نشریه رشد و یادگیری حرکتی - ورزشی
پیاپی 54 (زمستان 1402)

In recent studies, balance and postural instability have been reported as a common motor disorder in Parkinson's patients, which leads to frequent falls, decreased quality of life, and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, evidence has shown that training is effective in treating motor and cognitive symptoms of neurodegenerative patients.

For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight rats including Healthy Control, Parkinson’s Control, and Parkinson’s Training. The animals in the training group were placed on a treadmill for four weeks. At the end of the course, motor disorders (balance and motor behavior) were evaluated using Rotarod and Open-Field tests, and biochemical factors were assessed by ELISA method. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level of P<0.05, via SPSS version 19 software.

The results showed that although the Parkinson's group without training was significantly lower in terms of motor performance than the other groups (P<0.05), four weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training increased the balance (P<0.05), and improved the motor disorders in Parkinson's rats (P<0.05). Also, training significantly increased the amount of serotonin (P<0.05), and tyrosine hydroxylase (P<0.05).

In general, the findings of this study showed that moderate-intensity aerobic training can reduce the biochemical and motor disorders induced by 6-hydroxydopamine injections in rats’ models of Parkinson's disease.

Psychological disorders have a high prevalence among the population with diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of combined training on the levels of anger, happiness, and anxiety of women with type 2 diabetes.

Thirty-seven women with type-2 diabetes were randomly assigned into two training (18 people, age: 60.6 ± 6.3 years, body mass index: 30.2 ± 1.3 kg/m2 and fasting blood sugar: 161.4 ± 15.1 mg/dL) and control (19 people, age: 60.6 ± 6.4 years, body mass index: 29.9 ± 1.2 kg/m2 and fasting blood sugar: 169.1 ± 16.1 mg/dL) groups. The training program consisted of 20 minutes of aerobic training with 50-75 % of heart rate reserve and also 40 minutes of resistance training with 50-75 % of 1RM, three sessions per week for 12 weeks. STAXI-2, PSWQ and Oxford Happiness Questionnaires were completed before and 48 hours after the training intervention. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, paired samples t-test and Analysis of Covariance statistical tests at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed that after the training intervention, the subjects' anger (0.001) and worry (0.001) levels decreased and their happiness levels (0.001) increased significantly both compared with the pre-test and compared with the control group.

It seems that 12 weeks of combined training (resistance + aerobic) is suitable for improving disorders related to anger, happiness, and anxiety in women with type-2 diabetes and also can help these people manage this disease and related complications.

This study aimed to investigate alpha power in successful and unsuccessful free throws of elite and novice basketball players.

The current research was quasi-experimental and was implemented in a time series design. Two Elite (10 participants with a mean age of 22.25 ± 1.34) and Novice (10 participants with a mean age of 22.55 ± 1.80) groups participated voluntarily. The data were measured using 28 electrodes from a 32-channel wireless device and were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test (p≥0.05).

The alpha power of the elite group was higher than the novice group (P=0.001). The successful throws showed lower alpha power than unsuccessful throws (P=0.006). In the comparison of the two groups, the alpha power in the unsuccessful throws of the elite group was higher than in their successful throws (p=0.001), but no difference was observed between the alpha power of the successful and unsuccessful throws of the novice group (p=0.584). The alpha power during the execution time of the free throw task was higher than the pre-execution time (p<0.005), but there was no difference between the first and second pre-execution times (p=1.000). The results of the present study showed that the elite group had higher cortical activity than the novice group in all electrodes (p<0.001).

The findings show that the elite group performed the task with less cortical complexity by inhibiting irrelevant information. In addition, the decrease in alpha power in successful throws indicates an increase in activation of cerebral cortex and an increase in concentration, so that the task can be performed with fewer neural resources.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different mental and physical training methods on the motor function of girls and boys.

This study was quasi-experimental research. The statistical sample consisted of 80 male and female students of Boshruyeh City in equal numbers and with a mean age of 14±0.9 years old who were randomly assigned into four groups of 20 participants (Physical Training, Traditional Imagery, PETTLEP, and Control groups). The participants took part in the pre-test and then practiced for six weeks. After training, they participated in the acquisition test To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance, two-way repeated measures analysis of variance, and LSD post hoc tests were used. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.

The results showed that there is a significant difference in motor function between boys and girls based on the different training methods. The motor function of both genders has improved significantly in the Physical Training and PETTLEP groups. Also, the level of motor function of girls and boys was significantly better in the PETTLEP group than in other groups. In addition, Boys in PETTLEP have better motor function than girls.

The findings of the study highlight the importance and necessity of paying attention to the methods of physical training and PETTLEP in improving the motor function of students according to their gender. An increase in the motor function of students can be expected especially for boys, by adding the PETTLEP in their training plan.

The purpose of present study was to test the effect of contextual interference and self-regulation on the transfer of volleyball services (underhand and windmill service).

Participants were 39 male students (20-25 years old) were randomly assigned to one of three groups (blocked, random and self-regulation) and performed total of 40 trials of volleyball service each session (6 sessions). The blocked group practiced 40 trials of one service each session but the random group randomly practiced both services. In self-regulated group, the type of services in each session was determined by subjects. The transfer test was conducted one week after practice period in 5 trials. In order to analyze the data, the one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey’s post hoc tests were used.

The comparison between the pre-test and transfer test showed that the difference between blocked and random groups was not statically significant. The  self-regulation group had higher transfer scores compared to blocked and random groups.

The results of present work support the contexuual interference affect but it’s not significant. Self-regulated practices involve the subjects in learning processes. Also, with his method, they participate more activity in determining the characteristics of the exercise. These factors lead to the improvement of learning and better performance.

This study aimed to determine the effects of skilled people’s EEG-Based neurofeedback training on learning of the rifle shooting skills in novices.

This applied study was a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest control group design. Thirty novice athletes (mean age: 20±1.509 years) voluntarily participated in this study and were assigned into three homogenous groups including Beta/Theta Neurofeedback, Neurofeedback based on the brain pattern of skilled rifle shooters (decreasing the Theta activity in Fz and F4 area, and increasing the low and high Alpha at the P3 and P7 area, and Control groups according to pretest scores. The acquisition phase consisted of 6 sessions. The control group only did physical exercise during the sessions.  48 hours after the last acquisition session, a retention test was conducted followed by a transfer test by a non-dominant hand to grab the weapon.

The results showed that the group with neurofeedback based on the brain patterns of skilled rifle shooters was significantly better than the other two groups in all sessions. In the retention test the group with neurofeedback based on the brain patterns of skilled rifle shooters significantly performed better than the other two groups and the Beta/Theta Neurofeedback group had better performance compared with the Control group. In the transfer test, both neurofeedback groups performed better than the Control group, but there was no significant difference between the two neurofeedback groups.

Future research can accelerate the progress and reach the peak shooting performance for novices by correcting neurofeedback protocols according to the brain and the expertise relationship.