نشریه مدیریت منابع انسانی در ورزش
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

The purpose of the present study was to prioritize the strategies of recruiting and retaining human resources in different stages of the life cycle in Iranian sports startups.

This research work was interpretative, applied, and quantitative, which was conducted in the form of a survey. The research participants were university professors of sports management, human resources management, and managers of sports start-ups, 16 of whom were purposefully and available selected as a statistical sample. In order to collect data, a closed-answer questionnaire was used, and to analyze the data, expert-choice software and Analytical Hierarchy Process were used.

In the human resource recruiting section, except for the stage of business maturity and exit, where intra-organizational strategies had a higher priority; in the rest of the life cycle stages of startups, extra-organizational strategies have a higher priority. Also, the prioritization of human resource retaining strategies showed that none of the three categories of strategies has a higher priority than the other, and at all stages of the life cycle, compared to the conditions governing startups, all three categories of financial, educational and justice-oriented strategies can be used equally. In this research work, internal and external strategies of recruiting and financial, educational, and justice-oriented strategies of retaining human resources were prioritized separately.

At different stages of the life cycle of sports startups, in the field of recruiting and retaining human resources, a strategy should be adopted according to the conditions governing the organization.

Today, the presence of volunteers in sports has brought countless cultural and economic benefits to this sector; therefore, the purpose of this research work was to investigate the relationship between nostalgia and mental well-being with social belonging in the presence of most volunteers in sports events.

This research work was of a descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of the present study included all volunteers in sports events; 312 people were randomly selected as a sample. Research tools included nostalgia questionnaires, social belonging questionnaires, and mental well-being questionnaires. The face validity of the questionnaires and the convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaires were also checked and confirmed by the professors. Also the reliability of the questionnaires was calculated and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test and composite reliability. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between nostalgia and social belonging, nostalgia, and mental well-being, and social belonging and mental well-being. Also the results showed that social belonging is significant as a mediator in the relationship between nostalgia and mental well-being.

According to the results of the research work that showed a significant relationship between nostalgia and mental well-being, it is suggested that managers of sporting events design the working environment of volunteers optimally, to be able to form a sense of nostalgia in the volunteers and make voluntary management methods fruitful based on their psychological needs.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of positive personality traits on the self-leadership of physical education teachers in the Sari City with the role of proactive personality moderator.

The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of the data collection method. The statistical population studied were all physical education teachers of public schools in the Sari City in the academic year 2021-2022 (202 people). The amount of 138 samples was considered by the G power software as the minimum sample size for the research. The sampling method was available. Data collection tools are the standard proactive personality questionnaires of Buil et al. (2019), self-leadership by Castellano et al. (2021), hope by Snyder et al. (1996), and optimism by Scheier & Carver (1985). The reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the opinions of 10 sport management professors and physical education teachers. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modelling method in PLS software.

The results showed that hope has a positive and significant effect on the self-leadership of physical education teachers. Optimism does not have a significant effect on the self-leadership of physical education teachers. Proactive personality has a moderating role in the relationship between hope and self-leadership of physical education teachers. Also a proactive personality has no moderating role in the relationship between optimism and self-leadership of physical education teachers.

Therefore, it can be stated that hope increases the self-leadership of physical education teachers; but optimism has no effect on increasing or decreasing teachers' self-leadership. Also hope and optimism with the moderating role of active personality increased teachers' self-leadership. Therefore, paying attention to creating and increasing hope as one of the personality traits of physical education teachers can lead to their self-leadership in school educational activities.

The purpose of this research work was to identify and analyze the most important indicators of educational empowerment in the sports boards of the West Azerbaijan Province.

The research method was descriptive-analytical, and was qualitative based on the thematic analysis approach method, and it has been practical in terms of the purpose. The statistical population of the research included all presidents, deputy presidents, secretaries, treasurers, and officials of the education committee in sports boards of the West Azerbaijan Province, numbering 215 people. Sampling was by the snowball method with theoretical saturation method and 18 interviews were conducted. The tool used was a semi-structured in-depth interview.
For the validity of the research work, the respondent validation method was used. After matching the main and sub-themes with the conceptual model obtained from the background and conceptual framework of the research, to check the reliability of the research work, the internal consistency of the research results was confirmed with the data collected by the people of the central focus group. Finally, the final thematic model of the research was presented by examining and commenting the people of the central focus group of the research.

The results showed that the most important predictive variables of the research work were in the form of three areas of specialized, structural, and psychological empowerment, and consist of facilities, knowledge, skills, personality-attitude characteristics, and professional ethics.

In order to achieve the qualitative development of educational services in the sports boards of the West Azerbaijan Province, there must first be a special and expert working group regarding the supervision and control of all cases in each of the sports boards, and should be prioritized, especially the necessary measures to increase the quantity and quality of sports facilities and infrastructure, selection members and succession.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between self-determination theory and participation and perfectionism with the moderating role of creativity in athletes of Urmia city.

The current research work was applied, and descriptive-survey and field research. The statistical population was the volleyball athletes of Urmia city, which in 2022-2023 equaled 1216 people. A statistical sample of 293 people was selected by the multi-stage cluster random method. Questionnaire research instrumentations; perfectionism (Gutwalls and Dunn, 2009), creativity (Di Lillo and Houghton, 2008), participation (Lonsdale, Hodge and Jackson, 2007), autonomy (provision of basic needs) (Lonsdale and Hodge, 2011), and failure to provide basic needs in sports (Bartholomew et al., 2011) they were. Reliability of questionnaires with Cronbach's alpha, respectively, were 0.75, 0.79, 0.76, 0.98, 0.79 were estimated. Data analysis by structural equation modeling method with the softwares SPSS V25 and Smart-PLS3.2.8 were performed.

The research results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between need fulfillment and lack of need fulfillment with participation and perfectionism in athletes, and there is a positive and significant relationship between creativity and participation in athletes, but between creativity and perfectionism, there is no significant relationship. Also creativity plays a moderating role in the relationship between meeting needs and not meeting needs with participation in sports, but it does not play a moderating role in the relationship between meeting needs and not meeting needs with perfectionism in sports.

By paying attention to providing basic needs and also providing conditions for the flourishing of creativity of volleyball players, it is possible to improve their level of perfectionism and sports participation.

The aim of this study was to identify the benefits of institutionalizing strategic thinking in sport federations.

This research work was a qualitative exploratory study that was conducted through a thematic analysis. The statistical population included experts of sports management with the experience of familiarity with the principles of futurology, and according to the research nature, 16 experts were interviewed through snowball sampling until reaching theoretical saturation. The tool used in the research work was a semi-structured interview. The intra-subject agreement method was used to ensure the reliability of the interviews, and the validity was confirmed by consulting sport management experts and reviewing based on their opinions.

The thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method led to the extraction of 168 codes, 12 sub-themes, and 4 main themes. The findings demonstrated that "Sports Development", "Economic Development", "Organizational Excellence" and "Coping with Crisis" were different benefits of institutionalization of strategic thinking in sports federations.

Considering the special benefits that the institutionalization of strategic thinking brings for sports federations, the focus of sports management trustees on the development and strengthening of strategic thinking in sport federations, and sports managers can be the source of significant changes in the field of sports.

The purpose of the present research work was to develop a model of organizational virtue based on professional ethics and organizational justice of the employees of sports and youth departments in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province.

The current research work was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection; it was field and correlation type. The statistical population of the research work included all employees of sports and youth departments of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Provincs (161 people). The statistical sample is selected as a total number and equal to the statistical population. The research tools included Niehoff and Moorman (2006) organizational justice questionnaires, Kirsten et al.'s professional ethics (2011), and Cameron et al.'s (2004) organizational virtue questionnaires. In this research work, content and construct validity were used to determine the validity of the questionnaires. Also in order to measure reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability were used, the findings of which indicated the reliability and validity of the measuring tool (Cronbach's alpha was 0.9 for organizational justice, 0.86 for professional ethics, 0.87 for organizational virtue, and 0.88 overall). Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data.

The research results showed that the proposed research model has a good fit. There is a direct and meaningful relationship between justice and organizational virtue, and almost 60% of this relationship is explained through the mediating variable of professional ethics of employees.

According to the findings, it is concluded that organizational justice through increasing professional ethics will lead to the development of organizational virtue, and in order to increase organizational virtue, managers should pay special attention to strengthening professional ethics and organizational justice.

The purpose of this research work was to study the role of perceived incivility in the workplace on occupational alienation of physical education teachers with the moderating role of interpersonal trust.

In order to execute this applied research work, the correlation research method was used. All the physical education teachers of Golestan province (575 teachers) constituted the statistical population of this study that according to Cochran's formula for determining the sample size; 231 teachers were selected by stratified random selected and answered to questionnaires of perceived incivility in the workplace (Cortina et al., 2001), interpersonal trust (Zhang, 2021), and occupational alienation (Shantz et al., 2015). In line with evaluate validity of the used tool, the opinions of five PhDs in sports management were used and by conducting a preliminary study, reliability coefficients of 0.83, 0.78, and 0.79 were calculated for perceived incivility in the workplace, interpersonal trust, and occupational alienation respectively that these numbers indicate the appropriate quality of the research tool. The obtained data were analyzed descriptively (mean, standard deviation and percentage of variance) and inferentially (structural equation modeling).

The findings of the research revealed that the relationship between perceived incivility in the workplace and occupational alienation of physical education teachers is positive and significant. Another part of the results showed a negative and significant relationship between interpersonal trust and occupational alienation of physical education teachers. Finally, the moderating role of interpersonal trust in the relationship between perceived incivility in the workplace and occupational alienation of physical education teachers was not confirmed.

Based on the results obtained in this research work, it can be stated that the perception of incivility in the workplace by physical education teachers can have negative and destructive consequences such as increase in job alienation; therefore, it is suggested that administrators prevent such a phenomenon by determining moral indicators and strengthening the communication skills of teachers in schools.

Accountability is one of the perquisites of modern governance today, so the main purpose of this study was to investigate the accountability system in physical education departments and higher education institutions, and to design a productivity management model based on accountability.

This research work adopted a mixed methology (qualitative-quantitative), and falls into the category of applied research in terms of its objective. The statistical population of the research work in the qualitative section consisted of practicing and academic experts in universities at their departments of physical education and in higher education institutions; and in the quantitative section, it consisted of the all heads and deputies at the General Department of Physical Education of the Student Affairs Organization (86 individuals) and deputies and senior experts at the physical education departments in universities and higher education institutions (31 provinces), who were identified and selected through the cluster-sampling method. In the qualitative section, the authors conducted a systematic analysis based on the grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin's paradigm model, 2006). In the quantitative section, the authors developed a questionnaire based on the findings of the qualitative section, and after confirming the construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis, examined the fit of the obtained quantitative model based on structural equation modeling using the Smart PLS software.

Inefficiency of the accountability system in physical education departments and higher education institutions is evident. The results helped identify causal factors, contextual factors, intervening factors, strategies, and outcomes related to the productivity model based on the accountability system. The causal factors addressed the inefficiency of systems, organizational aspects, work autonomy, work support aspects, inefficiency, financial aspects, and lack of institutional accountability. The contextual factors addressed the technical, human, and cultural aspects. The intervening factors addressed structural conditions, infrastructures, and the accountability process. Taking initiatives such as micro-, mid-, and macro-level strategies could pave the way to achieving outcomes such as transparency, improved performance, higher degrees of trust, enhanced motivation, greater effectiveness of the measures, and to prevent loss of resources and capabilities.

Reorganization of the administrative system of the physical education departments and higher education institutions, development of individual and organizational accountability, training of human resources and meritocracy, development of an accountability culture in the organization, and attention to infrastructures and financial aspects are among the practical research suggestions.