نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 42 (تابستان 1402)

The speech and sentences of historical figures can sometimes be interpreted as the manifestation of their true and inner beliefs and opinions, in this regard, in order to understand some historical facts, one can go through the path of discovering the meaning and interpretation of these sentences. In the meantime, there is a twofold need to study the statements that are attributed to the innocents (pbuh) in various other ways, including knowledge and infallibility.This essay, with a descriptive-analytical method and and with historical, hadith and theological approaches, examines the phrase "Mashli la yabai'a lamshlah" which, according to a range of scholars, was used in the event of swearing allegiance to Imam Husayn (a.s.) before the governor of Medina and in the face of the threats of Marwan b. The sentence was passed on the tongue of the Imam (a.s.) and he is responsible for the consequences and teachings that come from the heart of that sentence.Based on the findings and considering the different speculations in this field, the validity of issuing this key sentence can be doubted.without being committed to the allegiance of the imams (a.s.) with the caliphs; Because accepting the sentence will require various historical and theological justifications.

The disappearance of Shiite historical sources in the first to seventh centuries due to various reasons and factors; It has had consequences in the political, social and cultural spheres. The answer to the question of what are the consequences of the loss of historical sources in the cultural field is the subject of this article. Examining the works, library resources and statements of fellow commentators by describing and analyzing data; Will achieve the desired goal to show the consequence of the missing sources of Imami history in the cultural field. It cannot be accepted that the loss of resources in the field of culture has not had serious consequences and that the available resources are sufficient to answer the doubts in the field of history. Among the consequences of the disappearance of historical sources is that the knowledge of history has been neglected or neglected. .The obscurity of some sciences is the neglect of history, the use of history to prove theological issues, and the inclusion of meta-historical issues in the field of history of the findings of this article.

So far, extensive researches have been done in the field of Timarli system in the Ottoman Empire; But there are still many unsaid angles by historians and history researchers. What is supposed to be investigated in this article, the cavalry corps of the government were facing the problem of lack of metals and liquidity to cover the cost of the corps. In order to solve this problem, land was given to the cavalry corps as treatment. Timarlis, who were part of the formation of the state forces and played an important role in establishing the Ottoman power, became weak and decreased in number from the end of the 16th century. Some historians consider the decline of the Timarli system as one of the important factors of Ottoman decline. The current research is based on the descriptive-analytical method in order to explain the issue of how the reduction of the position of the Timarli institution had an effect on the governmental structure of the Ottoman Empire. The findings of the research indicate that the decline of the Timarli system resulted in the weakness of the military and defense organizations of the Ottomans and became the basis for the riots of the troops and ultimately the weakness of the empire. In this sense, the Ottomans lost their military structure of the cavalry regiments and prepared the ground for rebellion and protest of the Qapi-Qulu troops, including the cavalry corps and the Janissary infantry.

Considering the prominent position of Yazd in Iranian civilization, the present study tries to determine the role and position of the Christian religious minority in Yazd during the Pahlavi era and the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this research, the method is descriptive-analytical, library materials and with document review during the Pahlavi period (1926-1926/1304-1979) and the Islamic Republic of Iran (1979-1979/1357-1400 AD) in the field of interactions of the people of Yazd, in various commercial fields, economic, cultural-social, religious with Christians. One of the biggest peaceful relations and interactions of religions happens in Yazd every year and it is in a small room which is apparently an ancient-historical holy place. Followers of all four active religions in Yazd (Islam, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity) pay respect to that shrine and, depending on their inner intentions, they make vows, prayers, and light candles in it, pray and ask for needs. While the Christians did not succeed in propagating Christianity under the shadow of colonialism, especially England, and the people of Yazd did not show much desire. A few, including research on religious minorities in the Qajar period (1752-1926 AD/1175-1304 AD) or informative booklets, etc., were not found.

One of the dimensions of the life of Imam Sadiq (a.s.) is his social life with the Shiites. In the course of his association with the Shias, Imam (a.s.) dealt with their social pathology and in order to protect the Shias from such harms, with the use of secrecy and taqiyyah and hiding the secret, he acted on the principles and solutions and the effects and consequences of these harms. This article is responsible for the role of secrecy in the social life of Imam Sadiq (a.s.) in order to protect Shiites from social harms by relying on the narrations of the Book of Wasael al-Shia. For this purpose, with the descriptive-analytical method and with reference to historical-narrative sources, the social pathology of Shiites has been discussed and then, we have discussed the needs, solutions and consequences. The examination and analysis of the narrations of Taqiyyah, Concealment of Secrets, and Broadcasting from the Book of Wasael al-Shi'a by Sheikh Hurr Amili (1104 AH), showed that some of the social harms of Shiites are: lack of unity and peaceful coexistence between Muslims, lack of capacity of companions and lack of secrecy of companions which Imam Sadiq (a.s.) identified these harms with the strategy of secrecy, and proceeded to remedy them in order to preserve the Shiites.

In determining and explaining the political and social direction of the newly established constitutional system, Sourasrafil newspaper had a special reading and was influenced by the ideology of modernization and developments. What was the understanding of the writers of this newspaper about the ideology of modernization and transformations and how did they combine it with Islam and Iranian traditions? According to the writings of Sorasarafil newspaper, it can be said that the process of modernization and changes in the form of national government is based on political and social vision. Sourasrafil newspaper emphasizes on components such as people's sovereignty and rule, independence, freedom and legal equality of individuals and assumes the realization of these issues as a necessary condition for the transition to the process of modernization and transformations. In addition, socialism has been mentioned as the ultimate goal and horizon of this political system, which will be realized little by little by reforming the existing situation. This newspaper, with a desire to put an end to religion and a new perception of religion in the form of a monotheistic worldview, has combined socialism with a monotheistic vision and made it the theoretical and philosophical basis of its reading. Although the evidence shows that this integration has not been able to establish a natural connection between these aspects and build a new discourse, but this effort can be mentioned as the starting point of the thought of creating a discourse in the process of modernization and transformations in Iran.