Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology
Volume:13 Issue: 1, Jan 2024

After water, tea is the most popular drink in the world, and its relationship with heart diseases, stroke, and cancer has been always considered by researchers. The aim of the present study is to assess the relationship between green tea or black tea consumption and stroke risk using systematic review and meta-analysis methods. To assess the required resources, PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Cochrane electronic databases, and the Google Scholar search engine were searched. To assess the study heterogeneity, I2 indexes was used. Data were analyzed using STATA 14 software. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The preventive effect of green tea on cerebral stroke in the case-control studies was more than cohort studies and higher in women than men. Its effect was also lower in people who consume green tea more than 10 years in comparison to people who consume it less than 10 years. Green tea effect was higher in those who consume more than 5 cups/day than those with less than 5 cups/day. The effect of black tea consumption in men and in those who drank less than 5 cups a day or those who drink black tea for 10 years or more was estimated in preventive cohort studies. Green tea has a significant preventive effect on the risk of stroke in different doses and periods of consumption; however, black tea is preventive in a dose of fewer than 5 cups per day and for a period of more than 10 years.

 Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in women worldwide. Considering the side effects of chemotherapy treatments, we investigated the anticancer effects and mechanisms of bromelain (Br) on breast cancer cells in this systematic review.

 The PRISMA recommendations were followed to design this systematic review. Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were high-coverage databases used for searching. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study, 18 articles were included. The desired information was gathered, entered into an Excel file, and the study outcomes were surveyed.

 Br revealed its anticancer effects by preventing the proliferation of cancer cells, inducing cytotoxicity, apoptosis, autophagy, and cellular oxidation in breast cancer cells. Moreover, its anti-inflammatory activity and immunomodulatory effects in the tumor environment can increase treatment outcomes. No significant side effects of this proteolytic substance have been reported, and it is a safe herbal constitution. Its combination with anticancer drugs such as cisplatin has revealed synergic effects. Besides reducing the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs, Br improves treatment outcomes.

 Br has shown promising anticancer effects against breast cancer in in vivo and in vitro studies. However, more clinical trial studies are needed to achieve more reliable results.

Influenza neuraminidase (NA) plays a main role in the viral replication of the influenza virus. It has been considered one of the targets for anti-influenza drugs. Anti-influenza drugs such as zanamivir, oseltamivir, and peramivir can fight the virus via the inhibition of NA. However, due to adverse reactions, the resistance of the viral strains and sudden changes in NA inhibitors, the identification of novel inhibitors is needed. Nature products such as berberine have been reported against influenza. In this systematic review, we have focused on the anti-influenza effects of berberine and its main role in the inhibition of NA of the virus. For this aim, “Berberine” was searched with “Influenza” or “flu” or “common cold” or “neuraminidase” in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from 1990 to April 2023. Studies have demonstrated that berberine and its derivatives have a wide range of biological effects such as antiviral effects against viruses like herpes simplex virus, human cytomegalovirus, and influenza A virus. The present study indicates that berberine and some of its derivatives are able to inhibit the influenza virus through NA blockade. Berberine is able to superimpose into the allosteric binding site and shows reversible non- competitive behavior in the ligand-receptor interaction for the inhibition of NA.

Different parts of Pistacia species are traditionally used to treat various skin problems. Traditional experiences can be a good basis for research on the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants. The active compounds of plants can be identified and used in different disorders in an innovative way. There are several studies that have evaluated the Pistacia species for dermatological disorders. However, despite the valuable effects of the Pistacia species on skin disease, there is no comprehensive review of the dermal effects of these plants. So, in this study, current evidence regarding the dermatological effect of the Pistacia species has been reviewed. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies that examined dermatological effects of Pistacia species. According to the review, most of the evidence of dermatological effects in the Pistacia genus comes from preliminary studies on wound healing, cutaneous leishmaniasis, inflammation caused by UV rays and photo-protection, hyperpigmentation disorders, and atopic dermatitis. The Pistacia genus was implicated in 3 clinical studies and 30 in vivo/in vitro studies showing several mechanisms that go beyond its dermatological effects. The traditional medicinal effects of these herbs are supported by some scientific evidence. The potential protective/therapeutic effects of these herbs need to be studied further so that they can be considered as possible future candidates for use in skin care products.

 This study appraised the antioxidant potentials, mineral compositions, and antidiabetic activities of pap water (aqua) extract (PWE) and aqueous extract (AE) from Ocimum gratissimum.

 The total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant powers (FRAP), Fe2+-chelating abilities, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging abilities, and enzymes inhibition potentials of the PWE and AE from O. gratissimum were evaluated. Additionally, mineral contents were determined using absorptive absorbance spectroscopy (AAS).

 The PWE of O. gratissimum exhibited higher TPC of 42.61± 0.04 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of dried sample (GAE/g) and TFC of 85.7 ± 0.02 µg quercetin equivalent per gram of dried sample (QE/g). In contrast, AE had lower TPC (21.52 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g) and TFC (55.0 ± 0.01 µg QE/g). PWE also displayed a lower FRAP of 2.86 ± 0.01 mg AAE/g, while AE had a higher FRAP of 2.94 ± 0.03 mg AAE/g. PWE of O. gratissimum had IC50 for DPPH: 100.00 µg/mL, Fe2+-chelating ability: 4.41 µg/mL, while AE had IC50 for DPPH: 140.00 µg/mL and Fe2+-chelating ability: 4.90 µg/mL. Similarly, the PWE of O. gratissimum showed a higher α-amylase inhibition (IC50: 0.47 mg/mL) than AE (IC50: 0.78 mg/mL); however, AE (IC50 =3.09 µg/mL) demonstrated a higher α-glucosidase inhibition than PWE (IC50: 9.09 µg/mL). AAS analyses indicated the presence of Ca, Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Mn in different proportions in both extracts.

 Therefore, PWE could be a better alternative in the management of diabetes melitus if properly annexed.

 Bulbine natalensis is a succulent plant native to South Africa, used to treat various skin conditions. The purpose of this investigation was to analyse the phytochemical content, as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various parts of B. natalensis.

 Phytochemical screening tests were performed to investigate the presence of ten compounds from B. natalensis methanol extract. Total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and proanthocyanidin content assays were followed to determine their concentrations in B. natalensis. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and iron chelating assays were used to assess the antioxidant activity. To determine the antibacterial properties of B. natalensis against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, the agar-well diffusion method was adopted.

 The phytochemical screening revealed more compounds present in the leaves. The underground stems yielded higher concentrations of total phenolics (1909.2 ± 4.8 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g), total flavonoids (259.7 ± 27.2 mg quercetin equivalent [QE]/g), and total proanthocyanidins (858.3 ± 1.7 mg catechin equivalent [CE]/g) in comparison to the leaves and roots. The roots showed stronger DPPH (0.36 ± 0.02 mg/mL) and H2 O2 (0.24 ± 0.04 mg/mL) scavenging activities. Only the underground stems and roots showed inhibition against S. aureus with the values of 15.33 ± 0.67 mm and 15.67 ± 0.33 mm, respectively, whereas the leaves displayed the highest inhibition against E. coli (18.33 ± 0.88 mm).

 The methanolic extracts of B. natalensis leaves, underground stems, and roots possess significant phytochemical content, in conjunction with antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

 Antidesma puncticulatum Miq., commonly known as Mao-Luang in Thailand, is a medicinal plant widely renowned for its abundance of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. This study investigated the phytochemical components, antioxidant potentials, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethanolic leaf extracts from 37 cultivars of A. puncticulatum.

 The leaves of 37 different varieties of A. puncticulatum were dried, finely ground, and then extracted using ethanol. The phytochemical screening, total amounts of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins of the extracts were assessed. To evaluate their antioxidant potential, the extracts were subjected to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) Assays. In addition, standard in vitro methods were used to determine the α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity of the extracts.

 Five phytochemical classes were detected in high concentrations in all of the extracts. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins contents were in the range of 9.86-26.75 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract, 8.10-16.18 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g dry extract, and 14.83-33.67 mg CE/g dry extract, respectively. According to DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay results, the antioxidant activities of the extracts were 5.10-9.07, 0.73-2.12, and 2.06- 4.01 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidative capacity (AEAC)/g crude extract, respectively. Interestingly, the crude extracts from A. puncticulatum were more effective as α-glucosidase inhibitors than acarbose, with IC50 values ranging from 1.26 to 25.07 µg/mL.

 The ethanolic leaf extracts of A. puncticulatum were potent sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Therefore, more research is needed to substantiate their potential applications as therapeutic remedies for diabetes.

 Oxidative stress induced by renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is an effective element in the pathophysiologic renal alterations generated during IR injury. This investigation intended to study the effects of saponin (SP) and insulin (INS) in kidney IR injury.

 Wistar male rats were assigned into four groups: the control, IR, SP + IR, and INS + IR. The rats were nephrectomized unilaterally and went under 45 minutes ischemia followed by 24-hour reperfusion. SP (2.5 mg/kg) and INS (30 U/kg) were intraperitoneally injected prior to ischemia. Following the treatment, a blood sample was taken for the measurement of biochemical parameters, and the left kidney was taken out for the determination of oxidative stress markers and histological changes.

 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and histopathological scores significantly increased by kidney IR while antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased. However, the administration of SP and INS significantly decreased BUN, Cr, MDA, and histological scores and improved the antioxidant defense system.

 SP and INS exert nephroprotective effects against oxidative damage caused by IR. It seems that SP has a renoprotection similar to INS in renal IR.

 Guggulsterone, derived from Commiphora mukul, is a potent hypolipidemic medication with low bioavailability and water insolubility. To address these challenges, the study aimed to formulate phytosomes and evaluate the efficacy of guggulsterone phytosomes (GPs) in reducing hyperlipidemia in rats on a high-fat diet.

 GPs were formulated by incorporating soya lecithin with a suitable solvent to enhance their efficacy against hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet in rats. The optimized GPs were characterized, and in vitro drug release pattern was examined. The hypolipidemic effect of GPs (25 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats over 28 days.

 The GPs demonstrated favorable entrapment effectiveness with a particle size of 145.4 nm and a zeta potential of -17.8 mV. In terms of drug release, the GPs exhibited better stability and bioavailability, with a release of 92.07 ± 1.67% within 24 hours, compared to pure guggulsterone, which only released 28.07 ± 0.81%. GPs elevated the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and significantly (P<0.05) reduced triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and total cholesterol (TC), compared to their respective control groups. Moreover, GPs showed substantial (P<0.05) antioxidant activity, reduced steatosis, inflammatory cell, and fat cell infiltration in the liver tissue.

 GPs exhibited hypolipidemic activity in rats with high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia compared to pure guggulsterone. These findings emphasize the potential of GPs as an effective therapeutic intervention for managing hyperlipidemia, surpassing the conventional use of the pure compound.

 Magnolia kobus DC has been used as herbal medicine to treat coughs and is known to exert biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. We aimed to define the pharmacological effects of M. kobus leaf ethanol extract (MLEE) on acute lung inflammation and explore the underlying mechanisms of action.

 For in vitro investigations, RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with MLEE (1, 10, and 100 μg/mL) and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For in vivo investigations, BALB/c mice were intratracheally administered with LPS for 24 hours after injection of MLEE (0.3, 3, and 30 mg/kg). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for histopathology analysis of lung tissue. The phytochemical constituents of MLEE were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography.

 In RAW 264.7 cells, MLEE reduced the activation of the inflammatory mediators (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2) and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The intraperitoneal injection of MLEE (30 mg/kg) attenuated interstitial edema and immune cell infiltration in LPS-induced acute lung inflammation. MLEE also inhibited the activation of cyclooxygenase-2, NF-κB, and Nrf2 in the lung tissue.

 Taken together, MLEE exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative mediators on acute lung inflammation suggesting that it might be used as a natural drug for treating acute lung inflammatory diseases.

 Albuca amoena Batt. is an endemic plant from Morocco used for treating melanoma or leishmaniasis. The aim of this study is to test the antioxidant, photoprotective, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial properties of this plant.

 The extracts of the aerial and bulbous parts were obtained by hydroalcoholic maceration of the plant. Their antioxidant potentials were evaluated in vitro using four methods of 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazil (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and total antioxidant capacity assay (TAC). The photoprotective properties were evaluated through the study of UVA and UVB absorbance and antityrosinase activity. The cytotoxic activity was determined against two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and one human colorectal cancer cell line (HT-29) using the 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. In addition, the antimicrobial activity was tested on six pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans by using the disc diffusion method.

 The results showed that the UVA and UVB absorptive proprieties of the extracts were similar to those used as positive controls: Methyl salicylate and zinc oxide. Moreover, the antioxidant and antityrosinase properties of the studied extracts were found to be weakly active. The extracts had strong cytotoxicity activities, especially against HT-29 cell line. However, the extracts did not show any antibacterial activity.

 According to the results of this study, the extracts can be used as a sunscreen to avoid dermal anomalies and as a new source of cytotoxic bioactive compound.

 Complementary medicine presents a viable avenue for mitigating side effects after surgery. This study aimed to compare the effects of acupressure and peppermint essential oil on the quality of recovery in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).

 In this clinical trial, 210 patients referred to the Besat and Beheshti hospitals in Hamadan, Iran, were included. After giving their informed consent and completing the demographics survey, they were randomly assigned to 3 equal groups of control, peppermint essential oil, and acupressure. The study primarily assessed recovery quality through a 15- item questionnaire and secondarily evaluated postoperative nausea and satisfaction. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, and Friedman tests in SPSS 23.

 In pre-intervention, there was no significant difference between the groups in the total score of recovery quality, nausea, and demographic data. There was a significant increase in the quality of recovery score in the acupressure group when compared to the peppermint group on the second postoperative day (P<0.001). In post-intervention, the mean score of nausea improvement in the control group was significantly less than those of the peppermint and acupressure groups (P<0.05). However, neither the acupressure nor peppermint groups displayed a significant reduction in nausea severity (P=0.439). Furthermore, the patient’s satisfaction in the acupressure group was significantly higher than that of other groups on the second postoperative day (P<0.001).

 The administration of acupressure was found to be successful in improving recovery quality, patient satisfaction, and mitigating nausea compared to peppermint and standard treatment.

 Obesity is known to lead to the development of metabolic disorders and Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr has shown the potential in alleviating some diseases. This study aimed to assess the anti-obesity activity of the ethanol extract of E. subumbrans leaves (EES) in obese Wistar albino rats.

 The rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 5): normal group (no obesity inducement, treated with standard feed); high fructose (60%)-induced obesity (obesity induced, no treatment); control-1 group (obesity-induced, treated with orlistat 10.8 mg/kg BW); control-2 group (obesity-induced, treated with Isprinol 45 mg/kg); control-3 group (obesity-induced, treated with metformin 45 mg/kg); three test groups (obesity-induced, treated with EES 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively). The obesity inducement was conducted for 7 weeks. The rats were observed for body weight (BW), feed residue, feces index, triglycerides, organ index, and leucocyte profile.

 The screening for secondary metabolites in EES revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, and tannins. EES decreased the percentage of BW gain, appetite, organ index (spleen), total fat, triglycerides, and leucocyte profile of the rats.

 The ethanol extract of the leaves of E. subumbrans has the potential to be developed as an anti-obesity agent, although the molecular mechanism of its pathway modulation is still unknown.

 Grewia lasiodiscus is recognized for its therapeutic potential in addressing emesis, diabetes, hypertension, and oxidative stress. This research evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of G. lasiodiscus leaf extract using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in a glucose absorption model.

 Phytochemical screening, quantification of phenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins, in conjunction with in vitro antioxidant evaluations using the 2,2’-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test and Ferric-reducing power test (FRAP) were conducted on the hydroethanolic extract. The assessment of the antidiabetic impact involved the measurement of yeast cell glucose absorption, with an additional investigation into their glucose adsorption capabilities.

 Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenes, glycosides, and phenols in the hydroethanolic extract, while alkaloids and saponins were absent. Quantitative analysis revealed substantial levels of phenols (200.92 ± 0.00 milligrams equivalent to catechin per gram (mgEqC/g)), flavonoids (31.75 ± 0.25 mgEqC/g), and condensed tannins (2740.44 ± 142.66 mgEqC/g). The extract demonstrated noteworthy antioxidant activity, corresponding to an IC50 value of 91.11 ± 0.11 μg/mL in the DPPH test and ferric reducing power of 11.35 ± 1.42 mmol/L. Furthermore, the extract enhanced glucose absorption by yeast cells, reaching up to 75%, in a manner directly proportional to glucose concentration and extract weight, indicating dose-dependent effects across glucose levels.

 G. lasiodiscus leaf extract exhibited significant antioxidant and antidiabetic properties probably attributed to its phenolic compounds. Further research, including in vivo studies and toxicity assessments, is imperative to ascertain its therapeutic potential in managing diabetes mellitus.

 Cell volume regulation is critical for cellular proliferation and death. Pinocembrin effectively suppresses the volume regulation in thymocytes under hypoosmotic stress by blocking the volume-sensitive anion channel. This study aims to evaluate the effects of this flavonoid on thymocyte proliferation and death.

 Thymocytes were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and the cell number was determined by cloud-based automated cell counting (Corning). Necrotic and apoptotic cell death were evaluated by propidium iodide- and annexin V-staining, respectively.

 Pinocembrin at 10–50 μM caused suppression of primary cultured thymocyte proliferation with a half-maximal effect of 28.4 ± 0.2 μM. The cell counts did not fall below the control level at the doses of 100–150 μM. The fraction of spontaneously necrotic cells was ~26% of the total population and increased to ~51% in the presence of dexamethasone. The fraction of spontaneously apoptotic cells increased by this glucocorticoid from 3.6% to 16.7%. Pinocembrin protected thymocytes from necrosis both in spontaneous and dexamethasone-induced death, reducing the fraction of necrotic cells by ~40–50% at 150 μM. Pinocembrin attenuated dexamethasone-induced apoptotic death, reducing the fraction of annexin-positive cells to the control (spontaneous) level.

 Our results suggest that pinocembrin arrests thymocyte proliferation without essential killing. Under conditions of massive death (e.g., during inflammation, when the level of glucocorticoids increases sharply both physiologically and as a result of pharmacotherapy), pinocembrin protects immuno-competent cells from necrotic and apoptotic death.

 Balanites aegyptiaca L. (DEL) is a plant used in Burkina Faso in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal parasitosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic macerates (AM and HEM) of the fruit mesocarp from Balanites aegyptiaca against Haemonchus contortus.

 Phytochemical screening of the extracts was done using thin-layer chromatography. The egg hatch inhibition assay (EHIA) at 0.125, 0.15, 0.25, 0.625, 1.25, and 5 mg/mL and Adult worms mortality assay (AWMA) at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg/mL concentrations were evaluated. Albendazole and levamisole were used as standards, and phosphate-buffered saline was used as a negative control. The antioxidant potential of extracts was evaluated using the ABTS [2,2’-azinobis (3-ethyl benzoin-6-sulphonate)] and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazine) methods and Fe3+ ion reducing power. The standards used were trolox and ascorbic acid.

 Several secondary metabolites such as sterols, triterpenes, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, and saponins were identified. For EHIA, the AM was more effective than HEM with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.35 mg/mL and 0.43 mg/mL, respectively. AM was even more effective for AWMA than HEM, with 50% lethal concentrations (LC50) of 3.15 mg/mL and 8.37 mg/mL, respectively. The DPPH method gave an IC50 of 834.55 μg/mL and the capacity to reduce ferric ion (Fe3+) to ferrous ion (Fe2+) was 270.4 µmol/Ascorbic acid equivalent.

 AM and HEM from the mesocarp of B. aegyptiaca have anthelmintic properties. AM is more effective than HEM, which justifies their use with priority for AM.

Curcuma species have shown antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The current study was conducted to analyze the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Curcuma species rhizomes, including Curcuma domestica, C. xanthorrhiza, C. mangga, C. zedoaria, and C. aeruginosa against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR P. aeruginosa). Furthermore, the mechanism action of Curcuma species in combination with antibiotic against MDR P. aeruginosa and its chemical component were also investigated.

Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was carried out by the microdilution method. The synergistic effects of the extract and tetracycline were determined by the checkerboard method. The effect of the combination of Curcuma species and tetracycline to prevent bacterial resistance was investigated using inhibition of biofilm formation, permeability of bacterial cell membrane, and EtBr accumulation methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was also performed.

MIC of C. domestica, C. xanthorrhiza, and C. mangga against MDR P. aeruginosa were 125, 250, and 125 µg/mL, respectively. C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract (7.8 µg/mL) in combination with tetracycline (1.9 µg/mL) revealed a synergistic activity with Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) value of 0.06. The combination of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract and tetracycline showed inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and efflux pump of MDR P. aeruginosa. This combination also had bacteriolytic activity. GC-MS analysis led to the identification of ar-turmerone (11.63%) and xanthorrhizol (11.36%) as the major compounds.

Combination of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract and tetracycline might be developed as an alternative treatment against MDR P. aeruginosa.