نشریه ورزش و علوم زیست حرکتی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

The use of methamphetamine leads to numerous cell damage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of aerobic training on the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in the myocardium of rats after withdrawal from ethamphetamine.

32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (methamphetamine group, methamphetamine then withdrawal group, methamphetamine then withdrawal then training group and methamphetamine then withdrawal then normal life without intervention group (control group)). Methamphetamine was injected intraperitoneally and in the first week in the amount of 10 mg/kg twice a day. From the second to the sixth week, every week, 1 mg/kg was added to the injection dose. The training protocol includes 6 weeks of aerobic training on a treadmill with moderate intensity for 60 minutes a day and 5 days a week. The expression levels of BAX and Bcl-2 genes were evaluated in rat myocardial tissue. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of P≤0.05.

Methamphetamine increased apoptosis by increasing BAX gene expression, decreasing Bcl-2 gene expression and BAX/Bcl-2 ratio. methamphetamine withdrawal and aerobic training caused a significant decrease in BAX gene expression, BAX/Bcl-2 ratio and an increase in Bcl-2 gene expression (P≤0.05).

Methamphetamine use can increase the expression of some pro-apoptotic genes and decrease the expression of myocardial anti-apoptotic genes. On the other hand, methamphetamine withdrawal and aerobic training can reduce the process of apoptosis in the myocardium of rats.

Ghrelin is a peptide that consists of 28 amino acids and is produced by epsilon cells in the pancreas and stimulates the feeling of hunger, and this substance increases before eating food and decreases after it. The aim of study is to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma levels of acyl ghrelin hormone of obese men.

For this purpose, 20 obese men aged 18 to 22 years old with a BMI between 29/9 and 34/9 kg/m2 in two experimental groups of 10 each (six weeks of high-intensity interval training, three sessions per week that include four-minute intervals. It was exercise with an intensity of 90% of the reserve heart rate with two minutes of recovery per week. Interval training with high intensity three sets in the first week and one set was added every week until the fourth week ) and control was 10 people (without training intervention)and were studied in the pre- and post-test design. Before and after six weeks of training, the height and weight of the subjects of both groups were measured to measure the body mass index and their blood samples were collected and taken to the laboratory to measure the plasma levels of the acetylated ghrelin hormone. The data were analyzed using t-test and covariance analysis at a significance level of P≤0.05.

The results of the analysis of covariance showed a significant increase in ghrelin levels and a significant decrease in body mass index in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test in the experimental group and the control group (P<0.05).

The results indicate that six weeks of high-intensity interval training with an increase in acetylated ghrelin can reduce appetite and, as a result, reduce body mass index and be effective in reducing the weight of obese people.

Autism disorder has increased dramatically in the last decade and is becoming a global epidemic threat, and it is possible that sports activity can be a non-pharmacological method to reduce autism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the effect of eight weeks of swimming training on the levels of progesterone and corticosterone hormones in adult female rats model of autism.

 Male and female C57BL6 mice were placed in a cage for mating after two weeks of adaptation to the environment. Then, in order to cause disease in mice, the animals were divided into control and autism groups on the 12th day of pregnancy. In the autism group, pregnant rats received a dose of 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally with valproate. After that, children were allowed to be born. Animals were divided into 3 groups and 10 heads each (autism without Training, autism with Training, control). The animals were subjected to swimming Training for 8 weeks (56 days) from the age of 28 days to the age of 56 days. Progesterone and corticosterone hormone levels were measured by ELISA method.

The results showed that the difference in the amount of corticosterone between the groups was significant (P=0.000). The results showed that the Training + autism group showed a significant decrease in the amount of corticosterone compared to the autism group. Also, a significant difference in progesterone levels was observed among the studied groups (P=0.001). The results also showed that the Training + autism group showed a significant decrease in progesterone levels compared to the autism group (P=0.016).

Swimming, it seems, may be able to reduce progesterone and corticosterone hormone levels and be beneficial for people with autism.

Regular physical activity is recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in overweight and obese people. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and intense resistance on some cardiovascular risk factors, atherogenic index and liver enzymes in overweight and obese men.

In this semi-experimental study, 31 overweight and obese men were randomly divided into three groups: HIIT training (n=11), intense resistance training (n=10) and control (n=10). Subjects in the HIIT group performed exercises with an intensity of 85-90% heart rate reserve and in the resistance training group with an intensity of 80-85% one repetition maximum, 3 sessions per week for 9 weeks. Before and after the intervention, blood samples were taken from the subjects to measure the lipid profile, liver enzymes and calculate atherogenic indices. Analysis of covariance test was used to analyze the data.

In the HIIT group, total cholesterol, triglycerides, plasma atherogenic index, CRI-I, CRI-II, atherogenic coefficient and ALT decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). HDL increased significantly in the HIIT group compared to the pre-test. In the severe resistance group, total cholesterol, triglyceride, plasma atherogenic index, CRI-I and atherogenic coefficient  decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between HIIT and resistance groups (P>0.05).

The results of the present study suggest that both HIIT and intense resistance training exercises are useful in improving cardiac risk factors, but it seems that the rate of improvement of cardiac risk factors, atherogenic and liver enzymes is higher in HIIT exercises.

Sports exercises are beneficial in strengthening the respiratory system and improving the level of pulmonary function the purpose of the current study is analysis of the effect of eight-week endurance exercise and respiratory muscle training on the Pulmonary Function of male mountaineers.

  The current study is a clinical trial that includes a pretest and posttest. 30 male mountaineers of the Shahrood University of Technology. They were randomly divided into three groups of ten (1. Endurance training 2. Respiratory muscles training and 3. Control group). Before and after the training program, the Bruce test and spirometry test were given to the participants. The endurance-training group did the training for eight weeks that consisted of exercises three times a week and each session for 50 minutes. The respiratory muscles training group also did their exercises for eight weeks with 30 complete breathing with a power breath device. The dependent T-test was used to analyze the intergroup differences; the ANONA test was used to analyze the intragroup difference and the Bonferroni posthoc test was used to distinguish the groups which made a difference in the ANOVA test, with a significance level of P<0.05. 

Respiratory indices, slow vital capacity (SVC), vital capacity with pressure FVC, pressure expiratory volume in one second FEV1, peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximum expiratory flow (MVV), expiratory flow at 25-75% of vital capacity (25-75% %FEF) and VO2max index increased significantly in the respiratory muscle training group and caused a difference. In the endurance training group.

considering the results of the current study, it seems that using respiratory muscles training and endurance training can bring about an improvement in pulmonary function which was even more in the function of the respiratory muscles training group than in the endurance training group.

The increasing use of non-pharmacological treatment methods such as exercise and meditation in the management of diabetes is very important to improve the physical and mental condition of diabetic patients. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. meditation on insulin sensitivity indices, glycemic indices, and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes.

30 middle-aged diabetic women were randomly assigned and divided into three group include HIIT, meditation, and control. Serum glucose, insulin, Glycated hemoglobin, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were measured fasting 48 hours before and after the intervention. Insulin sensitivity and resistance indices were calculated based on formulas. HIIT was carried out for 12 weeks and three sessions per week and meditation for 12 weeks and all days of the week. For between-group comparison, Two-way Mixed ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test were used, and paired T-test was used for analysis of within-group differences.

QUICKI, McAuley, HOMA-IR, glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile showed a significant improvement in the HIIT group compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Furthermore, fasting glucose, QUICKI, and HOMA-IR in the HIIT group had a significant improvement compared to the meditation group (P≤0.05). The meditation group also significantly improved HOMA-IR, insulin, and HDL compared to the control group (P≤0.05).

The findings of the present study showed that both HIIT and meditation could improve insulin sensitivity and resistance, some glycemic indices and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes. However, the effectiveness of HIIT was more pronounced than meditation in most variables. To gain a better understanding of the efficiency of both methods, more research is necessary.

One of the complications resulting from it is the most serious and common problems related to the aging process, which is a prelude to the health, performance and independence of the elderly. The purpose of this research was to compare two methods of exercise at home and trainer-oriented exercise on motor performance related to falls in inactive elderly women.

45 inactive elderly women were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people to exercise at home (67.2±15.93 years), coach-oriented training (67.5 ± 80.89 years), and control group (65.6±63.54 years) were divided. The variables of lower limb muscle strength, flexibility, Static and dynamic balance, agility, maximum walking speed, 10-meter hurdle walk and fear of falling were evaluated in the pre-test and post-test. Two experimental groups performed sports exercises with the aim of increasing the subjects' balance for 10 weeks. Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests and ANOVA at a significance level of P≥0.05.

The results of the pre-test showed that there was no significant difference between the research variables between the three groups. The results of the post-test showed that both training at home and trainer-oriented training had a significant effect on all movement performance variables. Also, there was a significant difference in the post-test of flexibility, agility and static balance indicators between the home training group and the trainer-oriented group, so that these factors were better in the trainer-oriented group than the home training group.

According to the results, elderly women can use both home and coach-based exercise programs to improve movement performance related to falls. But in certain circumstances, you can use the method of training at home as an alternative method.

Liver enzymes are among the clinical biochemical parameters of liver function in muscle training, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes are indicators of liver damage in sports activities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on changes in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and metabolic indices in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

The current research is semi-experimental and was implemented with a pre-test and post-test design. 40 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes with an average age of 55-60 years were randomly divided into two groups aerobic exercise (20 people) and control (20 people). The aerobic training program was implemented for 8 weeks, five sessions a week for 60 minutes with an intensity of 50-75% of the reserve heart rate. ALT and AST levels as well as fat profile factors were measured in the pre-test and post-test. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis using SPSS version 22 software.

The results of the present study showed that in the aerobic training group, compared to the control group, the level of ALT and AST decreased significantly (P<0.05). In the aerobic training group, the level of HDL showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the amount of triglyceride, cholesterol, and LDL in the aerobic training group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (P<0.05).

It seems that doing aerobic exercises plays a significant role in improving or reducing liver diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes, But more studies are needed to reach a single treatment strategy and the most effective way.

Adipose tissue is one of the most important sources of synthesis and secretion of adipokines. A change in the content of this tissue can disrupt this balance and lead the body to unfavorable conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of whole body resistance training on the serum levels of furin, adipoline and C-reactive protein in overweight elderly men.

In this semi-experimental research, 30 overweight elderly men participated and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people). The experimental group performed resistance exercises for 12 weeks, 3 sessions each week for 60 minutes (10, 40 and 10 minutes of warm-up, exercise and cool-down, respectively). Blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the intervention period to measure the serum levels of furin, adipulin and C-reactive protein. Data were analyzed using covariance test and paired t test at a significant level of 0.05.

TRX exercises caused a significant increase in the serum level of furin, CRP, Adipoline and a significant decrease in the serum level of C-reactive protein (P≤0.05). in the post-test of the experimental group. The results of the covariance test showed that the amount of all three indicators in the experimental group decreased significantly compared to the control group (P≤0.05).

It seems that this type of exercise can have an effect on the serum level of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory indicators in elderly people.