found that the tendency to cosmetic surgery can be predicted by interpersonal emotion regulation and social support. Therefore, it is suggested for the psychologists to focus on the role of the two mentioned variables to decrease the tendency to cosmetic surgery. The last suggestion is to provide emotion regulation training for the individuals and improve their social support to decrease their tendency to cosmetic surgery.

Researchers believe that murder is considered as a form of violence or aggression and as one of the social harms and crimes. This crime or perversion has a social nature and occurs mostly in interpersonal and intergroup interactions that endanger the social security of individuals and groups. In the theoretical and abstract field, the phenomenon of murder can be studied from different angles and dimensions of biological, psychological and sociological (3).
Various factors have been mentioned in explaining the factors leading to violence. Personality traits may be one of the most important variables associated with violence. One of the most widely used personality patterns in psychological research is the five-factor personality pattern. The five-factor pattern of personality is the predominant characteristics of individuals in each of the components: neuroticism, extraversion, agreement, conscientiousness, and longing for new experiences (8).
Another view is the theory of self-control. Much research has been done on the theory of self-control. Such as: the relationship between parents and relatives and low self-control with violence (9), the relationship between self-control with personality traits and impulsivity (10), the study of domestic violence and adolescents: with the mediating role of self-control, support Social, Religiosity and Welfare (11), The effect of self-control training on re-arrest and the relationship between high-risk behaviors and self-control (12).
Another theory that explains violence is the theory of self-esteem. Low self-esteem leads to the formation of a subculture of violence because conventional sources of self-esteem are not available and therefore aggression is taken as an alternative source (13).
Dangerous beliefs can be mentioned as other influential factors in the occurrence of violence and murder. Dangerous beliefs refer to the belief in values ​​that emphasize the realization of the right personally and the achievement of goals and problem solving through the use of physical force. Elias (2013), in a study showed that there is a relationship between violent behavior and culture and in some societies there are very positive attitudes towards violent behavior (14). In view of the above, careful study and scientific research on risk factors and the spread of violence leading to murder in the city of Iranshahr seems necessary.

The present research is descriptive-survey and applied. For the present study, he selected 40 available men from Iranshahr prison due to violence and murder. Then the Performance Assessment Questionnaire (FAD) has six components of problem solving, communication, maps, emotional companionship, emotional intercourse, behavior control and overall performance, Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (MSPSS) with 3 components of social support by family, support Socially received by friends and social support received by others and the Socio-Economic Status Questionnaire of Power (2013) with 4 components of income, economic class, education and housing status were distributed and collected among the subjects. Finally, descriptive statistics, Kalmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data.

The results of data analysis showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between personality trait, agreement and conscientiousness with violence and its components, with violence and its components, ie with the rise of a variable, the variable It also increases, but there is no significant relationship between psychosis, introversion-extroversion, and the desire for new experiences with violence and its components other than anger.
Another finding of the present study showed that there is a significant relationship between self-esteem and violence and its components (physical violence, verbal violence, anger and hostility).
Finally, in the present study, it was found between self-control and its components (impulse impulse impulse, physical versus mental, simple task performance, selfishness, nervousness, memory seeking) with violence and its components (physical violence). Verbal violence, hostility and hostility (on the one hand) and dangerous beliefs have a significant relationship with violence and its components on the other hand.

Explaining the role of adaptive personality traits in reducing aggression, it can be said that agreeability is one of the five major personality factors that is considered as the most important predictor of aggression. This factor indicates the type of relationship one has with oneself and others. The person who agrees is basically altruistic, feels empathy for others and is eager to help them, and believes that others have the same relationship with him. They also have fewer interpersonal conflicts and better mental health (8).
Another finding showed that there is a significant negative relationship between self-esteem and violence and its components. In this regard, Tracy and Robbins (2003) also state that individuals protect themselves from feelings of inferiority and shame by blaming external factors for their failures that lead to feelings of hostility and anger towards others. Thus, in people with low self-esteem, aggression is valued as a reaction to past bad experiences or as a compensation for self-esteem (26).
Another finding showed that there is a significant positive relationship between risky beliefs and violence. Everyone can change the course of their life with the beliefs they have in their treasury. Beliefs about individuals and the world are both important features of a person's basic hypotheses (27). Man is a social being and living in society, in his mind and psyche forms a set of beliefs and thoughts that when any behavior occurs, he tries to establish harmony and homogeneity with his mental beliefs and external behaviors. Habit and habit are the two main factors in human behavior. Custom sets a set of accepted beliefs about the approval of each individual in that community through practice and repetition in the subconscious to harmonize with the custom of the community and because any kind of inconsistency or opposition to social custom leads to punishment and rejection in the community. Over time, the customary beliefs of society are institutionalized in individuals. One of the dangerous beliefs in traditional societies, especially in Balochistan, is the strong emphasis on categories such as revenge and violence, which have come in the form of many proverbs and epic stories in popular literature. And it seems that this literature has had a great impact on the collective subconscious of individuals and is manifested in the form of violence and murder in society and is referred to as revenge, zeal, courage and masculinity, and more dangerously, a positive and Most of the society approves of such violent behaviors (15).

The term transsexualism or transsexualism became common from the gender change of an individual named George Jangensen to Christian Jangensen in 1952. Then the term transgender was replaced by gender identity disorder. People suffering from gender identity disorder are those who have a disorder in recognizing their gender identity. In their minds and psyches, they see themselves as the other sex and believe that they were wrongly born as a man or a woman because they are infatuated with their hidden identity. People suffering from sexual boredom imagine themselves with the soul and spirits of the opposite sex. They are not transgender in adulthood. Conversely, many people who become transgender adults did not experience gender non-conformity as children. Most adults with gender identity disorder state that they felt different from other children of the same sex as children, although many of these patients cannot find the origin of this difference in retrospect. Many of them say that they have widely identified with the opposite sex from the very early years of life, and this identification has become more obvious in adolescence and adulthood. The genetic causes of gender dissatisfaction are under study, but no possible genes have been identified in this field, and chromosomal changes are uncommon in the population of transgender people, case reports of identical twins have shown that in some twins there is synchronicity regarding gender issues, and in others, this Synchronization not seen. A variety of approaches are underway to understand gender dissatisfaction. These approaches include information from imaging studies that show changes in white matter pathways, cerebral blood flow, and cortical activation patterns in patients with gender dissatisfaction, but the results of these studies have not been replicated. In adults who receive a diagnosis of gender dissatisfaction, the rate of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, self-harm behaviors, and drug abuse is higher. The rate of suicidal thoughts during the lifetime of transgender people is about 40%. The minority stress model predicts the increase of mental illness in groups that are stigmatized, discriminated against, and abused to a greater extent than others. DSM-5 reports suggest that individuals with late-onset gender dissatisfaction may have more distress and doubt about gender reassignment surgery and less satisfaction after the procedure. Treatment for adults who identify as transgender can include psychotherapy to address gender issues, hormone therapy, and surgical treatment. Surgical and hormonal interventions may reduce depression and improve the quality of life for the treatment of these people. While patients suffering from sexual boredom are completely healthy physically, they face a lot of problems mentally. The definitive treatment for this disorder is sex reassignment surgery, which is a very expensive and difficult operation, and at the same time, since it is not possible to create internal sex organs and gonads, only the appearance of the genitals is changed. This article intends to take steps to improve the mental condition of these people by teaching psychological treatment approaches, for this purpose, it compares the effectiveness of reality therapy and schema therapy on the communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and group schema therapy on the interpersonal communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder.

This study was conducted as a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The research population is all people with gender identity disorder who referred to the Shiraz forensic center in 2020-2021, whose disorder was diagnosed by a forensic doctor, and due to the impossibility of reaching all of them in a targeted manner, there were 30 out of 195 people. People were selected by available sampling method and were placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. First, Russell et al.'s social isolation questionnaire (1980) was taken from both groups, then the experimental group was trained in reality therapy and schema therapy for 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive training. Again, the communication skills questionnaire was administered after reality therapy and schema therapy training, and it was repeated in the 3-month follow-up, and the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.

A significant difference was seen in the loneliness reduction component of the control group with the intervention group of reality therapy and schema therapy at a significance level of 0/01. Therefore, the reality therapy approach has been effective.

The results showed that reality therapy can help these people to pay attention to themselves as the origin of their actions and deeds, and by emphasizing the inner motivation and sense of responsibility to perform the behavior, they can increase the feeling of self-worth and reduce the feeling of loneliness. Social isolation during some rapid and sudden changes is considered normal and is not interpreted as maladjustment, but when it chronically hinders success and progress in normal tasks and functions of life, it can It has very harmful emotional, social, and even physical consequences. Social isolation is a threat to the mental health and psycho-social functioning of a person. Studies show that both those suffering from male-to-female sexual boredom and those suffering from female-to-male sexual boredom describe themselves as individuals who are isolated from society and their basic emotional needs are faced with problems. This situation may be caused by their self-restraint, which has been imposed on them for years due to social deprivation and not understanding their need to be accepted as a member of the other sex. Reality therapy is based on the basic assumption that people are motivated to change when they are convinced that their current behavior will not get them what they want. They believe that they can choose behaviors that bring them closer to their desires and goals. The goal of reality therapy is to cultivate acceptance of responsibility in the individual and create a successful identity. The individual identifies the behavior that he is trying to correct, his whole being. He focuses on it and does not make excuses for rejecting his responsibility. In this approach, an effort was made to make a person know the short-term and long-term goals of his life, define them clearly and evaluate the ways to reach his goals. Choose the methods that will lead to more favorable results and experience a more positive feeling towards yourself. Since transgender people are often on the margins of social activities, many of their abilities have room for growth. Efforts to empower them in social relations can be effective in this direction. At the same time, heterosexual people must develop their capacities. Themselves and by avoiding committing deviant behaviors, develop their social skills in front of people. The application of reality therapy techniques could help them in this field. Considering the impact of this research on gender identity individuals, it can be applied to other statistical groups and societies. It should be noted that this research has limitations that reduce its generalizability. Among these cases, we can mention the small size of the sample, the non-randomness of the sampling, and the fact that the samples are limited to one location, which is due to financial, human, time, etc. limitations, and shows the need for further extensive research.

One of the possible mechanisms for resistance to insulin and type 2 diabetes is dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondrial density and function are associated with cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, the aging process, and aerobic capacity. Today, a complete understanding of mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with an understanding of various cellular pathological conditions. Mitochondria play a role in increasing mitochondrial function. Quality, mitochondria represent an improvement in mitochondrial biogenesis. In tissues with high oxidative capacity, such as skeletal muscle, activated by gamma receptor joint proliferator, an alpha activated by peroxisome proliferator (AMPK) is considered to be the most important regulator of biogenesis and mitochondrial function. (cytochrome C and AMPK) is a transcription and replication agent for mitochondrial DNA and plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis processes. A study by Madrasa (2018) showed that decreased expression of this group of genes is associated with decreased capacity, whole body aerobics in patients with type 2 diabetes and decreased expression of PGC-1α and nuclear genes encoding mitochondria in individuals. Insulin resistance can mean that these people have low levels of aerobic exercise. Exercise can play an important role in accelerating mitochondrial biogenesis, possibly leading to a reduction in mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs during the aging process, metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, and conditions of muscle inactivity resisting fatigue and increasing the quality of life. The method of training is in the form the although metabolic control is available in type2 diabetes effect of aerobic exercise and the chemical drug atrostatin on the expression of genes affecting the mitochondrial biogenesis of cardio myositis in samples with type 2 diabetes has not been studied and because of its importance in controlling mitochondrial function following diabetes. Type 2 is impaired, it is necessary to study it, so the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of continuous and intermittent exercise with atrostatin on some markers of mitochondrial biogenesis signaling myositis (cytochrome C and AMPK) in diabetic elderly rats.

 Thirty-five male rats (20 weeks old) weighing between 300 and 350 g were randomly divided into 7 groups. Diabetes was induced in 6 groups. To make diabetic mice, streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg per kg body weight (26). Atorvastatin was taken orally after a meal at a dose of 2 mg per kg body weight .
The first week of continuous training program at a speed of 15 meters per minute for five minutes, the rats started running on the treadmill. Then, every week, increasing the speed by 1 to 2 meters per minute for 1 to 2 minutes increases the running time. The number of continuous training sessions was five times a week. The interval training program consisted of 25-25 minutes of treadmill running on a treadmill at a speed of 15 meters per minute for the first week, with one meter per minute added each week to 22 meters per minute in the eighth week. The duration of the first session was 25 minutes, with one minute added to each session, reaching 64 minutes in the eighth week.
48 hours after the last training session with 10 to 12 hours of night fasting, intraperitoneal injection of a combination of ketamine and xylazine was performed in anesthetized mice and tissue samples were taken. Their heart tissue was isolated and stored at -80 ° C and then transferred to a laboratory for genetic testing. To investigate the significant changes in each of the research changes between different groups, one-way analysis of variance was used and if a statistically significant difference was observed to determine the location of ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test was used. Significance level P <0.05 was considered for all calculations.

In the present study, the effect of continuous and intermittent exercise combined with atorvastatin administration (cytochrome C and AMPK)  gene expression in cardiac myocytes of elderly diabetic rats was investigated. The first finding of the present study showed that the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene in cardiac myocytes of rats with type 2 diabetes was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, the mean (cytochrome C and AMPK) to Significantly decreased compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, the mean (cytochrome C and AMPK) increased in the exercise and atorvastatin groups, but in the combined intervention group, this increase was significantly greater. It seems that taking atorvastatin with 8 weeks of continuous and intermittent physical activity has been able to make changes beyond taking atorvastatin alone or continuous and intermittent exercise. In this regard, Baghdam et al. (2019) by examining the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on the expression of PGC-lα gene in heart tissue in diabetic rats, concluded that aerobic exercise significantly increases the concentration of PGC-lα in heart tissue ( 29). However, in contrast to the findings of Chavanel et al. (2017) showed that exercise has no significant effect on the level of PGC-1α mRNA or other mitochondrial biogenesis regulators such as (cytochrome C and AMPK) (30). One of the most important reasons for inconsistency in Chavanel research with the results of the present study may be the age, sex and race of the subjects as well as the type of training protocol. (cytochrome C and AMPK) is one of the most important transcriptional coordinator coagulators that positively regulates the expression of genes associated with metabolic and mitochondrial adaptations, thus influencing cardiac substrate selection, mitochondrial function, ATP production capacity, and species production. Reacts to oxygen (ROS). Physical activity is one of the factors that trigger these messaging pathways. In other words, mitochondrial biogenesis in the cell is induced by environmental stimuli such as physical activity.
Another result of the present study was the decrease in (cytochrome C and AMPK)  gene expression in cardiac myocytes of elderly diabetic rats compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, a significant increase in (cytochrome C and AMPK)  gene expression was observed in atorvastatin and combination groups compared to the patient group. This increase was greater in the combination of diabetic + atorvastatin + periodic exercise. It seems that when the volume of training is the same, the intensity of training can be an effective factor in the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK); Therefore, this study showed that with a constant volume of periodic training is more effective than continuous training in the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene. The present study showed that intermittent and continuous exercise with atorvastatin increased (cytochrome C and AMPK)  in the heart cells of elderly diabetic rats, which decreased due to diabetes and aging. Consistent with the results of the present study, Popo et al. Examined the effect of two months of aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle TFAM in human diabetic specimens and reported a significant increase. Therefore, the effect of the training period is enhanced at higher intensities. Exercise frequency is also one of the effective factors in increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. Chavanel et al. (2017) have shown that exercise has no significant effect on the level of mRNAPGC-1α or other mitochondrial biogenesis regulators including TFAM and cytochrome C and AMPK. One of the most important reasons for inconsistency in Chavanel research with the results of the present study may be in the condition of the subject and the type of muscle fiber as well as the type of training protocol. TFAM is a high-mobility transcription factor group responsible for replication and transcription of mitochondrial DNA. Impairment of the (cytochrome C and AMPK)  target specifically in cardiac tissue leads to a significant reduction in electron transport capacity, spontaneous cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. In contrast, increased TFAM expression in cardiac tissue protects against heart failure due to myocardial infarction.

Another finding of the present study was the positive and significant effect of atorvastatin on the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) genes in mice with type 2 diabetes. Studies show that atorvastatin improves mitochondrial function and prevents apoptosis in myocardial hypertrophy. In the present study, Chen et al. (2018) inhibited the decrease in the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) in mice with myocardial insufficiency by treatment with atorvastatin . According to the results obtained in the present study, the effects of atorvastatin may be fundamentally different in different patients and with different races, and also its effects may vary depending on the dose or duration of use and the type of statin used. However, the effect of co-administration of atorvastatin and exercise with (cytochrome C and AMPK) on cardiac tissue has not been investigated. Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of metabolic syndrome diseases such as diabetes and therefore improves these diseases by inhibiting mitochondrial damage.The combined use of both has more effective therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes. The results of this study on improving heart function have been confirmed by previous studies.

One of the problems of old age is the decrease in muscle mass, which is called the gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength and size of fibers, sarcopenia (4). This decrease in muscle mass is directly related to a decrease in anabolic hormones and an increase in catabolic hormones. Also, a decrease in growth factors involved in muscle growth has been observed during this period (5). On the other hand, with age, anabolic hormones and growth factors such as testosterone decrease. Also, with increasing plasma concentrations of catabolic hormones such as cortisol, tissue breakdown is another change observed with age, which causes changes in the neuromuscular junction (6). Therefore, researchers are always looking for a way to reduce the negative effects of aging and thus improve the quality of life of the elderly, and in this regard, various methods have been used. One of these methods is exercise and physical activity (7). One of the alternative training methods to high-intensity training, which due to its nature is not applicable and prescribed for some elderly people, is the use of low-intensity resistance training with limited blood flow. Some research shows that this type of exercise causes a similar increase in strength and muscle mass compared to traditional resistance training (10). Despite the above and reviewing research conducted in and outside the country, no research has been found on the subject and it is also found in adults, so the researcher seeks to explore the question of whether a period of resistance training and blood flow restriction Does it affect body fat percentage, muscle mass and testosterone to cortisol ratio in the elderly?

For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, 45 men aged 60 to 70 years in Mashhad were selected voluntarily and after completing the consent form and medical-sports history to Randomly divided into three groups of 15: the first experimental group (resistance training without blood flow restriction) and the second experimental group (resistance training with closed blood flow, which was closed before the training of the proximal part of both thighs with a researcher cuff) and the control group. They were divided. Then, 24 hours before the start of the exercises, blood samples were taken from the subjects to collect data in the pre-test, and the subjects were introduced to the exercises, tests, and how to perform the movements correctly. Then, in order to perform the training protocol, first a maximum repetition of the subjects was measured in such a way that three days before the main resistance training program, the subjects first warmed up with light weights for 5 minutes and then according to the estimate. He himself selected the weights that the subject could do completely and correctly at least once and at most 10 times. By placing the amount of weight and the number of repetitions in Brzezinski's formula, the maximum strength of the subjects in the muscle groups was determined. To perform the resistance training program, the subjects were first introduced to the exercises and completed the consent form to participate in the research. The experimental groups then performed a weight training program three times a week in addition to their normal daily activities. The control group did not do any resistance training after the pre-test. Finally, 24 hours after the end of the 8-week post-test exercise program, all tests and blood samples were taken again (14).
Finally, from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Shapirovilk test to determine the distribution of data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test using SPSS software version 21 at a significant level (P <0.05) for Statistical analysis of data was used.

The results showed that resistance training with limited blood flow had a significant effect on body fat mass and testosterone to cortisol ratio in older men. Also, the results of Tukey post hoc test showed that there is no significant difference between the resistance training group with limited blood flow and the resistance training group without blood flow restriction. However, there was a significant difference between the resistance training groups with limited blood flow and the non-restricted training group with the control group. Another finding showed that resistance training with limited blood flow has a significant effect on muscle mass in the body of older men (P = 0.001) and (F = 159.989). Also, the results of Tukey post hoc test showed that resistance group with limited There was a significant difference between blood flow and resistance training group without blood flow restriction (P = 0.001). (P = 0.001, P = 0.001)

The results of the present study showed that resistance training with and without restriction of blood flow decreased fat percentage, testosterone to corticol ratio and increased muscle mass in older men. In relation to the findings of the present study, we can mention the most common disorders of old age; Muscle atrophy is age-dependent or sarcopenia, in which muscle mass decreases by up to five percent each year (23). Aging is associated with significant changes in the axial regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary and glandular hormones. However, growth factors, myocain and cytokine have recently attracted the attention of many sports researchers (26). Anabolic hormones and their changes at this age are among the factors studied (27). Testosterone (28), and catabolic hormones such as cortisol, which increase with age and inactivity, and can directly and indirectly affect muscle mass (29).
On the other hand, many studies have reported that exercise is the best way to prevent and combat sarcopenia by improving the physiological function of skeletal muscle tissue. It seems that physical activity is currently the only intervention that reduces functional decline in the elderly (1). In this regard, research has reported that resistance activity in the elderly can improve physiological conditions, increase protein synthesis, increase strength, volume and muscle function, and hypertrophy in muscle fibers (31).
Another point that exists in low-limit resistance training is the change in muscle fiber recall. According to the principle of size under normal conditions in Katsu (BFR) training, even if the training intensity is not high, fast tension strings are called first (36). Research to address this phenomenon has considered that the availability of oxygen is greatly reduced after BFR training when a progressive recall of fast-twitch motility units occurs to compensate for defects in force development (34).

Physical activity is defined as a variety of purposeful activities and includes all types of body muscle movements that cause energy consumption and can be done with different goals, such as gaining physical fitness and health, or with other goals, for example, activities Everyday life is done (1). It is important to perform physical activity for the purpose of physical fitness; because it acknowledges the purposeful nature of exercise, which differentiates it from physical activity. It is difficult for researchers to measure the stages of exercise objectively, and they use the gross measurement of physical activity as an indirect indicator of exercise (1, 2). However, the increasing prevalence of sedentary lifestyles among children and youth is an international concern, responsible for increasing the risk of childhood overweight and obesity, hypertension, and mortality (3). In general, cross-sectional and interventional researches have shown that an active lifestyle and interventions based on different types of sports exercises have positive effects on health in healthy and sick people of all ages (1, 6-11). Performing physical activities such as basic activities in the form of games and sports plays an effective role in promoting physical fitness and health as well as appropriate growth of children (3, 12). Intrinsic physical literacy is a reliable factor that, despite it, the skills, knowledge and attitude of children and teenagers develop in various activities, and it causes balance and self-confidence in them to perform their activities (13). Physical activity plays a big role in the development of physical, physiological, educational, social and psychological functions in children and adolescents (14, 15). Active and regular participation in physical activity and sports during childhood and adolescence leads to an active lifestyle in the future and prevents the occurrence of diseases. In addition, children who have little physical activity often suffer from lack of movement (14). Descriptive research shows the low level of physical activity in Iranian students (16, 17); which can cause health related problems in these children. At the present time, the spread of the corona virus has caused the sports activities of students to decrease a lot, and since the life of living in the city and living in an apartment is also the reason; It can be predicted that in the future, if the current trend exists, there will be problems for students, at least in terms of physical health. And one of the important reasons is the lack of physical literacy and physical activity among students. Therefore, there may be such viruses in the future as well, and the existence of a pattern can be a way to avoid a crisis in similar situations and to be able to react appropriately in such situations, so not having a pattern can be similar to become another crisis and provide the ground for inactivity and diseases related to it. According to the mentioned materials, the aim of the present research was to compare and explain the contextual model of physical literacy during the outbreak of the Corona virus in rich and poor cities of the country.

This research was a qualitative-quantitative mixed type. The statistical population of this study was faculty members in the fields of sports management, development and motor learning and psychology. Sampling was done purposefully and was obtained with 14 theoretical saturation interviews. In a small part, the statistical population was sports teachers, whose criterion for entering the research was having a master's degree and work experience of at least five years, which were divided into two independent groups (rich cities and low-income cities). Therefore, the cities of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan as rich cities and the cities of Zahedan, Yasuj and Birjand as low rich cities were studied. According to the Cochran's formula, a questionnaire of 305 people in a society with a population and 234 people in a low-income society were examined.

The results of qualitative coding were 27 open codes, 8 central codes and 3 selective codes. The result of the hierarchical analysis showed that the cognitive capacity component was the most important factor and the age component was the least important factor for the development of physical literacy. Also, the independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between all components in rich and poor cities, except for the component of hereditary factors.

The results of this research showed that the most important component of physical literacy as one of the factors affecting children's health was cognitive capacity. It can be said that the eight existing components can improve or decrease physical literacy in students. The model in this research was obtained based on the opinions of elites during the outbreak of the Corona virus. Despite the fact that the spread of the Covid-19 virus has been contained to a great extent, but considering that contagious diseases may always exist, this research helps to use the results of this research in such situations. In general, it can be said that the contextual indicators related to physical literacy in developed cities have a more favorable situation than in less privileged cities, which indicates the role of the facilities and the level of development of the city on the development of physical literacy in students. It can affect the health level of children and teenagers. It seems that in case of lack of care and proper planning to promote physical literacy, the damage caused by the change in lifestyle caused by Covid-19 will be more in less privileged cities. According to the results, it is suggested that in order to promote physical literacy, especially in low-income cities, an educational program to promote physical literacy, as well as the tendency of students to perform physical activity and the necessary facilities for children's physical activities, in the view of officials and related organizations from the sentence of the Department of Sports and Education should be considered.

High cardiopulmonary fitness has a great impact on competition in the sport of taekwondo. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HIFT exercises on cardiorespiratory fitness indicators of taekwondo girls.

In this semi-experimental study, 16 female Taekwondo fighters between the (ages; 17-27 year) were selected in an accessible and purposeful manner and were randomly assigned to two groups include high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and control. The HIFT training group participated in the training program for eight weeks and four sessions per week. Before and after training, anthropometric measurements were taken. Body composition and breath gas test (gas analyzer) of young Taekwondo girls were performed. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis test at the P<0.05.

The results showed that time and the interaction of time and group had a significant effect on VO2max values in young Taekwondo girls (P=0.001). Time did not have a significant effect on FVC and VE/VCO2 values (P>0.05), but the interaction of time and group had a significant effect on FVC values in young Taekwondo girls (P=0.001). Time and the interaction of time and group had no significant effect on the values of FEV1, PEF, FEF25-75 and VE/VO2 in young Taekwondo girls (P>0.05). Time had a significant effect on the FEV1/FVC ratio (P=0.001), but the interaction of time and group did not have a significant effect on the FEV1/FVC ratio in young Taekwondo girls (P>0.05).

According to the results of the research, probably HIFT exercise can be effective in improving the respiratory performance indices in young Taekwondo girls.

The global epidemic of the disease caused by the coronavirus (Covid-19), as a severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in December 2019, not only as a threat to the health and lives of millions of people around the world has been considered and the world's health and treatment systems have faced many challenges, it has also affected other fields, including the field of education so that with the beginning of the covid epidemic 19, health protocols emphasized social distancing. In this regard, in many countries, including our country, face-to-face training in schools and universities was closed to reduce the spread of the coronavirus. This unpleasant event could have negative effects on educational activities, but social distancing has stimulated the growth of online educational activities so that there is no disruption in education. Many schools and colleges have participated by providing the best materials and contents needed for online training courses, with the cooperation and accompaniment of students and conducting evaluations. Undoubtedly, in the application of electronic content in online education, the efforts of students depend to a great extent on internal motivations, therefore, students who have more intrinsic motivations and the necessary abilities in They deal with the usual academic challenges, can work more self-regulated and self-efficiently than other students, and as a result, they are more successful. They achieve more success in subjects in which they are more interested and motivated, and more success provides more motivation for learning, academic progress, academic performance, and continuing education. Although in the last few years, educational centers, especially education, constantly emphasize providing education in the context of virtual space, in practice, there has not been a large movement in this area at the country level, and despite the emphasis on making schools smarter, significant progress has been made in Platformization and provision of virtual training had not been achieved. The sudden outbreak of covid-19 faced many challenges in the educational systems of the world and affected the field of education as well. As the Covid-19 epidemic began around the world, health protocols emphasized social distancing. In this regard, in many countries, including our country, face-to-face training in schools and universities was closed to reduce the spread of the Coronavirus. For the education of students to not be interrupted during the period of social distancing and for the curriculum to continue according to the pre-determined schedule, various solutions were presented. Although this network also had limitations and problems, problems such as slow internet speed, limited space for loading, and less interaction between teacher and student. With this description, although the Corona pandemic imposed many problems on all indicators of the society, including the health of the people, it led to the flourishing of some capabilities in the country, including the spread and prosperity of virtual education (online education) throughout the country. Cited. The lack of evidence regarding the support capacities provided in some psychological characteristics of people has caused the proper use of education in the virtual space to be observed nowadays, and due to the importance of psychological issues such as mental health and psychological well-being. It is important to find out the relationship between the supportive dimensions of education in virtual space on mental health and psychological well-being, so in this study, we seek to answer the question of whether there is a significant relationship between the supportive dimensions of education in virtual space on mental health and psychological well-being.

The current research was descriptive in terms of the data collection method, which was carried out in the field. The statistical population of the current research included all female students in the second year of high school (experimental third grade) of Behshahr city, who were studying in 2018-2019. The number of the statistical population according to the inquiry from the statistics unit of Behshahr Education Department was equal to 210 people. The sample size of 136 people was selected by simple random sampling through Morgan's Kargesi table. The instrument of this research was a questionnaire. The entire process of research analysis was done using SPSS version 20 and PLS version 3 software.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the dimensions of education in the virtual space on mental health and psychological well-being so virtual education has an effect of 0.805 on mental health and an effect of 0.745 on psychological well-being.

The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between the supportive aspects of online education on mental health and psychological well-being. These issues show that education in virtual space can always be emphasized as a key issue in the sensitive conditions of society. Educational policies have an important and decisive role in education. The government's support for education in virtual space in the path of education, as well as the government's support for the development and dissemination of education in virtual space, show the importance of this issue. Today, human power is considered the most valuable capital of any country, and the progress, cultural, economic, and social growth of countries depends on increasing the level of awareness of the people of that society. Therefore, the main mission of educational systems is the training of human resources necessary for this growth and progress, and education plays a very important role in this. Appropriate educational facilities, experienced teachers, and a rich environment only along with the dynamic, active, and enthusiastic minds of the youth will lead to the progress and development of the country. Although not much time has passed since the emergence of information and communication technology, it has brought many changes in the way of human life, including education systems and learning centers. In this way, the form of learning and education has gone out of the physical state that is dependent on time and place and has become a virtual form that cannot be defined. On the other hand, in many countries, the use of information and communication technology in the educational system in order to improve the quality of teaching-learning methods has been considered, and the use of this technology in schools is a basic necessity for proven educational, social, and economic reasons. In the way of conducting the present research, there were limitations, including the non-cooperation of some research samples, as well as difficult and difficult access to the research samples.

Background &

The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity has doubled since 1980 so that almost a third of the world's population is now classified as overweight or obese. Obesity hurts almost all physiological functions of the body and is a significant threat to public health. It can be said that obesity is a multifactorial and complex metabolic disease with epigenetic interactions. So the expression of some genetic factors along with inactive lifestyle (low energy cost) and intake of high-calorie foods interact together to cause the phenomenon of obesity and obesity-related diseases. However, for a long time, adipose tissue is no longer the only passive tissue for storing extra energy. From the identification of leptin and other adipokines, it was found that adipose tissue is one of the most active endocrine glands that play an essential role in regulating systemic energy and glucose homeostasis. Meanwhile, adipsin is one of the most abundant adipokines, which is produced almost exclusively by fat cells and is known as a supplement of factor D. Its amount in plasma increases significantly in obesity and high body mass index. Identification of adipsin as an important factor in diseases such as obesity and diabetes is not long ago and the function of this protein is not yet fully known. However, the researchers found that the release of adipsin from fatty tissue causes the synthesis of C3a, which plays a role in the islets of Langerhans, where beta cells are present, and stimulates the secretion of insulin and ultimately reduces the output of hepatic glucose. Adipsin plays a role in triglyceride metabolism by converting complement factor C3 to C3a, which stimulates triglyceride production in fat tissue. Therefore, adipsin may be indirectly related to adipose tissue fat metabolism. This contradiction has caused the function of this protein to remain in mystery until now. Due to the importance of adipsin, various researches have been conducted in this field. On the other hand, one of the organs that is directly related to obesity is the liver, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the hFGF subfamily, (FGF19, FGF21, FGF23) version its removal is done in the liver by direct control of PPARα and in adipose tissue by PPARγ. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21) is a family of fibroblast growth factors. This protein has various biological functions, including cell differentiation. , is responsible for cell growth and angiogenesis. In addition, FGF21 regulates the body's metabolism, because it plays a role in energy balance, glucose and fat homeostasis, and leads to improved glucose homeostasis, fat parameters, and weight loss in animal models. Regarding the importance of FGF21, various research have been conducted and contradictory results have been obtained. On the other hand, mammalian cells cannot reduce excess cholesterol; therefore, removing excess intracellular cholesterol is essential. HDL particles are the primary system. Can remove excess cholesterol from peripheral cells through reverse cholesterol transport. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT: Reverse Cholesterol Transport) refers to the process of collecting excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including macrophages in the arterial wall, and returning them to the liver for Cleaning through bile and excreting it through feces is said to play an important role in this step (ABCA1: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Protein). This process is especially important for macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Investigation of other influencing factors, including the role of aerobic exercises, has not been done so far. Certainly, new and more research in this regard by comparing different training methods with each other can to some extent find the best training method to get the maximum benefit from it with the minimum time, a great help in improving the abnormal condition of cardiovascular diseases. will do Considering the above information and the importance and role of adipsin, FGF21, and ABCA1 in obesity and its related complications, as well as the existence of contradictory results related to the effect of sports activity on these variables and the lack of sufficient information in this field, the question is whether increasing aerobic exercise Effects on adipsin, FGF21 and ABCA1 in obese men?

To carry out this practical and semi-experimental research, among obese men with a body mass index above 30 who were referred to the health center of Ilam city in the age range of 30-40 years, 24 people were randomly selected and divided into two groups: increasing aerobic exercise and Controls were divided. Aerobic exercise group program for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. In the first and second weeks, training started with 30 minutes and with 60% of the maximum heart rate, and every two weeks, the duration of 5 minutes and the intensity of aerobic exercise was increased by 5%, until finally, in the last two weeks, the duration was 45 minutes and the intensity was 75% of the heart rate. The heart reached the maximum. Also, blood samples were taken before and after the completion of 8 weeks from the brachial vein in fasting conditions 24 hours before the start of the protocol and 48 hours after the completion of the protocol. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that increasing aerobic training caused a significant increase in FGF21 and ABCA1 and a significant decrease in adipsin in obese men.

In summary, the findings of the present study show that eight weeks of increasing aerobic exercise increased adipsin, FGF21, and ABCA1 indices in obese men. Therefore, it is recommended to use these exercises to reduce the negative effects of obesity. However, the lack of control over the mental conditions and hereditary characteristics of the subjects during the exercises, and the lack of control over their economic conditions were among the limitations of the present research that may affect the results. Also, the results of the present research can provide experts, researchers, and obese people with a clear view of the impact of increasing aerobic exercises, and according to the results, the use of these exercises to reduce the complications of obesity is recommended to obese people in consultation with a doctor.

Football is one of the ball sports, and as one of the most important sports events in the world, it brings together huge masses of people in stadiums and in front of television (1, 2). The popularity of the sport raises expectations for players (3). The nutrition of football players is an important issue, and its knowledge may help to increase the quality of this popular game by improving physical performance and improving body recovery, and prevent possible health problems and injuries in players (1). Considering the importance of nutrition in soccer and considering the importance of macronutrients in providing energy to soccer players, the purpose of this research was to review the role of macronutrients in elite soccer players.

In the present review study, which is a type of systematic review studies, by searching the key words of football, nutrition, macronutrients, carbohydrates, protein and fat, the studies obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus sites in the years 2017 to 2023 were searched and the studies that were conducted to investigate the effect of macronutrients on the physical performance of soccer players were compiled. The articles collected in this review were searched and reviewed by the authors independently, and the selected articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected and included in the study. Inclusion criteria included the specific relationship of macronutrients (carbohydrate, fat and protein) in sports and studies on adult professional soccer players. The articles were screened based on PRISMA. In the first step, repeated studies were excluded. In the next step, the title and abstract of the articles were done by the first two authors and the responsible author based on the entry and exit conditions, and irrelevant articles were removed. In the next step, the selected articles were reviewed by the authors.

Sufficient energy supply is very important to provide energy in intense and periodic activity during training sessions or football matches (1, 14). The average energy consumption of elite soccer players is estimated to be approximately 3566 kcal in a seven-day period (5 days of training and 2 matches) (15). Adequate consumption of macronutrients makes it possible to achieve the appropriate energy value of the diet (16, 17). Adequate consumption of protein, carbohydrates and fat leads to an adequate energy value of the diet. In addition, macronutrients play a special role in an athlete's body, and therefore, their adequate consumption is closely related to maximizing physical fitness and chances of success in sports competitions (17). Energy availability for athletes for optimal performance should be higher than 40 kcal/kg (at free mass (FFM) and not less than 30 kcal/kg FFM (24). Low energy availability is an important risk factor for health complications such as weakened immune system, decreased bone density, increased fracture risk, hormonal imbalance, fatigue and depression. At the same time, low energy intake may impair performance (25). In addition to total energy consumption, physical performance is also strongly influenced by the appropriate ratio between macronutrient intake. Carbohydrate oxidation, particularly from muscle glycogen, predominates at higher exercise intensities, whereas fat oxidation is more important at lower intensities (13). Due to the limitation of carbohydrate reserves in the body, the depletion of liver and muscle glycogen with intense exercise for a long time is a determining factor in sports performance (26). Adequate glycogen content plays a major role in athletic performance. The bioenergetic systems of this football are quite comprehensive and include high oxidative capacity, high glycolytic capacity, as well as high dependence on ATP and phosphocreatine resynthesis pathways (1). It has been reported that soccer led to a significant decrease in glycogen in both fiber types, which may explain fatigue at the end of a match (30). This reduction of glycogen is due to the consumption of glycogen as the main substrate in high intensity exercises. A high carbohydrate intake of 10 g/kg body weight per day in the 36 hours prior to a game has been recommended for elite soccer players to supply muscle glycogen based on the weight of soccer players. In addition, professional soccer players should consume 1 to 1.5 g/kg of body weight within the first 4 hours after a soccer game to maximize glycogen regeneration (6). Carbohydrate feeding during exercise is likely to improve performance elements on the day of the competition if fed at the rate of 30 to 60 grams per hour; Taking into account the duration of the warm-up (eg, 20-30 minutes) and the game itself (eg, 90-95 minutes), this amount corresponds to an absolute carbohydrate dose of 60-120 grams per game (6, 33). It can be done by consuming carbohydrates at the beginning (20-30 grams) and at the end of the warm-up period (20-30 grams), between the two halves of rest (20-40 grams; as an opportunity to consume a higher dose of carbohydrates due to the increased time spent in the mode fixed) and if possible, benefit from the second half (20-30 grams) (34). The general consensus is that consuming 1.2 g/kg/h of carbohydrates with a high glycemic index for 3 to 4 hours is optimal to facilitate short-term glycogen resynthesis (35). According to the period of time required for the complete completion of reduced muscle glycogen after a competition or heavy training in the range of 24 to 72 hours, it is in the range of 6 to 9 g/kg of football players' weight (6). In general, it is recommended that athletes consume a moderate amount of fat (approximately 30% of their daily caloric intake) (4). Recommendations indicate that the daily consumption of fat in the diet should be between 0.5 and 1 gram per kilogram of body mass per day and represent 20% of daily calories (40). However, it is recommended that athletes do not consume less than 20% of their dietary energy value in the form of fat for long periods of time, as this may lead to reduced intake of fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids (41). Consumption of saturated fatty acids should also be taken into account and should not exceed 10% of daily energy intake. In many studies, excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids has been linked to negative health effects, from which even athletes are not immune (25). Protein intake should be optimized in all athletes to increase the efficiency of skeletal muscle's adaptive response to exercise to maximize performance capacity. Most studies evaluating dietary protein requirements have been conducted in men and have mostly involved resistance exercise. Protein requirements in athletes have been investigated mainly by nitrogen balance methodology or by measuring the increase or decrease in muscle mass during dietary interventions (44). According to the statement of the UEFA expert group, to increase adaptation to training, support recovery and stimulate muscle protein synthesis, the recommended protein intake is 1.6-2.2 g/kg body mass per day (23).

According to the current review, it can be said that a significant number of professional soccer players have problems in providing energy balance and receiving the recommended carbohydrates and proteins. The nutrition of male and female soccer players does not meet their energy needs, and on the other hand, in most researches, the share of carbohydrates as a basic substrate in soccer is lower than the recommended values, which can have negative effects on their sports performance. Accordingly, it is necessary to add training programs on nutrition habits and adjust nutrition strategies to individual needs to increase the sports performance of soccer players.

Extended abstract

Sleep has various physiological and cognitive functions and is vital for recovery and optimal performance in athletes. It can provide the body an opportunity to rest from the stressors that many athletes face throughout the day (1). Sleep deprivation can directly affect the performance of athletes by affecting the physiological systems(4). Blood indicators are one of the physiological factors on which the effect of sleep deprivation has been studied. The effect of sleep deprivation on blood cells counts has reported conflicting results (6-10). Another factor that affects blood indices, such as sleep deprivation, is physical activity. The results of previous research show that hematological factors that play a role in human health can change according to the activity performed in individuals, which ultimately have a significant impact on the performance and the final result of the competition. Athletes have been reported that they experience sleep disturbances prior to competition(13). They reported slept worse than normal prior to an important competition, problems in falling asleep, waking up early in the morning and waking up at night. Factors such as thoughts about competition, nervousness about competition were identified as reasons for poor sleep. The effect of Sleep deprivation on blood parameters following an exhaustive activity has not been considered in previous research. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 24 hours of Sleep deprivation on blood parameters following a debilitating activity.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study and a pre-test-post-test design with a control group was used to perform it. The ethical license of the present study was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences with the code IR.KUMS.REC.1399.229. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the members of the national youth and adult water polo teams present in the national team camps in May 2021, as well as the athletes who were members of the water polo premier league teams. According to the available sampling method, 24 of these athletes expressed their consent to participate in the study and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Participants were monitored for their regular nighttime sleep for three days prior to the pre-test. During the one-week interval between pre-test and post-test, participants were also monitored for regular nighttime sleep. The research protocol was performed in two phases with an interval of one week: The first stage included a full night of sleep between 10:30 and 11:30 pm, the time of sleep onset and 7 to 8 am when the subjects woke up. Exhaustive activity protocol was implemented at 8 am. One week after the first phase and in the second phase, after 24 hours of Sleep deprivation, participants performed the exhaustive activity protocol at 8 am. To perform 24 hours of sleep deprivation: The experimenter spent all the night with the athletes in order to ensure that they do not go through a sleep episode. The athletes could attempt various activities, such as entertainment (computer games), reading books, and watching movies. During the one night sleep deprivation, they were restricted from taking caffeine, tea or other stimulants. Blood samples were taken from the participants after the end of exhaustion and cooling down activities. Bruce maximal treadmill test which uses time to exhaustion was used as an Exhaustive activity. First, the subjects' height and weight were measured and then the athletes warmed up for 10 minutes at 70% of the predicted maximum heart rate. After that, the exhaustion time of the experimental and control groups were measured using the Bruce protocol. It is a standardized multistage treadmill test for assessing cardiovascular health. In the Bruce protocol (Bruce) participants started exercising at a treadmill speed of 2.7 km·h−1 and an incline of 10% gradient for 3 minutes. Workloads (speed and inclination) were subsequently increased each 3-minute period in a simultaneous way until volitional exhaustion was reached. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the research data.

The present study showed that 24 hours of sleep deprivation had a significant effect on white blood cells (F = 5.848, 0.012) (Sig, elite athletes following a debilitating activity but on the number of red blood cells) F = 0.421, 0.524 (Sig and blood hemoglobin) F = 0.601, F = 0.449 (Sig, following a debilitating activity has no significant effect.

According to the results of the present study, 24 hours of sleep deprivation has a significant effect on white blood cells in elite athletes following a debilitating activity. Sleep deprivation has been introduced as a stressor whose mechanism of action is the same as other stressful conditions (29). In literature, it has been documented that the interaction between sleep deprivation and acute physical activity certainly leads a deficiency in   immune system among trained athletes (33). Indeed, it has been demonstrated that sleep loss is associated with changes in control of appetite, resistance to insulin, glucose homoeostasis, endothelial function, sympathetic nervous system activation, and inflammatory and haemostatic pathways (34). Consequently, one night of sleep deprivation triggers inflammatory reactions, and can even exhaust the immune system, especially among professional athletes (33-36)
Another important finding of the present study was that 24 hours sleep deprivation had no significant effect on red blood cells and hemoglobin levels in elite athletes following an exhausting activity. No research has been done to find changes in red blood cells and hemoglobin levels following physical activity after sleep deprivation. Nevertheless it has been understood that the levels of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production, has a well-marked circadian rhythm. In addition erythrocytes have a circadian control process that operates independently of transcriptional events, through mechanisms dependent on the oscillations of the redox system and/or on the rhythm of potassium transport. How sleep deprivation in general and physical activity after sleep deprivation in particular affect the number, distribution, and function of red blood cells and hemoglobin is a new area that needs further research. (40-41).
In general, exhaustive physical activity after sleep deprivation increases the number of white blood cells that play a role in the body's immune function, but does not have a significant effect on the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood

Background &

The family is the first and most unique social institution and the health and well-being of a society is owed to the health and satisfaction of its members (1). The most prominent factor in the collapse of the family is the damage called divorce, which has devastating effects on the individual, the family and the community. Divorce may take place formally or legally or informally when the couple cohabites without intimacy and interest (2). Divorce is no longer an individual problem. Rather, it is a multi-stage process that is significant not only in terms of its effects on spouses and their children, but also because of its negative effects on society and the economy in general (7). In fact, emotional divorce is "the last step in a marriage." The rate of emotional divorces in the country is twice that of formal divorces. No action has been taken in relation to emotional divorce at home and abroad, and usually most actions are based on the emotional and emotional pressures of couples after divorce. The most important cause of divorce is the irresponsibility of the spouse (husband and wife) and the lack of adaptive skills (12). One of the factors that can affect general health and consequently the stability of married life is cognitive fusion (14). Cognitive fusion with misinterpretation and misinterpretation of couples can be a hidden factor for the expansion of married life. Cognitive fusion is a cognitive and social concept and confuses the person so much that after a while it is considered as a correct interpretation of personal experiences and can be distinguished from the real experiences of the person (15). One of the most important ways to form a cohesive family is family education, and if the teachings are appropriate to the knowledge of individuals and attractive, it can provide the necessary information transfer (21). Imagotherapy (communication imagery) is a paradigm that enhances couples' communication, corrects developmental stabilization, improves childhood injuries, increases differentiation from the other side, and also restores contact between them. Imago is a communication model of couple therapy in which behavioral and emotional interventions And uses cognition to facilitate understanding and inner change in couples. The goal is to revive the spiritual and emotional connection between couples to create a new goal for their marriage (22). Imagotherapy perspective believes that developmental stages in childhood, especially the child's early relationship with parents, affect their marital relationship during marriage (23). Other theorists have also attempted to explain family functioning. One of the most famous theorists in this field is schema therapy. Schema is a concept in cognitive psychology that examines how people think, perceive and process, and how they remember information (26). Schema therapy emphasizes cognition, emotion, behavior, parenting styles, parental message, attachment styles and unmet needs and the basic family system of the couple in the onset and continuation of marital problems and the role of the individual on the continuation of these problems in the present time. Emphasis on the relationships that exist in the present and its relationship to childhood and the emotions we have experienced in the past.
Among the factors affecting the mental health of human beings, the family has a very important role, many mental and behavioral abnormalities of human beings are rooted in the family. Emotional divorce makes the couple sick and the children of the family suffer the most. Prolonged coldness of the relationship can cause depression and isolation of couples and mental disorders in them or lead to a series of infidelities that will cause serious harm to the family and society. Recognizing the symptoms and problems that lead to emotional divorce can be the first step to change. And identifying therapeutic interventions that improve couples' interpersonal relationships is clinically and theoretically important.
The main purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and imago therapy training on cognitive fusion in emotional divorce.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest, posttest and follow-up (quarterly) design with a control group. The statistical population of this study was the people who referred to Shahid Mofteh Judicial Complex in the west of Tehran in 2019. Purposeful sampling was used in this study. 137 clients who had referred to this branch to file a marriage complaint or request for divorce were selected according to the inclusion criteria and willingness to participate in the study. Then 101 people were initially evaluated according to Cochran's formula by the Emotional Divorce Questionnaire. After the number of clients reached the desired volume based on experimental theories, at least 15 people were considered for each group, and 45 people were randomly assigned to one of three groups: schema therapy, imago therapy, or control group. Interventions in two groups of schema therapy and imago therapy were held in parallel during 12 sessions of 90 minutes in groups and weekly. In order to analyze the hypotheses, multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test with repeated measures were used. In these analyzes, the effect of the control variable was removed from the dependent variable and then the groups were compared with each other. Data collection tools were demographic data sheet, Guttman (1997) Emotional Divorce Scale and Cognitive Fusion Scale (CFQ).

The results showed that no significant difference was observed between the groups in the pretest. But in post-test and follow-up, there was a significant difference between cognitive fusion in the schema therapy and imago therapy groups with the control group at the level of p <0.01. There was no significant difference between the two treatments and schema therapy. The results were stable at the stage.

According to the results, I can use two types of schema therapy and imago therapy on cognitive fusion in people involved in emotional divorce.
We believe that the effectiveness of schema therapy is due to structural changes in the patient's personality, which is the goal of any schema therapist, and not only because of symptom improvements as a result of structural changes, but also due to initial emotional irregularity due to maladaptive regulatory strategy. Pathologies), gives way to emotional regulation (adults). Schema therapy and the need for new therapies, which can bring complete recovery to patients, will be a powerful boost to the study of new clinical applications of this model (34). Imago therapy training promotes dialogue between spouses, increases self-understanding and understanding of spouses, understanding of one's own childhood and spouse's childhood, as well as self-confidence (46).
The present study, like other researches in the field of behavioral sciences, has faced limitations. Available sampling method Instead of non-random sampling, use self-reporting tool that can be considered as an internal interfering variable. schema therapy and imago therapy can be used to reduce the effect of rejection sensitivity and imago therapy can be used to reduce the variable of love addiction in people involved in emotional divorce.

Background &

Researchers found the root of teachers' conflict in factors such as job satisfaction, the type of relationship between teachers, accepting the role of a teacher and the level of responsibility, and evaluated the role of the school principal as important in solving the aforementioned factors (3). On the other hand, in a study of the effect of conflict on employee performance, researchers stated that limited resources are the main cause of conflict (4). Managers should adapt their conflict management style based on material and spiritual demands in the organization as well as motivations derived from local/regional culture (5). If school principals play the role of mediators instead of resorting to force in resolving conflicts between teachers, the teacher's work motivation will increase significantly (6, 7).
On the other hand, the researchers stated in the results of their research that from the point of view of physical education teachers, other education teachers do not have a favorable attitude about physical education and consider it as a lesson that requires less effort (8). What kind of dynamic conflicts can be created in the education environment and in the work of physical education teachers, so that with the least resources, physical education classes, including: hours of physical education in schools, facilities and equipment, sports equipment, can be more effective Sports, higher motivation of teachers, paying attention to students' vitality and freshness, more mobility, paying attention to students' interests. Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question, what is the status of the components of dynamic conflicts of physical education teachers?

The research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population consisted of physical education teachers of Alborz province (N=150), who were selected as a sample according to the size of the population and the sampling method of the total number of all the population. In order to collect research data, interviews were first conducted with the experts, then based on the results of the interviews, a researcher-made questionnaire with 12 components and 40 items was used, the validity and reliability of which was confirmed.
Next, to analyze the research data, the researcher used descriptive statistics

mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage distributions. At the level of inferential statistics, in order to test the research hypotheses, the Kalmogorov Smirnov test was used to ensure the normality of the sample distribution, and the Levine test was used to ensure the homogeneity of the variance. After confirming these preconditions, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, t, F tests and structural equations were used. The above statistical methods were performed using SPSS version 22 and Amos version 20 software at the error level of 0.05.

The results showed that the average opinion of the respondents regarding the state of dynamic conflicts of physical education teachers is equal to 4.15, which is greater than the hypothetical average (μ=3). The value of sig/2 is equal to 0.001, which is less than 0.05, and also the value of t statistic is equal to 39.86, which is a positive value, so with 95% confidence, we can say that the status of the components of dynamic conflicts of physical education teachers is favorable. . It was also found that the probability values ​​of all components are less than 0.01; Therefore, all components are accepted at a significance level of 0.99 (Table 1).
Finally, the results of Friedman's statistical table were significant at the level of p ≥ 05, so there is a significant difference between the average ranking of factors affecting the dynamic conflicts of physical education teachers. As a result, according to the average rating obtained from the research components, in order: consideration of work and over-observance, creating agreements based on mutual benefit, developing and presenting feasible tasks, setting goals step by step until action, space and location Conflict, the naturalness of conflict, clarifying perceptions and understandings, creating a positive and powerful cooperative relationship, paying attention to needs instead of demands, focusing on the future by learning from the past, and providing options for mutual benefit were prioritized (Table 3).

The results showed that the status of the components of dynamic conflicts of physical education teachers is favorable. The results of the research showed that providing options for mutual benefit to the highest impact factor as the first source of dynamic conflict indicates that teachers do not receive the benefit they need in line with the win-win method in communication.
Focusing on the future by learning from the past as the second component affecting dynamic conflicts that has a role as a template, using past experiences and a strategic perspective towards conflicts is one of the pillars or inseparable components of groups and organizations. It is The conflict is caused by goals, standards and different understanding of the results of phenomena. Correct understanding of this complex phenomenon gives meaning to social life and causes effective organizational management (9). Dynamic conflicts are conflicts that lead to the progress of a person towards the realization of higher goals. These components give the people involved the opportunity to know the issues and opportunities that have been forgotten and as a result, creativity and performance are improved (10).
Positive cooperation is ranked third. In this regard, Humphrey et al.'s research results (2017) showed that the type of communication has a significant impact on dynamic conflicts; So that these communications can happen at the individual and group level (11). The studies of Friedman, Teed, Koral and Tsai (2000) showed that interpersonal conflicts in the work environment have a positive relationship with the level of stress experienced during work, but each person based on their experiences, personality characteristics and Their personal and psychological preparation when they face conflicts, they try to manage them in different ways (12).
The next rank is clarification in a research conducted by Serafin and Montserrat (2017) under the title of investigating social sensitivities in environmental conflicts. The results of their research showed that people should have high communication skills in collective discussions and decisions. Because the lack of proper communication causes social sensitivities and eventually causes various conflicts for the individual or the organization (13).

Background &

Covid-19 is a new and unknown type of disease originating from the virus of the covid family, which causes the death of about 2% of patients with acute respiratory symptoms. The main symptoms of this virus are fever, cough, shortness of breath, extreme fatigue, etc. (1). In the meantime, generalized anxiety disorder is a type of general anxiety from the set of anxiety disorders in DSM-5, which makes people with this disorder constantly worry about future events; So that this chronic worry causes disturbance in the daily functioning process of a person and makes him suffer a lot (4). Despite the mentioned content, it is difficult to separate people with generalized anxiety disorder from normal people, and for this reason, several views have been presented about the cause of morbid anxiety (5). Cognitive theorists believe that false beliefs cause anxiety. For example, Ellis states that external factors cannot make a person anxious and it is the feeling of incompetence to deal with threatening risks that makes him anxious (6). Also, researches about generalized anxiety show that one of the main characteristics of people with generalized anxiety is referential thinking, which is one of the metadiagnostic processes that has a high correlation with emotional disorders, and in general, it can be said that it is the same characteristic in most mental disorders (8).
On the other hand, people with general anxiety also have difficulty organizing their emotional experiences and find them annoying. So, these people do not use the positive skills of cognitive emotion regulation (15). Cognitive regulation of emotion is one of the most important criteria for diagnosing the level of mental health. Because people in stressful situations use various strategies such as magnifying the event, positive evaluation, acceptance, and planning (16). The cognitive regulation of emotion is an internal and external conflict. Any damage in the cognitive regulation of emotion makes people more vulnerable to depression and anxiety disorders (17). According to the above material, the researcher is trying to answer the question, is there a difference between referential thinking and cognitive emotion regulation strategies of people with generalized anxiety who have recovered from Corona and the normal group?

The current research is descriptive and causal-comparative based on the objectives and method of data collection. The statistical population of the present study was composed of people who visited one of the health centers of Alborz province in November and December 2019 (about 300 people). Among them, 50 people whose corona test was positive and after 2-3 weeks their test was negative and based on Spitzer's generalized anxiety questionnaire, they were diagnosed with corona anxiety disorder. Available and targeted sampling method after completing the consent form and observing the ethical principles of the research by the researcher (confidentiality and the least possibility of harm or risk) as a sample in the group recovered from Corona and 50 people who were tested from the beginning was negative and the score of anxiety questionnaire of generalized disorder was not significant, they were selected as healthy group. And after explaining the purpose of the research, they completed questionnaires of referential thinking (Ehring et al., 2010), generalized anxiety (Spitzer et al., 2006) and cognitive regulation of emotion (Garnefsky et al., 2001). Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Kalmogorov Smirnov tests to check the normal distribution of data, Levine's test to check the homogeneity of variances and multivariate variance analysis using spss software version 25 for analysis Data statistics were used.

The demographic and descriptive results showed that the average age of the subjects in the normal group was 34.77 and the group with general anxiety recovered from Corona was 35.33 years old. The highest number of subjects was 33 years old (26 subjects: 53.8% married and 46.2% single) and the least number of subjects was 40 years old (7 subjects: 42.9% married and 57.1% single). Also, the largest number of subjects had undergraduate education.
It was also found that the mean and standard deviation of referential thinking in the group with general anxiety recovered from Corona was higher than the normal group, but the scores of the normal group were higher in the variable of cognitive regulation of emotion.
The results of the multivariate analysis of variance test showed that there is a significant difference between the referential thinking and the cognitive emotion regulation strategies of the normal group and the group with general anxiety recovered from Corona (P < 0.001). On the other hand, by observing the effect size calculated in Table 2, it seems that referential thinking explains 7.2% and cognitive emotion regulation strategies explain 45.2% of the variance of this difference.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing referential thinking and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in people with general anxiety recovered from Corona with the normal group. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the two groups of normal people and people with general anxiety recovered from Corona in reference thinking variables, so that the scores of people with generalized anxiety recovered from Corona are higher than healthy people. In the explanation of the obtained findings, it can be said that referential thinking increases a person's worry by creating repetitive negative thoughts and mental rumination, and since the structure of worry is one of the main characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder (24), it can be said that it is one of the causes of the disorder Pervasive anxiety is the presence of referential thoughts, and after that, people who have faced a lot of life and financial losses due to the corona situation show the diagnostic criteria of generalized anxiety disorder with symptoms of referential thoughts.
Another finding of the current research showed that there is a significant difference between people with generalized anxiety who have recovered from Corona and healthy people in using cognitive emotion regulation strategies; So that people with generalized anxiety recovered from Corona use negative strategies in the cognitive regulation of emotion far more than healthy people. In explaining the results of the data, it can be mentioned that human emotions play an important role in his life, especially in adapting to life changes and unpleasant environmental and stressful events, especially when a person has a negative emotional experience such as Chronic diseases or a threatening event are encountered. Research results show that people who use incompatible strategies are more vulnerable to emotional problems (18). On the other hand, it seems that people who use non-adaptive strategies in the stressful conditions of the outbreak of the Corona virus show far more symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.The findings of this research showed that there is a difference between referential thinking and cognitive emotion regulation strategies between two groups of people with generalized anxiety who recovered from Corona and the normal group. In this way, in addition to the problems and complications related to their disease, people with corona are also involved in some psychological problems. These issues and problems can cause the aggravation and continuation of the symptoms and complications of the Covid-19 disease. Therefore, it is necessary for specialists in this field to pay special attention to the psychological aspects of patients. Timely psychological examinations of these patients can play an important role in preventing the exacerbation and continuation of symptoms and complications.

Background &

Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m2). In 2019, an estimated 38.2 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight or obese. Once considered a high-income country problem, overweight and obesity are now on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. In Africa, the number of overweight children under 5 has increased by nearly 24 % percent since 2000. Almost half of the children under 5 who were overweight or obese in 2019 lived in Asia. Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in 2016. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 5-19 years has risen dramatically from just 4 % in 1975 to just over 18 % in 2016. The rise has occurred similarly among both boys and girls: in 2016 18 % of girls and 19 % of boys were overweight. While just under 1 % of children and adolescents aged 5-19 were obese in 1975, more 124 million children and adolescents (6 % of girls and 8 % of boys) were obese in 2016. Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths worldwide than underweight. Globally there are more people who are obese than underweight Raised BMI is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of obesity, premature death and disability in adulthood. But in addition to increased future risks, obese children experience breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, and early markers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and psychological effects. Overweight and obesity are among the most important concerns and threats to public health and probably the most common malnutrition problem in the world and is known as a chronic disease in developed and developing countries and has a dramatic increase (1). Obesity is a risk factor for disorders such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, renal complications, respiratory disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, etc. (2). Deviation from normal physical posture can be effective in losing beauty and also reducing a person's mechanical performance and predispose a person to muscle and nerve injuries. In the pronation of the foot, the internal arch of the foot is reduced, and then the navicular bone falls and protrudes on the inner surface of the foot, which can also cause other anatomical abnormalities (10). The aim of this study was to compare frequency content of selected lower limb muscles during walking in overweight people with pronated foot, pronated feet individuals without overweight and healthy control ones.

The research is a semi-experimental type. The study design of the present study is cross sectional. The statistical sample of the present study include 15 healthy adult females, 15 pronated feet adult females without overweight, and 15 overweight adult females with pronated feet. To record the ground reaction forces data, a Bertec force plate device with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz was used. The electromyography data was recorded using a wireless biometric electromyography device with 8 channels. The 20 Hz cut of frequency was used to smooth ground reaction force data. Ground reaction force data were used to determine the beginning and end of the gait stance phase. Selected lower limb muscles include tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and gluteus medius. The electrodes were attached on selected lower limb muscle in accordance with SENIAM protocol. Before, electrode placement, the shaving process was done. The walking trials were done at constant speed. The walking stance phase was divided into loading phase, mid-stance phase, and push off phase. Median frequency of EMG data was selected as a dependent variables. Normal distribution of data was confirmed using a Shapiro-Wilk test. One way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. All analysis were done at SPSS software. Significant level was set at p<0.05.

Results revealed that the frequency content of vastus lateralis muscle during loading phase in the pronated feet group was greater than healthy group (p = 0.02). Also, results revealed that the frequency content of vastus lateralis muscle during loading phase in the pronated feet group with overweight was greater than pronated feet group (p < 0.01). The frequency content of rectus femoris muscle during loading phase in the pronated feet group was greater than healthy group (p = 0.04). Results revealed that frequency content of vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius during mid stance phase in pronated feet group was lower than healthy control ones (p < 0.02). Also, the frequency content of tibialis anterior muscle during mid stance phase in overweight group with pronated feet was lower than healthy control ones (p < 0.01). The frequency content of rectus femoris muscle and semitendinosus muscle during push off phase in pronated feet group was greater than that healthy control ones (p < 0.01). The frequency content of rectus femoris and semitendinosus muscles during push off phase in overweight group with pronated feet group were lower than that pronated feet group (p < 0.03).

The frequency content of quadriceps muscles during loading phase in the pronated foot group with overweight was similar to healthy group. Therefore, the compensatory mechanism in the frequency content of quadriceps muscles in the pronated foot group with overweight does not occur to reduce impact force. Moreover, the frequency content of rectus femoris muscle during loading phase in the pronated foot group was greater than healthy group. Results revealed that frequency content of vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius during mid stance phase in pronated feet group was lower than healthy control ones. Also, the frequency content of rectus femoris muscle and semitendinosus muscle during push off phase in pronated feet group was greater than that healthy control ones. The frequency content of rectus femoris and semitendinosus muscles during push off phase in overweigh with pronated feet group were lower than that pronated feet group.

Background &

Methadone treatment is an effective, safe and harm-reducing program for people with opioid dependence through which methadone is used as a synthetic substance to prevent and control drug dependence. On the other hand, although methadone use can reduce drug addiction, drug-related harm, risky behaviors, crime, and human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis virus transmission among addicts (3), Such substances disrupt the relationships of family members, deprive them of vitality and well-being, and ultimately degrade the quality of life. Although methadone therapy is considered as a common and effective way to stop substance abuse, however, this method does not take into account the psychological dimensions of patients and only physically prepares them to quit. Therefore, in the process of methadone treatment, it seems necessary to emphasize and rely on psychological approaches. Accordingly, considering that tempting beliefs, quality of life and psychological well-being play an important role in creating and even improving the process of methadone users, and considering that stress-based mindfulness approach as a cognitive approach to these variables in the patient community Methadone treatment has not been used, so the main question of the present study is whether teaching mindfulness-based stress reduction programs is effective on tempting beliefs, quality of life and psychological well-being of patients treated with methadone?

After using the experimental and control groups and before intervening in both groups, pre-tests were performed. The mindfulness treatment program was then performed in such a way that the subjects in the experimental group had one 2-hour treatment session per week, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Before the main treatment sessions, a session to explain about the research, establish a good relationship, perform a pre-test (run tests) and gather information about the problems that have caused confusion, explain the treatment model of stress reduction based on mindfulness, create hope in clients. held. An 8-week exercise program and a mindfulness model based on a package written by Bowen, Chaula, and Marlat (2011) were used to conduct the sessions. In a study conducted by Agha Yousefi et al. (2013), this protocol was translated into Persian and used. It should be mentioned that based on the observance of the ethical charter in the research, for the control group, after the post-test stage, a mindfulness method based on stress reduction was performed.

The results show that by removing the effect of the pre-test variable and considering the calculated F coefficient, it is observed that there is a significant difference between the adjusted means of the subjects' psychological well-being scores in terms of group membership of "experiment and control" in the post-test stage (P <0.05). Therefore, according to the modified means, it is concluded that the mindfulness-based stress reduction program in the participants of the experimental group had a greater impact on the psychological well-being of patients using methadone than the control group. Also, the two experimental and control groups have significant differences in terms of quality of life, except for the subscales of physical health, energy / fatigue and emotional well-being. Therefore, it can be stated that mindfulness-based stress reduction program is effective on quality of life in patients using methadone. Also, the experimental and control groups have significant differences in terms of tempting beliefs, so it can be stated that mindfulness-based stress reduction program is effective on tempting beliefs in patients using methadone.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on quality of life, tempting beliefs and psychological well-being of patients using methadone. The results showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction program is effective on quality of life in patients using methadone. The results are consistent with the findings of Brewer et al. (25), Garland et al. (21), Levin (26) and show that mindfulness-based stress reduction has a positive effect on quality of life in different patients. In explaining this issue, it can be stated that mindfulness increases physical self-monitoring and body awareness, which may lead to improved bodily mechanisms and improved self-care. Similar to traditional relaxation training, mindfulness meditation is associated with increased parasympathetic activation, which can lead to deep muscle relaxation and reduce tension and arousal, reduce pain, and ultimately increase the quality of life of these individuals. Affect life. Mindfulness may lead to the view that thoughts and feelings are transient, and this transient attitude allows people to view cognitions, thoughts, and feelings as if they were just thoughts or only feelings. Likewise, mindfulness-based stress reduction programs are effective in tempting beliefs in patients using methadone and reduce tempting beliefs. This finding with different previous results such as Salo et al. (27); Preston et al. (19), Clayton et al. (20) who examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction methods on tempting beliefs in various fields such as; Three: drug use, craving, anxiety of people avoiding, rumination studied, are consistent. Mindfulness-based stress reduction seems to help reduce a person's stress simply by changing cognitive and emotional conditions. On the other hand, family and social factors are not addressed in mindfulness, so the lack of difference between married and single men in the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention can be due to the lack of attention of mindfulness-based intervention to support others. Also, people who have more substance-related beliefs (tempting beliefs) experience more temptation after quitting and during the abstinence period. One reason for this may be that during the Turkish period, when they are under pressure from this period, their network of dysfunctional ideas about substances is activated. As a result, they see the positive points of the material as more colorful and the negative points as less colorful, and eventually they are more tempted.
It was also found that stress-based mindfulness training increases the psychological well-being score of the experimental group members. Research on the effect of mindfulness training on psychological well-being shows that this hypothesis is in line with other studies. Findings of this with the results of research by Lee and Koob (29), Garland et al. (21), Danwan et al. (17), Nevsky et al. (30) who stated in their research that mindfulness is a strong predictor of psychological well-being. Is aligned. In explaining this issue, it can be said that if we have a biological approach to addiction, neurotransmitters will be considered and drug interventions will be very important. On the other hand, paying attention to psychosocial factors to increase the patient's motivation to continue and maintain treatment and emphasize psychological support can be very effective. Combining medication with a cognitive-behavioral approach can improve the treatment process. Mindfulness gives clarity to experiences and teaches people to experience their life moment by moment, which reduces negative psychological symptoms and increases psychological well-being. Karmodi and Bauer (31) believe that doing mindfulness exercises promotes the development of various factors of mindfulness such as observation, non-judgment, non-reaction and conscious action. The growth of these factors also leads to the growth of psychological well-being, stress reduction and psychological symptoms. In fact, as the mind becomes more aware, our ability to stand back and observe states such as anxiety increases.

Background &

Resilience is considered as an ability process or the result of successful adaptation to the environment, despite dangerous and threatening conditions, which enables a person to overcome problems and challenges by gaining skills. Life and its stressful conditions should be adapted. The early theoreticians of resilience emphasized on the characteristics related to positive outcomes in facing the adversities and adversities of life (1). Therefore, resilience has a special place in increasing the endurance of employees and their health. Resilience is one of the characteristics of internal empowerment (intra-individual resource). Possession of this intrapersonal resource enables a person, despite adverse circumstances and negative events, to continue his adaptive growth and maintain his mental health (8) Difficult people are emotionally calm and creatively and flexibly They look at the problems positively, plan and plan to solve them. If needed, they do not hesitate to ask for help from others and have complete resources to deal with problems and stresses in life and are less exposed to mental and emotional disturbances (9).
On the other hand, motivation, as the heart of the field of organizational behavior, means activating or energizing the purposeful behavior of people in the work environment (10). In fact, motivation is a state that encourages a person to do or not do something. The motivation to show a certain behavior or to perform specific work duties can be caused by internal factors or external factors. Experts believe that motivational factors can be considered as consisting of intra-personal factors and organizational factors (occupation and internal environment of the organization). If the internal factors, motivational needs are dominant, mechanisms must be designed to fulfill and satisfy needs such as self-control, self-improvement, communication with others, success seeking, progress and responsibility (11).
Among the primary maladaptive schemas as a mediating variable are the emotional and cognitive patterns of self-harm that are formed in the mind at the beginning of growth and development and are repeated throughout life (14). In general, studies show that adolescents who Those whose parents provide more social and emotional support, including social control and monitoring, have significantly higher levels of resilience (15).
Considering the above contents and the importance of job motivation in personal and social life on the one hand, the importance of parenting style on the other hand, and the effect of mental maps on various characteristics, and since by reviewing the research done inside and outside the country, a research in The relationship with the research topic has not been done in the staff of the headquarters area, so the researcher seeks to discover the question of whether there is a relationship between the parenting style with job motivation and the mediation of incompatible schemas in the staff of the headquarters area of the Ministry of Energy in Tehran.

To carry out this applied and descriptive-analytical research, 297 people were randomly selected as a sample from among the employees of the headquarters of the Ministry of Energy in Tehran (1300 people) based on Morgan's table. Then a questionnaire based on parenting style from Bamrind's point of view (1972), maladaptive mental maps from Yang's point of view (2007), career motivation from Jabo et al.'s point of view (2022) and resilience from Connor and Davidson's point of view (2003). Distribution and collection Finally, in order to check the validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis was used and in order to check the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used with the help of SmartPLS 3 software. Also, in order to fit the research conceptual model and test hypotheses, PLS method was used with the help of Smart PLS software.

According to Table 2, it was found that there is a relationship between parenting style and resilience, job motivations, inconsistent mental maps in the employees of the headquarters of the Ministry of Energy in Tehran. On the other hand, it was found that there is a relationship between incompatible schemas with resilience, job motivation in employees of the headquarters of the Ministry of Energy in Tehran. Finally, it was found that there is a relationship between parenting style and resilience and job motivation with the mediation of incompatible schemas in the employees of the headquarters of the Ministry of Energy in Tehran.

The results showed that there is a relationship between parenting style and career motivation with the mediation of incompatible schemas in employees of the headquarters of the Ministry of Energy in Tehran. In the explanation above, it can be said that motivational factors include things like the amount of inherent challenge in the job, the amount of discretion that a person has in doing work, and perhaps the amount of inherent attractiveness of the job. These factors increase motivation at work. When jobs have high levels of skill variety, task identity, and task importance, the corresponding psychological state will be job meaningful. Having these three dimensions makes employees consider their job psychologically meaningful. A person should feel that he is doing something meaningful, if his work is trivial, internal motivation will probably not occur (4).
On the other hand, it was found that there is a relationship between parenting style and resilience in the employees of the headquarters of the Ministry of Energy in Tehran. Resilience is also suitable as the ability to recover from depression or issues of resilience skills. This is also understood to be able to overcome life's problems even when there are adverse and difficult conditions, it enables the individual to be resilient with difficulty. adapt to problems and challenges. In general, resilience includes maintaining calmness under pressure, flexibility in facing obstacles, avoiding erosive strategies, maintaining optimism and positive emotions during difficulties and getting rid of internal obstacles (20).
Another finding showed that there is a relationship between parenting style and job motivation in employees of the headquarters of the Ministry of Energy in Tehran. The ways to obtain resilience are stubbornness, self-improvement, repressive coping, and positive mood and emotions. To understand the interpretations and methods related to resilience, we may need to distinguish between risk probability and examples of resilience. Resilience as the power or ability to return to the original life and start a new situation by reducing nervous pressure or distorting it and replacing it with vitality (4).
On the other hand, it was found that there is a relationship between the parenting style and incompatible schemas in the employees of the headquarters of the Ministry of Energy in Tehran, people are very vulnerable to problems and quickly break down, while others are calm, logical, patient and They are definitely struggling with problems. Improving resilience leads to the growth of people in acquiring better thinking and self-management skills and more knowledge. Also, resilience with supportive relationships of parents, peers, and others, as well as with cultural and traditional beliefs, helps people to deal with the inevitable shocks of life (23).

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases among males. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is one of the major curative treatment modality for the localized prostate cancer. High-dose radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer is a well-established method to improve tumor control but is also resulted in increased rectal toxicity. Major concern of dose escalation in prostate cancer is the toxicity of surrounding normal tissues, in particular rectum because the rectum is anatomically close to the prostate gland and limits prescribed dose. Radiotherapy associated rectal toxicities have a negative impact on patient’s quality of life (QOL). The primary efforts for reduction of rectal toxicities are the application of image guided radiation therapy (IGRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or adaptive radiotherapy. However, the part of the rectum receives high doses even with modern radiotherapy techniques. Hence, physical displacement of the rectum from the prostate can be effective in reducing rectal radiation doses. To date, three different rectal displacement devices such as Endorectal balloons (ERBs), tissue hydrogel spacers, and rectal retractor (RR) have been developed to push the rectal wall away from the prostate. Previously, the effectiveness of ERBs and tissue hydrogel spacers has been widely investigated. A RR, as a novel device, inserted into the rectum can be utilized to push the rectal wall away from high-dose regions and potentially reduce radiotherapy-induced rectal toxicity. Regarding RR, conflicting reports in the literature debate its efficacy in prostate cancer EBRT. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the effect of RR during prostate cancer external beam brachytherapy with regard to dosimetric results, preliminary clinical outcomes, prostate motion, and procedure-related toxicity.
To have a comprehensive study, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar studies from January 1th, 2010 to September 30th, 2022. The following keywords were used for the searches: rectal retractor, Rectafix, rectal displacement device, and synonyms combined with one or more of the following: prostate radiotherapy and prostate cancer radiotherapy. Reference lists of articles were also reviewed for relevant articles. Published articles and abstracts in English from preclinical and clinical studies were included. Fifteen articles were included in this review.
No serious complications such as severe anal irritation or rectal bleeding occurred with daily insertion of the RR. The magnitude of rectal retraction is determined by patient's discomfort. Although the rectal retraction induces a mild rectal pain, it is well tolerated. Daily use of the RR can lead to anorectal irritation, thus the RR cannot be used during the entire treatment sessions with the conventional radiation therapy regimen (more than 35 sessions). All of these events were self-limited and resolved with no additional treatment during radiotherapy. The insertion of the RR required approximately 3-4 additional minutes of routine set-up time. The application of RR can increase the space between the prostate and the anterior rectal wall. Using RR achieved the average distance of 4 mm between the prostate and the anterior rectal wall. The RR usage resulted in significant radiation dose reductions to the rectal wall, posterior rectal wall, and anterior rectal wall. Preliminary clinical data showed that using RR does not reduce acute rectal toxicities, but the rate of late rectal toxicities is lower in patients treated with a RR in-place. The RR can reduce prostate intra-fractional motion. Several reports indicated that in vivo rectal dosimetry was feasible using RR equipped with different active or passive dosimeters during prostate radiotherapy.
The use of RR for patients undergoing EBRT for prostate cancer was feasible and it did not lead to serious complications such as rectal bleeding. Using RR in definitive prostate EBRT resulted in reducing dose to the rectal wall. The RR can increase prostate and rectal inter- and intra-fractional stability. However, further randomized clinical trial with a large sample size will be required to clear the clinical benefits of the application of the RR during prostate radiotherapy.

Background &

Marital bond is considered the most complex human relationship and has a potential ability to release emotions. At the same time, this very special human relationship may suffer due to the reasons that marital infidelity seems to damage the marital relationship more than any other problem and factor and puts the couple in a very difficult situation (1). Betrayal is one of the main reasons for divorce and marriage breakdown (2). In the couple therapy literature, cheating is any type of sexual or emotional relationship that is secret and outside of marital rules (3). Also, Widerman and Allgir (2011) in their definition of marital infidelity pay attention to a wider scope and consider it as having a sexual or emotional relationship, online or a combination of them (4). Of course, according to this definition, it is not necessary to have sex in order to be able to put a relationship in this category, but any relationship with a person of the opposite sex that is hidden from the spouse is an extramarital relationship and is considered treason (5).
One of the challenges that the betrayed person faces and in turn affects the quality of treatment is that marital betrayal causes the loss of trust in the relationship and the level of intimacy, as well as a sharp decrease in satisfaction with married life. . Therefore, until the betrayed person cannot forgive his wife and trust him, the recovery process will not be possible and there will be no overall satisfaction. Therefore, when working with such cases, therapists should not only focus on reducing symptoms and discomfort. Rather, they should pay attention to more important issues such as overall satisfaction with life, as well as quality of life and sexual satisfaction. It seems that overall satisfaction with life and sexual satisfaction have a two-way relationship with each other and the existence of each can help improve the other; Because the absence of one causes the decline of the other. On the other hand, the results of some studies show that sexual satisfaction increases mental health and improves the quality of life. Research findings about the quality and quantity of infidelity treatment show that regardless of the theoretical orientation of the treatment, a large percentage of couples can benefit from these interventions. Several theoretical and interventional models have been introduced for the treatment of infidelity, among which emotion-oriented therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy can be introduced. In this way, the current research was put to the test with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on the sexual satisfaction of women injured by marital infidelity.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of execution method with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the women who referred to one of the counseling centers in Isfahan city due to their husband's infidelity in the first half of 2022. Thus, using the available sampling method, 54 people were selected from among them and randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups and 1 control group (18 people in each group). The research tool was the sexual satisfaction questionnaire (Larson et al., 1998), which was completed in three stages: pre-test, post-test and 3-month follow-up. Then, eight 90-minute sessions of emotion-focused therapy were given to the members of the experimental group (1) and eight 90-minute sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy to the members of the experimental group (2). The obtained data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The results of the research showed that the average scores of sexual satisfaction in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up times were significantly different from each other (P<0.01); So that it was found that the average scores of sexual satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up stages increased significantly compared to the pre-test stage (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stages (0.01). <P). Therefore, it was concluded that the average scores of sexual satisfaction increased in the post-test and follow-up phase compared to the pre-test phase and this increase was stable. Also, the intergroup effects showed that there was a significant difference between the mean sexual satisfaction scores of the experimental and control groups and the impact factor was 0.501, which indicates that more than 50% of the changes in sexual satisfaction scores were due to the intervention. The pairwise comparison also indicated that the average sexual satisfaction scores of the test groups were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.01). In addition, the mean sexual satisfaction scores of the emotion-focused therapy group were significantly higher than the cognitive-behavioral therapy group (P<0.05).

It was concluded that although two intervention methods are effective in increasing the average scores of sexual satisfaction, the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy was significantly higher. The results of the research showed that providing emotion-focused therapy had a lasting effect on improving women's sexual satisfaction. This finding is in line with the research results of Rostami et al (29), HasanneZhad et al (30), Halchuk et al (34).  In explaining these findings, it can be said that two methods of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy have the necessary capacity and ability and were able to improve the sexual satisfaction of women participating in the research. Emotion-focused therapy improved the problematic emotional state of women due to the use of identification mechanisms, emotional readjustment and emotional readjustment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy also uses techniques such as increasing sexual awareness, sexual skills, imagining, increasing understanding and recognition of the causes of sexual problems and dissatisfaction, the way of expressing positive and negative sexual and non-sexual feelings, the field of improving women's sexual satisfaction. provided It seems that the presentation of these two treatment methods caused a change in the secretion of hormones such as oxytocin, estrogen and progesterone, which in turn increased the sexual satisfaction of women in test groups (1) and (2). However, the effectiveness of emotional therapy was higher compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy on improving sexual satisfaction, which can be explained by the fact that people who face marital infidelity, emotions experience negativity, conflict and ambiguity, which causes avoidance and non-adaptive behaviors in them. Therefore, emotional therapy focuses directly on negative emotions because it uses the bottom-up method, and compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy that uses the top-down method, it can solve such emotional problems faster and more deeply. solve and provide the necessary conditions to increase sexual satisfaction among women.

Background &

Health is a phenomenon that brings with it a high degree of physical, mental and social well-being. Social thinkers and theorists have paid attention to the category of health, especially social health, as an important issue, and people are constantly seeking to present a clear and appropriate image. From a historical perspective, the right to be healthy is one of the oldest rights of the citizens of any society, which has been given importance in the constitutions of most countries of the world. Considering that the World Health Organization, in addition to the accessible health standards Considering the physical dimensions as well as other psychological and social dimensions, this issue has caused social health to be taken care of. Social health means coordination and interaction between each individual and other members of society and the environment in which people live (1). Health Social plays an important role in ensuring the dynamism and efficiency of every society, and it is considered one of the axes of evaluating the health of different societies; Therefore, the goal of all societies is to provide conditions to maintain and improve the health of their members (7). The feeling of joy and vitality is considered one of the most essential natural desires and psychological needs of humans, and due to its major effects on the health and improvement of society, it has been occupying people's minds for a long time; So that nowadays many nations are somehow trying to create a healthy and cheerful society; Because it seems that the feeling of happiness, on the one hand, prepares people for a better life and more productivity, and on the other hand, due to its contagious nature, it expands the individual's relationships with his own social environment (8). Today, karate is considered one of the most proud and medal-winning sports in the country, one of the most important Asian and global fields. It seems that the results of this research can provide the information needed to popularize this sport. Now, the researcher seeks to answer the question, how is the health and social vitality of the society evaluated with the popularization of karate in Iran?

The current research, following the pragmatist paradigm, using a quantitative and qualitative combined approach in a strategic study, seeks to provide an assessment of the situation and strategic action in the development of the health and social vitality of the society with the universalization of the sport of karate in Iran. This research is included in the spectrum of applied research. In this research, 100 people from the president, vice president and secretary of the provincial karate board as well as experts and specialists were selected as the statistical sample of the research in a purposeful and snowball way. Also, the participants of the research, which are considered as the research strategic council, include 9 participants who were selected purposefully, and the criteria for their selection is to have nobility in the central phenomenon of research and nobility in strategic issues, as well as having the condition of being a faculty member or management related to research. has been present To collect information, first, a questionnaire containing 4 open questions was used, and the statistical sample of the research presented their opinions about the aforementioned factors in order to identify internal and external factors; Then the presented factors were summarized and in the form of a closed questionnaire with a 4-point Likert spectrum (strongly agree (4), agree (3), disagree (2), strongly disagree (1)) in two parts; Individual information (gender, education level, age, history related to the research) and the main questions were completed by the statistical sample of the research. The main research questions were designed in two parts: internal factors and external factors. Internal factors have 35 questions, which is the basis for evaluating the internal environment, including organizational resources, including human, financial, material, informational, and technological resources, along with the organizational structure and culture, which places the respondents' status, internal factors in two spectrums of strength and weakness. . Also, in the other part of the external factors, there are 23 questions that are the basis of evaluating the political, economic, geographical, social, technological, legal and environmental factors influencing the universalization of the sport of karate in Iran in line with the development of health and vitality. There are two spectrums of opportunities and threats. The form and content validity of the researcher-made questionnaire obtained from the opinions of the statistical sample of the research in terms of writing, relevance and adequacy of the questions to cover the research objectives were evaluated, modified and confirmed by the participants of the research, and also the reliability of the present questionnaire was also used using the open test method 0.94 was evaluated and approved. In the process of data analysis, using the matrix of internal-external factors, the situation of health and social vitality of society with the popularization of karate in Iran has been evaluated and interpreted.

After compiling the evaluation matrix of internal factors and evaluation of external factors, the matrix of internal-external factors is drawn according to figure (1) and as it is known, the development of health and social vitality of society with the universalization of karate in Iran is in the position of maintaining and developing services. has taken.

Managers and policy makers should adopt the appropriate strategy and decisions based on the predetermined goals and in accordance with them, so that the development of the universalization of the sport of karate is realized and it leads to an increase in the participation of the society, and by increasing the participation of the public and using its rich functions, to improve the quality of life and increase the physical and mental health of the people of the society.

Background &

Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood during which a great qualitative change occurs in the biological, psychological, and social dimensions of the individual.  Iran has a young population structure. Teenagers and young people make up a large amount of people in the society and a large amount of problems, difficulties and challenges of the society are their problems. Adolescence is a dynamic period in the life of every human being, and the fact is that the major part of a person's personality is formed in this period. Undoubtedly, a person may face problems during adolescence. These problems may be in different emotional, social, educational and health fields. One of the most important factors in the formation of personality and behavioral characteristics, as well as changes in adolescence, is the family. The importance of the Teen group is not hidden from anyone.  Most teenagers have challenges with family, society and relatives, and the pressure of these problems may lead teenagers to risky behaviors in the decision-making stage. What is certain is that teenagers are more prone to risky behaviors than other age groups. That the performance of these behaviors increases from the beginning of adolescence to the middle of it and decreases sharply in late adolescence. The conflict between parents and teenagers, like the conflict in other areas of life, is basically a difference or conflict in goals or mutual opposition between two parties, which is characterized by incompatibility and antagonism, negative emotions and hostile and aggressive behaviors, and these conflicts are almost It is unavoidable . Due to their special characteristics, gifted teenagers have special emotional, social and educational needs, and paying attention to them provides the basis for the growth and prosperity of these students. Is. For the progress of any country, there is a need to identify and cultivate more creative and creative minds, and for this reason, in the current situation, the issue of intelligence is one of the most important issues in the field of psychology and education of exceptional children. Getting to know the general characteristics of gifted students is very important for parents and teachers. It is obvious that any threat, punishment or humiliation and blame for these teenagers can make them hot-tempered, restless and even aggressive and shy. That one of the causes of emotional maladaptation in adolescents is a conflict between them and parents. But more extensive research shows that this relationship (parent-child conflict and emotional dysfunction) is more complex than being summed up in a simple cause-and-effect relationship. The meta-analyses showed that emotion regulation is an important factor in improving the mental health and well-being of adolescents, and difficulty in regulation is considered an important factor in psychopathology. Health promoting lifestyle as a key and multidimensional issue is positively related to self-efficacy, quality of life, emotion regulation and inversely related to anxiety, stress and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Health promoting lifestyle as a key and multidimensional issue is positively related to self-efficacy, quality of life, and emotion regulation and inversely related to anxiety, stress and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Considering the above-mentioned cases and the existence of crises and injuries during adolescence, strictness and high standards of parents in the education of gifted teenagers (due to cultural issues) and considering that healthy behaviors are influenced by social norms, culture, and media. Collectives, national health policies, advertising practices, physical and social environments. Therefore, the different ecosystems and the diversity of the cultural-social situation in the country, on the one hand, and the different health indicators of different regions, on the other hand, require that the needs of the health sector be evaluated locally and regionally and in different groups. and based on that, health planning, resource allocation, budget and regional research priorities are determined. Therefore, the current research is in this direction and to investigate whether a regular pattern can be drawn for the relationship between health-enhancing lifestyle and self-efficacy and emotion regulation in gifted teenagers with the mediating role of parent-child conflict.

The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population included male and female high school students of brilliant talents in Sanandaj city in the academic year of 1400-1401(equal to 600 people). Based on the table of Kermes and Morgan, 234 people (81 girls and 153 boys) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research tools included Walker's health-enhancing lifestyle questionnaires, Strauss's parent-child conflict, Gratz's and Romer's emotional regulation, and Scherer's, Mercandant's, Jacobs' and Rogers' general self-efficacy.

The findings showed that the fitted model had a good fit. Based on this, the two variables of self-efficacy and cognitive regulation of emotion have a direct effect on the health-promoting lifestyle. On the other hand, the two variables of self-efficacy and cognitive regulation of emotion have a direct effect on the parent-child health conflict. And thus, the two variables of self-efficacy and cognitive regulation of emotion, in addition to the direct effect through parent-child conflict resolution styles, also have an effect on health-promoting lifestyle.

The main goal of this research was to determine the structural relationship model of health-promoting lifestyle with self-efficacy and emotion regulation in gifted teenagers with the role of mediator of parent-child conflict in Sanandaj city. The results of the model analysis showed that there is a positive relationship between emotional regulation and the health-promoting lifestyle of students, and this variable has the ability to predict parent-child conflict resolution methods. Based on this, the mediating role of parent-child conflict in the relationship between emotion regulation and health-promoting lifestyle was determined. In explaining these findings, it can be said that conflict in parent-child relationships is clearly seen in various aspects. One of the important areas in which they openly show their conflict is confronting the health-enhancing lifestyle and behavioral patterns of parents and children. A common element in the conflicts between parents and teenagers is the lack of sufficient emotion regulation skills between family members. In fact, emotional regulation provides a field for children and teenagers to establish a constructive relationship with their own inner experiences and act receptive and open to these experiences, while the more difficult emotional regulation is, the more difficult teenagers are in dealing with problems. And unpleasant experiences act in an irrational and catastrophic way, which causes them to multiply their behavioral problems and in anxiety-provoking and unpleasant situations, they show strong reactions, including aggression and inappropriate projections. Without these skills, It makes any attempt to talk about the solution ineffective. Teaching teenagers to regulate emotions plays an important role in reducing parent-child conflicts

Background &

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a pathogenic coronavirus that emerged in late 2019 and has caused a pandemic of acute respiratory disease, named ‘coronavirus disease 2019’ (COVID-19), which threatens human health and public safety. This virus has spread fast all over the world and declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) (1). In early 2020 and recent literature has shown that co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses might occur (2-4). The most common viral agents causing respiratory tract infection are influenza viruses (IFVs), adenoviruses (AdVs), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses (RVs). In addition, intensive investigations have led to the identification of new human respiratory viruses, including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) (5). Therefore, identifying the epidemiological patterns of respiratory pathogens may be useful for stopping the epidemic spread of COVID-19, providing information for the development of optimal diagnosis (7). In this study, the presence of the respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus virus, adeno, boca, parainfluenza, influenza A and B, endemic coronaviruses including NL63, OC43, 229E, and HKU-1 among specimens with positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 tests was investigated.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at the beginning of the pandemic between December 2019 and March 2019. In this study, oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples of patients suspected of COVID-19 were collected from the laboratory of Labafinejad Hospital in Tehran. A total of 197 samples (91 positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 106 negative) were included in the study. Total nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) were extracted from 200 µL oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab specimens by GeneAll Ribospin vRD DNA/RNA Extraction Kit (Seoul, South Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The extracted specimens were tested by real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Kit (PCR-Fluorescence Probing) (Sansure Biotech Inc.) using the Rotor-Gene® Q instrument targeting the ORF1ab and N genes of SARSCoV-2 RNA. Internal control targeting the RNase P gene was used to monitor the sample collection and rRT-PCR process to avoid false-negative results. Afterward, the remaining total nucleic acids were stored at -80°C for analysis of viral respiratory pathogens. The residual total nucleic acids were subjected to the real-time PCR assay for the detection of respiratory viral pathogens using the real-time thermal cycler Mic qPCR instrument (BioMolecular Systems). In this study, Geneova HiTeq 17 Viro Respiratory Pathogen One-step RT-PCR Kit as a multiplex TaqMan one-step real-time PCR method was used. It can detect various respiratory viral pathogens including SARS-CoV-2, Flu/A, Flu/B, Flu H1N1, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoVHKU1, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, PIV1/2/3, AdV, hRV, HBoV1/2/3, hMPV, and RSV. The reactions were named as an unknown sample, positive control, and negative control. Tube 1: Fam channel (SARS-CoV-2 virus), HEX channel (RNase P gene as internal control), Texas Red channel (Influenza A virus), and CY5 channel (Influenza B virus) were selected. Tube 2: channel FAM (influenza H1N1virus), channel HEX (HCoV-NL63 and HCov-229E viruses), channel Texas Red (metapneumovirus), and channel CY5 (respiratory syncytial virus) were selected. Tube 3: FAM channel (HKU-1 and OC-43 viruses), HEX channel (parainfluenza viruses 2, 1 and 3), Texas Red channel (bocavirus 2, 1 and 3), and CY5 channel (adenovirus) were selected.

In this study, the presence of several respiratory viruses on 197 nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab samples collected from suspected COVID-19 patients was investigated. Among the 197 people who entered the study, 88 people (45%) were women and 109 people (55%) were men. The average age of the subjects was 58 ± 13 years. The most common clinical symptoms found in these patients were fever in 169 people (86%), cough in 133 people (68%), sore throat in 111 people (56%), shortness of breath in 51 people (26%), headache in 47 people (24%), diarrhea in 38 people (19%), and asthma in 18 people (9.1%). Among 197 patients, 64 (32%) had diabetes, 70 (36%) had high blood pressure, 49 (25%) had kidney disease, 24 (12%) had heart disease, and 9.1% had asthma. Therefore, high blood pressure was considered as the most common underlying disease. In general, there was no difference in basic characteristics including age, gender, underlying disease, and clinical manifestations between the two groups. Among 197 patients, 14 people (7.1 percent) were infected with human metapneumovirus, 4 people (2 percent) with RSV infection, 3 people (1.5 percent) with influenza A, B, 2 people (1 percent) with parainfluenza virus, 8 people (1 NL63,229E infection, 3 people (5.1%) had HKU1, OC43 infection, 2 people (1%) had adenovirus infection, and 1 person (0.5%) had bocavirus infection. In this study, a total of 37 viruses (18.78%) were detected in oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples from 197 subjects suspected of COVID-19. The results showed that human metapneumovirus was the most common cause of the disease in both groups of SARS-CoV-2 positive people [7 (7.7%)] and SARS-CoV-2 negative people [7 (6.6%)]. In addition, the rate of viral co-infection in SARS-CoV-2 positive (18.68%) and SARS-CoV-2 negative (18.86%) patients was almost the same. In 91 people with positive SARS-CoV-2 test, the infection with other viral infections was in the following order: 7 people (7.7%) infection with metapneumovirus, 2 people (2.2%) with RSV, 1 person (1.1%) influenza A/B, 1 person (1.1%) parainfluenza, 3 people (3.3 NL-63,229E, 1 person (1.1%) HKU1, OC43, 1 person (1.1%) adenovirus, and 1 person (1.1%) also had co-infection with bocavirus.

The data presented in this study strengthened our understanding of the epidemiology of different types of viral respiratory pathogens in suspected patients with COVID-19 during the fall and winter of 2019 in Iran. Using the multiplex PCR method, we reported the rate of simultaneous viral respiratory infections of 18.78%, which was mainly human metapneumovirus. Therefore, simultaneous screening of other viral respiratory pathogens will be useful for clinicians and researchers interested in the treatment and control of viral respiratory tract infections. It seems that the reduction of the prevalence of the respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and other respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran happened due to public health measures, maintaining social distancing, and wearing masks.

Background &

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in most countries of the world. Statistics show that one-third of heart attacks lead to death, and in the other two-thirds, people do not recover completely. This statistic exists more or less in Iran as well, and imposes significant costs on individuals, families, health care system and society every year (1). Coronary artery diseases are the most important cardiovascular disorder and a major health problem in developing and industrialized countries. This disease is a type of insufficiency in the coronary arteries of the heart, which ultimately leads to a decrease and disturbance in the blood flow of the myocardium of the heart, and the stoppage of the blood flow of the myocardium causes a disturbance in the action of the heart muscle (2). In addition to the fact that cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the most severe physical diseases, these patients also have special conditions in terms of psychological and personality. The results of various researches indicate that in addition to the presence of some personality traits that have an impact on the development of heart diseases, a number of cognitive characteristics can also act as the underlying, perpetuating or aggravating factors of these diseases. In this context, research findings show that heart patients are different from healthy people in terms of some cognitive variables such as hostility, cognitive flexibility, experiential avoidance, self-efficacy and self-control. In addition, these findings indicate that cardiovascular patients suffer from relatively high depression, anxiety and worry, which in turn causes mental rumination among them (4). Experimental evidence shows that engaging in mental rumination can lead to increased anxiety and irrational beliefs about oneself (8, 9). Since the cardiovascular patient during his physical illness, his activities are limited and he cannot show his usual abilities, therefore he becomes psychologically vulnerable and suffers from stress, anxiety, anger, depression and mental crisis. to be On the other hand, because medical treatments alone cannot lead to complete recovery of cardiovascular diseases, therefore, trainings and interventions based on psychosocial care, empowering patients in their efforts for self-care and revealing psychological obstacles to achieve Favorable medical and psychosocial outcomes seem essential. For this reason, during the last two decades, the need to perform psychological interventions to deal with psychological problems caused by cardiovascular diseases has been more and more noticed (17). Since research findings indicate that cardiovascular patients have a weaker state in terms of mindfulness and emotion regulation than healthy people, so if the interventions used for these patients can be focused on such characteristics, the results will be much stronger. it has. For this reason, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of the mindfulness based  stress reduction and emotion- focused therapy on the mental rumination of cardiovascular patients in Isfahan city.

The research was conducted using a semi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design along with a control group. The statistical population included 380 cardiovascular patients admitted to Shahid Chamran Cardiovascular Hospital in Isfahan in the winter of 2023, and 45 of them were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups and one control group.. Then the patients of the experimental group (1) received 8 90-minute sessions of mindfulness-based stress reduction program and the experimental group (2) received 8 90-minute sessions of emotion-focused therapy. The measuring tool of the research was the mental rumination questionnaire (Nolen-Hoeksma and Davies-Morrow, 1991) and a short clinical interview which was completed in three stages. Research data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measures on one factor (mixed design).

The results of the research showed that the average scores of mental rumination in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up times were significantly different from each other. So that it was found that the average scores of mental rumination in the post-test and follow-up stages were significantly reduced compared to the pre-test stage (P<0.01), but no significant difference was observed between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.01). . In this way, it was found that the mean scores of mental rumination in the post-test and follow-up phase decreased compared to the pre-test phase and this decrease is stable. Also, the intergroup effects showed that there was a significant difference between the mean mental rumination scores of the experimental and control groups with each other (P<0.01) and the effect coefficient was 0.256, which shows that about 26% reduction in mental rumination scores was caused by Interventions have been provided. The pairwise comparison also showed that the mean scores of mental rumination of the experimental groups were significantly lower than the control; In addition, the average mental rumination scores of the two intervention methods did not show any significant difference, and the effectiveness of both methods on reducing the average mental rumination scores of the patients was the same.

The results of the research showed that both methods of stress reduction based on mindfulness and emotion-focused therapy have the necessary capacity and ability and were able to affect the reduction of mental rumination in cardiovascular patients. Mindfulness was able to provide the conditions for change through the modification of cognition-emotion-behavior cycles. Since mental rumination is a cognitive variable and is directly related to the way a person perceives the condition of his illness and his life, therefore, mindfulness interventions provided the conditions to adjust and reduce it by creating positive marketization. On the other hand, because the main function of emotion-focused therapy is on the topic of emotion and it considers emotion as the basis of adaptation, therefore it helped patients to process complex situational information permanently and continuously and automatically in the direction of activities according to their needs. Take your own important steps. It seems that these two methods of intervention eventually led to improvement in emotional regulation and improvement in cognitive processes with two different effect mechanisms, which in turn resulted in a reduction in mental rumination in cardiovascular patients. In other words, because both methods of mindfulness based reduction stress and emotion-focused therapy are considered as bottom-up treatments, during which, by focusing directly on primary emotions, they make it possible to absorb negative thoughts and reduce the number of negative cycles, and therefore They cause a decrease in emotional and behavioral reactivity, therefore, the conditions for improving the patients' mental rumination were obtained. Finally, it was concluded that the stress reduction program based on mindfulness and emotion-oriented therapy can be used as a complementary treatment for cardiovascular patients.

Background &

In the world, every 20 seconds, a patient loses his leg due to diabetes. it is also known that diabetic foot ulcers develop in the feet of about 300,000 patients every year, and it is known that 20,000-30,000 of these patients lose their legs. The increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide has caused countless personal and social problems. So that today this disease has become an epidemic. Diabetic foot ulcer is a common disease among patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes, which is usually caused by an injury, even if minor, to the feet. The treatment of these wounds in people who do not have diabetes is usually done spontaneously, but in the case of diabetic patients, it is necessary to take care of this wound quickly and pay attention to it to avoid possible risks and problems. Peripheral neuropathy and lower limb ischemia caused by peripheral artery disease are considered to be the main causes of diabetic foot ulcer. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is one of the accelerating factors in almost 90% of diabetic foot ulcers. This wound is usually formed under the ankle as a result of a break in the skin structure and gradually involves the lower layers of the skin. It is one of the health and economic-social problems. This complication is the main cause of disability and incurs high costs for diabetic patients. Also, infections at the time of diabetic foot ulcer is another problem of sufferers, that's why researchers are trying to use different scientific fields for the best result in improving the damage caused by diabetic foot ulcer. Curcumin, the biologically active substance of turmeric, has wide biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer. Although due to the low solubility of this substance in water, the use of its medicinal and biological properties is limited, but despite its limited availability in the level of biological activity, curcumin has shown positive and noticeable effects in the human digestive system and the body's defense systems. It inhibits various types of diseases. The effective ability of inhibiting the stringing of various proteins in the condition of fibrillation and also inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species by this molecule have been studied. Curcumin regulates their function by reacting directly or indirectly with more than 30 proteins. The low dissolution of curcumin in water causes its use to be limited. For this reason, many studies have been done to increase its dissolution. Curcumin encapsulation using some carrier molecules, such as bovine serum albumin, increases the effectiveness of curcumin. Betacasein is among the proteins that can create nanostructured micelles that act as a carrier for hydrophobic molecules. In a study, our research group used beta-caseins from camel milk to encapsulate curcumin, the results of which show an increase in the solubility of curcumin up to 2400 times, and to improve the performance of curcumin, today researchers have been able to create nanoparticle structures of this composition. In recent years, studies in the field of nanoparticles are being carried out at a high speed. The scope of nanomedicine includes pharmaceutical applications and nanoelectronic and nanomolecular biosensors. Nanomedicine can have a significant impact on life-threatening diseases. The diseases that can be affected by nanotechnology in the next few years include cancer, diseases of the cardiovascular system, lungs, blood, brain and nerves, diabetes, inflammatory/infectious diseases, and Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's and orthopedic problems. In recent years, researchers have investigated and scientifically studied various factors such as particle size, nanoparticle morphology, material type selection, and nanomaterial synthesis and optimization techniques to provide an ideal nanosystem for targeted and more effective drug delivery. The diverse properties of nanoparticles have made it possible to provide understandable and reassuring solutions for therapeutic, diagnostic, preventive and biological challenges in the field of nanomedicine research. However, the challenges of the physiological system are very complex and the cells show various responses at the nanoscale level, so understanding the interaction of nanomaterials and biological compounds and nanobiotechnological studies are very necessary and important. Macromolecular synthesis and polymer diversity have found wide applications in therapeutic applications. Nanocomposites and nanoparticles are used in the fields of inducing the growth of cells and also in the delivery of drugs to the target tissue. It has also been shown in cell studies that damage to the cell activates a huge amount of oxidative stress, which has irreparable effects on the systems and organs of living organisms.

We designed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with curcumin (Fe3O4 magnetic- CurNPs) to achieve an enhanced co-therapeutic effect. The physicochemical properties of Fe3O4 magnetic- CurNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic laser light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. Further, to prove Fe3O4 magnetic-CurNPs results in superior therapeutic effects, and also, the cell viability, reactive oxygen species production (ROS), lipid peroxidation level, cytochrome c release, as well as histopathological changes in skin tissue.

We showed that effective co-treatment with nanoparticle induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the diabetic foot ulcer. Nanoparticle, as well as cell viability low level reduced in the cells of treated group compared with control (p < 0.05). ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and cytochrome c release were (p < 0.05) increased in the cells of treated group compared with control group.

Taken together, Fe3O4 magnetic-CurNPs exhibits potent antioxidant activity in fibroblast isolated from skin diabetic foot ulcer. This approach can be extended to preclinical use in skin foot ulcer treatment in the future.